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ANALYSIS OF LINKING IN THREE LITTLE PIG MOVIE Mariati, Muhibbatul Ulya, and Sherly
Abstrak:
This paper discusses the phenomenon of phonological rules, especially linking. In this paper, the authors conducted a phonological study that sought to find the phenomenon of processes in a movie script. In taking data, the writer use qualitative approach using the movie and the script, then observes the script to find the phenomenon of linking. After that, clarifying the phenomena observed in the script based on phonological processes. From the data analysis, the results show that there are several processes found in this study. However, the author only focuses on the linking process. From Three Little Pigs movie with duration 48 minutes we get CV = 43 times, CC = 2 times, VV
= 6 times (hidden W = 5 and hidden Y = 1).
Kata kunci:
Linking, Movie, and Phenomenon.
A. Pendahuluan
English is not always spoken the way it is written. When we speak, voices in English sometimes change because we speak in a flow of speech, not word for word. Some people think that talking this way is lazy or careless. But actually, connected speech is a completely natural and normal phenomenon, we might slow down and use less in formal situations, even so, it's still happening and it's very normal. In this section, we will look at some rules for recognizing and using connected speech. Not only can it help you speak more fluently and efficiently, it
Mariati, Muhibbatul Ulya dan Sherly adalah mahasiswa STAI Rakha Amuntai Prodi Tadris Bahasa Inggris, email: [email protected], [email protected], dan [email protected].
55 can also help you maintain the rhythm and rhythm of English. Learning this is a great way to improve your hearing comprehension and your fluency in English.
As English spoken by the native speakers, it sometimes undergoes simplification to ease the native speakers in expressing their feelings. It is common for them to speak English in high speed along with their emotions. As the result, they make a ‘shortcut’ to get ease of their pronunciation. The native speakers often do some ‘improvement’ in their speech to reach maximum transfer of messages with minimum efforts of articulation.
The term linking is used in two different ways. It is occasionally synonymous with what is otherwise called connected speech phenomena or modifications, which are the changes that a word undergoes in running speech when combined with other words, as opposed to its pronunciation in isolation.1
B. Theoretical Review 1. Definition of Linking
Linking is one aspect of connected speech that usually do by native speaker in English. According Celce-Murcia in Nkongho and Tize, linking is when a sound is used to link the edges of two words through the initial and final sounds for a smoother and faster pronunciation2. Then, this study adopted the other definition of linking namely it is what happens to sounds at word boundaries in one thought group when two words are joined by connecting the last sound of one word to the first sound of the following word. The term linking, also known as attraction, juncture, and transition, has
1 Hieke, A. E., Absorption and fluency in native and non-native casual speech in English. A. James & J. Leather (Eds.), Sound Patterns in Second Language Acquisition (pp. 41-58). Dordrecht: Foris Publications
2 Mangdaline Bakume Nkongho and Phillip Tize. Aspect of Connected Speech: And Exploratory Study on ESL Student-Teachers of the Higher Teachers Training College Maroua. International Journal of English Language and Linguistics Research Vol.9 No 2 (2021), pg.34
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been used in different ways. It can refer to adjustments speakers make between words in connected speech in general3. The two connected sounds can (a) keep their phonetic qualities as in consonant-to-vowel (C-V) linking (e.g. face it), (b) have an extra glide inserted in between them as in vowel-to-vowel (V-V) linking (e.g. blue ink), or (c) be combined in one longer sound as in same consonant-to consonant (C-C) linking (e.g. can name), or (d) have changes in segment identity, as in different consonant-to- consonant linking where the first consonant may not be released or aspirated (e.g. let down).
2. Types of Linking
According to the sounds that meet at word boundaries (i.e.
consonants and vowels), linking can be categorized into three main types.
a. Consonant-to-vowel (C-V)
Linking Consonant-to-vowel linking (C-V) takes place when the final consonant of a word is followed by a vowel at the beginning of the next word in the same thought group.
The final consonant is often pronounced as a medial consonant, a consonant occurring in the middle of a word, such as [s] in 'face it'4. Therefore, when a word terminating in a consonant cluster (CC + V sequence) or a single consonant (VC+V sequence) is followed by a word or syllable commencing with a vowel, the final consonant of the cluster is often pronounced as part of the following syllable5. For instance, in CC+V sequence found out is pronounced as
3 Ghinwa Alameen, The Use Of Linking By Native And Non-Native Speakers Of American English. Retrospective Theses And Dissertations. (2007) 15028. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/15028
4 Ibid
5 Celce-Murcia, M., Brinton, D. M., & Goodwin, J. M. Teaching Pronunciation: A Reference For Teachers Of English To Speakers Of Other Languages. (New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996)
57 [faʊn daʊt] rather than [faʊnd aʊt], and in VC+V sequences give in is pronounced as [gɪ vɪn] rather than [gɪv ɪn (where the symbol represents a link between words, in other words, no auditory space between them).
What complicates the situation for the listener is that, after resyllabification, words sometimes acquire false boundary cues6. Thus, in left in, the /t/ might be lightly aspirated, suggesting that it is word-initial. Voiceless stops, such as /t/, are aspirated when they are syllable initial. Furthermore, resyllabification makes it difficult for L2 learners to find the word boundary. When they hear the utterance [meɪdaʊt] for example, it would be difficult to decide whether it means may doubt or made out without enough context.
b. Vowel-to-vowel (V-V)
Linking Vowel-to-vowel (V-V) linking occurs when a word that ends in a high and mid-tense vowel is followed by a word that begins with a vowel. Speakers, thereafter, insert a junctural glide, a very short /ʷ / or /ʲ / sound, to link the two vowels together and avoid a gap between the sounds7. The choice of the junctural glide depends on the vowel at the end of the first word. If the first word ends with a high or mid front vowel, then the linking sound will be /ʲ / as in my ear [ma ɪ ʲir]. However, If the word ends with a high back or mid vowel, then the two words are linked with /ʷ / as in now I [naʊ ʷaɪ].
c. Consonant-to-consonant (C-C)
Linking Consonant-to-consonant (C-C) linking can take place when two identical consonants meet at word
6 GhinwaAlameen, The use of linking….
7 Celce-Murcia, M., Brinton, D. M., & Goodwin, J. M. Teaching Pronunciation…..
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boundaries and consequently are pronounced as one slightly prolonged sound, as in can name [kәneɪm]. When the two border consonants are otherwise different, the final consonant of a word is then released at the beginning of the following word, such as the unaspirated, unreleased /t/8.
C. Methodology
This study will focus on linking in three little pigs movie. The writer analyze some utterance of the movie, This study belongs to qualitative research because it uses words as the source of data. More, it does not contain any statistical process. It is line with Moelong9 who states, “Qualitative research is a type of research, which does not include any calculation and numbering. Therefore, hopefully this study can give further information toward those phenomena and can help the readers to understand them easily.
The source of data is the movie and scripts of Three Little Pigs movie. To make the data sure, the authors checked the scripts to the internet sources. Those sources of data above are relevant to the data which the authors needed. The authors also used those sources to check the validity of the data. The steps to analyze the data were: watching and listening to the movie, understanding the general content of the movie, transcribing the script of the movie, and checking the script with the internet source.
To find out the phonological processes in the movie, the authors applied some steps. The authors observed the scripts of the movie carefully in order to find the phenomena of phonological processes of them. They observed the words that carried the phenomena. After observing the words that contain the phonological processes, they recognized the kind of processes that the words have. After that, the
8 GhinwaAlameen, The use of linking….
9 Lexy J Moleong. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. (Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya, 1990)
59 authors classified them to ease the reader in comprehending the results and providing the examples of each process.
D. Finding and Discussion
Summary of Findings No Aspect of Phonetic Speech Occurences
1. Consonant + vowel 43 times
2. Vowel + vowel (hidden Y and W)
Hidden [w] 5 times Hidden [y] 1 time 3. Consonant + consonant 2 times
1. Consonant + vowel
In this process it is found a dialogue in the form of the word Linking Consonant to Vowel which is where there are tons of words, which are:
1. 08:48 Did it = /dɪd ɪt/
2. 09:35 Gone up = /gɔn ʌp/
3. 10:37 but it's = /bət ɪts/
4. 11:05 moving out = /ˈmuvɪŋ aʊt/
5. 11:26 which is = /wɪʧ ɪz/
6. 12:09 this is up = /ðɪs ɪz ʌp/
7. 12:20 made up = /meɪd ʌp/
8. 20:48 form of = /fɔrm ʌv/
9. 22:06 believe it = /bɪˈliv ɪt/
10. 22:17 more in = /mɔr ɪn/
11. 24:37 come in = /kʌm ɪn/
12. 27:59 here I am = /hir aɪ æm/
13. 29:38 rake in = /reɪk ɪn/
14. 23:52 you're as = /jʊr æz/
21. 31:18 finish it = /ˈfɪnɪʃ ɪt/
22. 31:40 put it in = /pʊt ɪt ɪn/
23. 32:58 get out of here = /gɛt aʊt əv hir/
24. 33:05 did it = /dɪd ɪt/
25. 33:30 could it = /kəd ɪt/
26. 36:08 keep us = /kip ʌs/
27. 37:06 but I = /bət aɪ/
28. 37:43 for us = /fər ʌs/
29. 37:44 bought it = /bɑt ɪt/
30. 38:15 pain in = /peɪn ɪn/
31. 40:54 like it = /laɪk ɪt/
32. 39:53 need it = /nid ɪt/
33. 42:11 come in = /kʌm ɪn/
34. 44:17 mention it = /ˈmɛnʃən ɪt/
35. 44:22 seen it = /sin ɪt/
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15. 25:25 for us = /fər ʌs/
16. 27:55 bought us = /bɔt ʌs/
17. 30:54 look at this = /lʊk ət ðɪs./
18. 31:18 finish it = /fɪnɪʃ ɪt/
19. 31:40 put it in = /pʊt ɪt ɪn/
20. 32:58 get out of here = /gɛt aʊt əv hir/
36. 44:31 sold it = /soʊld ɪt/
37. 45:07 get off = /gɛt ɔf/
38. 45:39 bought it = /bɑt ɪt/
39. 45:41 own it = /oʊn ɪt/
40. 46:14 drink it = /drɪŋk ɪt/
41. 46:31 it all = /ɪt ɔl/
42. 47:11 gave us = /geɪv ʌs/
43. 47:16 and all = /ənd ɔl/
The finding above shown that there are 43 (forty-three) linking C+V are found in the dialogues of characters in Three Little Pigs movie. It means that the characters commonly used this type of linking in their utterances.
2. Vowel + vowel Hidden W
1. 06:15 do its 06:15 = /dʊ ɪts/
2. 10:39 so on = /soʊ ɑn/
3. 21:36 go it = /goʊ ɪt/
4. 33:52 you up = /jʊ ʌp/
5. 37:55 he is = /hi ɪz/
Hidden Y
1. 44:13 me up = /mi ʌp/
The second type of linking is V+V. Here, the authors only found 5 (five) words contain hidden W and 1 (one) word contain hidden Y. It indicates that the characters in the movie does not frequently use V+V linking.
3. Consonant + consonant
1. 20:28 about that = /əˈbaʊt ðæt/
2. 38:21 got that = /gɑt ðæt/
55 The last is about C+C linking. It only have 2 (two) data as long as the movie played. It may happen because the latter C-C condition only applies when the first consonant is a stop and may include more variety and change than other types of linking finding.
E. Conclusion
From the findings and discussion above, the authors formulated several important points as conclusions. From the three little pigs movie, the author recognizes three kinds of environmental processes namely C + C, C + V and V + V. In the first process, C + C, we found a lot of words, 43 times, while the second process C + V, we found 2 times, and the last process V + V we found 6 times.
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Alameen, Ghinwa, The Effectiveness of Linking Instruction on NNS Speech Perception And Production. Graduate Theses and Dissertations, 2014. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/14004 Alameen, Ghinwa, The Use of Linking by Native and Non-Native
Speakers of American English. Retrospective Theses and Dissertations, 2007. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/15028 Celce-Murcia, M., Brinton, D. M., & Goodwin, J. M. Teaching
pronunciation: A reference for teachers of English to speakers of other languages. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996.
Hieke, A. E., Absorption and Fluency in Native and Non-Native Casual Speech in English. In A. James & J. Leather (Eds.), Sound Patterns in Second Language Acquisition (pp. 41-58).
Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1987.
Moleong, Lexy J. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya, 1990.
Nkongho, Mangdaline Bakume and Tize, Phillip. Aspect of Connected Speech: And Exploratory Study on ESL Student-Teachers of the Higher Teachers Training College Maroua. International Journal of English Language and Linguistics Research Vol.9 No 2, 2021.
