Houghteling professor of history emeritus and former dean of the University of the South, Sewanee, and one-time student of C.S. Kind and professional collection development and interlibrary loan assistance from the Vanderbilt Library staff and an affordable interlibrary loan policy at the University of the South proved crucial many times.
LIST OF KEY TERMS, SIGLA, ABBREVIATIONS
Knight model in §4.1; see also the discussion of the likely urban/rural dynamics related to the Neh 8 mapping in §§6.3.2-3. For an individual verse, Exodus 14:21* refers to the portion of the verse discussed regarding a priestly or a non-priestly one.
SECTION A. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF RESEARCH CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Introduction
- The Problem
- A Problem of Recognition
- Revelation in the Face of Terror
- Authorship Considerations Regarding the PRR and Its Accompanying Traditions Traditions
Due to the fragmentary nature of the PRR in the canonical literature, many of the details of such encounters have to be reconstructed. Nevertheless, a number of international scholars revisit the idea of Levitical authorship, and give them a significant place in the literary development of major redactions (eg the Hexateug redaction) and compilation of various parts of the Hebrew Bible. 13.
3 1.1.1.4 The Elite Corps of Priests14
Importunate Levites
This study focuses more clearly on the suppliers and contributions of HexRed School. 18 This study demonstrates in many places the precarious and often slandered status of the Levites, whose survival and involvement in the production and formation of literature required considerable persistence from them.
Scope of Project
Comprehensive exegesis of the primary textual witnesses of the PRR follows in chapters two and three. Chapters four and five treat in a sociopolitical perspective the Levites' activities in non-urban contexts, the probable roles they played as mid-level religious personnel between village populations and their elite superiors living in larger cities.23 P.R.
The Rationale
They belong to none of the other tribes of Israel and are therefore strangers everywhere. Wellhausen's treatment of Deuteronomy 33:8-11: "The history of Moses is also the history of the priests.
9 CHAPTER 1
HISTORY OF RESEARCH: PART I
Redaction, Supplement, Source Critical, and Sociological Treatments of the PRR PRR
- Abraham Kuenen
Elohim appears in a theophany
Elohim speaks the Ten Commandments to all of the people
Elohim institutes Moses as mediator to assuage the people’s fear
- G. Ernest Wright
- Brevard S. Childs
- Ernest W. Nicholson
- Thomas B. Dozeman
- John Van Seters and the Absence of the PRR in J’s Version of Exod 19–24 In a monograph treating the Covenant Code, Van Seters deals with several of the In a monograph treating the Covenant Code, Van Seters deals with several of the
- Eckart Otto and the Emerging Mosaic Office of Authoritative Interpretation In one of two monographs he published in 2000, Eckart Otto reconstructs Deuteronomy’s In one of two monographs he published in 2000, Eckart Otto reconstructs Deuteronomy’s
- Thomas Krüger: Spatial Considerations in Deut 4
- Ansgar Moenikes: YHWH as Original Promulgator of Torah in Urdeuteronomium Urdeuteronomium
- Wolfgang Oswald: Multidimensional Considerations in the Sinai Pericope Eschewing source criticism in favor of a supplemental and redactional approach, Eschewing source criticism in favor of a supplemental and redactional approach,
- History of Research Part 2: The Hexateuch Redaction in the Context of Contemporary Pentateuchal Research
- The Plenary Reception of (Revealed) Law and the Pentateuch
- Diachronic, Redaction-Infused Research Flourishes on the Continent
- Legal Corpora in the Tanakh
Horeb also progresses from a public revelation of the Decalogue (the Law) to a private revelation of the addition. However, in discussing the supremacy of Christ, they become significant: “The Covenant Code is very different from.
34 1.3.4 Archaeology and Legal Studies
The majority of the tradition-unities originate in the late preexilic period—temporally in the middle of the seventh century and theologically in the intellectual horizon of the
Kratz. 168
P created the historical arc (Geschichtsbogen) of the Pentateuch in the early postexilic, and therefore Persian, period. Nihan, "From Priestly Torah to Pentateuch: A Study in the Composition of the Book of Leviticus" (Lausanne University, hereinafter referred to as "Dissertation".
37 1.3.6 The Complexity of the Sinai Complex
The Reduction of P
Albert de Pury, "Pg si fillimi absolut", në Les dernières redaktions du Pentateuque, de l'Hexateuch et de l'Ennéateuque (ed. 190 Ernst Axel Knauf, "Buchschlüsse in Josua," në Les dernières redactions de Pentateuque Hexateuch and Ennéateuque (ed.
- J as Basic Grid and the Fragmentary Hypothesis
- Problems with P g as Pentateuchal Grid
- Pre-Priestly Texts in the Pentateuch and the Interlocking of Large Units
- En Route to the Hexateuch Redaction
- Ernst Axel Knauf’s Hexateuch Redaction
- Brief Apologia for Redactional Analysis
- Biblical Evidence of Ancient Redaction
- The Hexateuch and Pentateuch Redactions
- The Pentateuch Redaction (PentRed)
- The Book of Numbers and the Completion of the Pentateuch
- The Contrasting of Faithful Foreigners and Unfaithful Israelites
- Connections between Reversals: Openness to the Other and the PRR
- Concluding Comments in Favor of HexRed
- Levites as Mediators of Revelation
Schmid however leans towards a more substantial formulation of the Enneateuch; see his. The study of the book of Numbers in the context of the developing Torah is i. In the following chapters we will examine the involvement of HexRed in the perpetuation of PRR.
In Gola pentateuchal redactors reworked the concept of the priesthood in the Pentateuch (cf. HexRed's involvement of the Levites in the transmission of the Torah (Deuteronomy 31:9) has been noted above.
86 SECTION B. LITERARY ANALYSES
TEXTS IN EXODUS DOCUMENTING THE PLENARY RECEPTION OF REVELATION
Introduction to the Exegesis of Exodus 388
- The Sinai Decalogue in the Book of Exodus: “Des influences mutuelles”
- Preliminary Considerations Regarding The Decalogue in Exod 20: Keeping Deuteronomy 5 in View Deuteronomy 5 in View
- The Plenary Reception of Revelation: Original or Secondary Notion?
For now, let's begin with a look at the larger literary and narrative context of the Sinai Dec. Festschrift für Eckart Otto zum 65. the construction of the sanctuary) forms "un trait characteristice de la littérature sacerdotale en géneral."401. Achenbach, and others408 consider the plenary theme to be an early, if not original, feature of the Sinai narrative.
Exod 19:5-6a: All-Israel as Priestly Kingdom and Holy Nation
- Acquiring Cultic and Prophetic Competence
- Third Isaiah and Exod 19:5-6a: Israel’s Calling as Prophetic Mediator
The suggestion that תכלממ and יוג should be considered synonyms has some validity,420 especially in light of the linguistic and. Moran associated 19:6a with the time of the amphictyony, with priests ruling over a holy nation; cf. These provisional considerations indicate part of the scope of the progressive and involved conception of the "holy nation" (שודק יוג).
םכל רמאי וניהלא יתרשמ וארקת הוהי ינהכ םתאו Isa 62:12a: הוהי ילואג שדקה־םע םהל וארקו
- Israelite Intermediaries in Exodus and Third Isaiah
- Israel’s Mission Led by Professional Priests?
- Priestly and Other Perspectives in the Concept of qdš
- An Inclusive “Kingdom of Priests”and the PRR
- םינהכ תכלממ (“Kingdom of Priests”): A Levitical Concept?
Kraus (ibid.) suggests the designations "holy/holiness" in Isaiah (including 62:10, which also speaks of "the way." This interpretation emerges not only from the description of men as priests, but also as. 485 the significance of the term שודק יוג contrasted with the more common term שודק מע, see Weinfeld, Deuteronomic School, 228 and n.1.
104 Excursus 1
Israel as Mediator
A not insignificant tension in the Sinai pericope (and passages in Deuteronomy, see Chapter Three) traces these competing paradigms of the benei yisrael.519 Parallels exist in Exodus 19:5f. However, it reinforces our emphasis on the cultic competence of the people of Israel as part of their equipment for their unique service in the Hebrew Bible. Similar to the PRR, and in light of the authority conferred in the designation שודק יוגו םינהכ תכלממ, it undoubtedly generated mixed reviews, inspiring some, 528 inciting others.529.
The Gola’s Sociopolitical Perspective in Exod 19:3b-6
That a passage like Exodus 19:3b-8527 found its place on the way (at the textual level) to the presentation of the Des in Ex 20:1-17 (and also the covenant ceremony in Ex 24) adds support for the tradition of the PRR for the way it endorses an elevated view of the Israelite people and their mission. This prepares the socio-religious conceptual framework for the holiness program of H (broadly expressed in the concise Lev 19:2b). Achenbach sees here an underlying principle of the entire post-dtr and post-priestly covenant theology according to the perspective of PentRed.534 The problem with this view lies in PentRed's otherwise lack of interest in sociopolitical inclusiveness, and emphasis on institutions and authority figures.
Further Exegetical Considerations Regarding Exod 19:5f
5a indicates the acceptance of Dec as a past event, future aspect of the perfect verb form היה in vv. Striving for holiness in people's lives should be a sign of Israel's existence.” Cf. 14, the author claims that 2 Mak 2:17 (τὸ βασίλειον καὶ τὸ ἱεράτευμα καὶ τὸν ἁγιασμον) is "epexegetics of the preceding τὴν κληρονομίαν π ᾶσιν ('inheritance for all')" and that the LXX text of Exodus 19:5f.
113 2.2.11 Semi-Autonomous Kingdom of Priests
114 2.2.12 Exod 19:5-6a and 24:3-8
The “Directly Contradictory Material”(F. Crüsemann) in Exod 24
This feature may be especially important for an understanding of both the development and theological significance of the Pentateuch. 551 Verses 10a, 11bα; LXX of 10a reduces the intensity of the close encounter to seeing the place where God stands; v. The writers of the post-exilic Tradent prophecy used this contradiction within the Priestly Torah of the Pentateuch as a decisive argument against the Priestly hermeneutics embedded in this Torah….
- Religious Competency Expected of the Community in Leviticus
- The Indwelling of the דובכ in H
- Post-dtr Debates Regarding the Ascendancy to Revelation and Holiness: A Cooperative Emerges in H Cooperative Emerges in H
- Whereas the establishment of P’s cultic complex effected a partial indwelling of the divine presence, H establishes a permanent sanctuary and thereby inaugurates a new era,
- Perspectives and Legal Exegesis in H
The dedication of the altar in Lev 17.581, for example, probably complements what Deut. 9 (P) basically establishes. They may be subtly advocating dtn/dtr interests that can be reconciled with lay interests. The representation of the theme of YHWH's desire to dwell with his people is not modest in the Hebrew Bible.
127 2.2.13.5 History and Indwelling in H
The Need for Holiness and Purity/Impurity Competency in the Israelite Family and Cult in H and Cult in H
In H, fundamental norms and patterns of behavior find expression not only in priestly service, but also in family law.613 The constant need for cult authority among the laity is manifested in the formation of proper observance of the Sabbath in family life. On the other hand, challenges are also presented by the desire for cultural innovations in village family life. The family, as the social entity least controlled by the state, can become the site of frowned upon, if not foreign, practices.614 Grünwaldt points to Lev in this case and adds additional concern about the local cult's tendency to serve as a gateway for foreign cults. the first (cf. 17:7, 8f).615.
Concluding Considerations of the Holy People in Exodus and H
The day-to-day responsibility of distinguishing between the sacred/profane and the clean/unclean in Leviticus extends beyond the control of priests specifically and beyond the sphere of action in general.
Exod 20:18-21: With Recourse to Chapter Nineteen
- Concerns about Proximity to the Divine May Supercede Concerns about the PRR Krüger’s study highlights aspects of the spatial dimensions in the holy mountain
Indeed, "secondary additions to the Book of the Covenant already form the basic layer in Deuteronomy" (ibid., 118). 641 “The main difference between the two concepts of the Mosaic office rather stems from the different institutional roots of the traditions. The writer's translation of the last three sentences: “The result of the work is a balancing act in the true sense of the word.
- The םע Take Their Stand
- The People and Levites Take their Stand in Revelatory Liturgical Settings A relevant scenario in which the people and the Levites stand (םוק) in the presence of
- The Miracle at the Sea
- Fear Factors and the Determination of the People
4 a mixture of lay leaders685 and Levites stand on the platform of the Levites and shout with a loud voice. Joosten, Folk og Land, 89 and n. The mention of elders in Leviticus is two: 4:15 and 9:1.). 10b sings the familiar refrain of the people's debilitating fear, which leads to the muttering in vv.
Exod 19:20-25 (With Recourse to Verses 12-13)
- Condensation of Ongoing Revelatory Events
- Dtn/dtr Features in Exod 20:18-21: A Post-dtr Layer
- Exod 20:22
- The Insertion of the Exodus Dec is Subsequent to the Insertion of the Dec in Deuteronomy Deuteronomy
- Moses as Negotiator/Intercessor Rather than Mediator: The Panim’s Dependence on Covenant Renewal on Covenant Renewal
- The People (Over)hear YHWH’s Direct Pronouncement in Exod 33
- Summary of the Exegesis in Exodus
This point comes into clearer focus by interpreting the revelation of the Decalogue in the context of the priestly redaction…. These priestly editors are probably Zadokite Levites writing at the proto-canonical level of the Pentateuch redaction. 762 Noth perceives the removal of finer figures as part of the mourning practice of the people (zweite Buch Mose, 209; ET 253f).
160 CHAPTER 3
TEXTS IN DEUTERONOMY DOCUMENTING THE PLENARY RECEPTION OF REVELATION
Introduction to Deut 4–5: The Dec Delivered at Mt Horeb
- Deuteronomy’s Relationship to Other Texts and the Double Decalogue
- Revelation Continues in the Prairie in the Book of Numbers
- Recognizing the Tertiary Nature of the Dec in Deuteronomy
- Deuteronomy 4:1-40
- The Pentateuch Redaction (PentRed) in Deuteronomy
794 Moses' veil and shiny skin may be transfers from the locus of the holy mountain to the wanderings in the desert (ibid., 35). To return to the introductory discussion of the context of Deut 4–5, the date that the Des in ch. 2-4 include important Key Words that are taken up and developed in the course of the first Mosaic speech.
Deut 4:10-12
- Nearness and Distance
It does not come as a surprise to find an institutional Tendenz asserting itself in relation to the direct revelation of the Sinai event. The passage comes to be connected with Jer 30:9, which transfers the motif of "the prophet like Moses" to. Whereas the concept of "standing before YHWH" in 29:13 [Eng 14] comes to be intensified in 4:10 with the explicit mention of PRR, v.
The motif of "writing on the heart" challenges the Pentateuchal hermeneutics to write the law on tablets that are inaccessible in the ark of the covenant. PentRed distinguishes between Moses' function as mediator of revelation at the mountain of God and announcer of the interpretation of rors in Moab. 9-13 is formulated on a background of the theory in Deut 4:1-40, in which PentRed develops the idea regarding the distinction between the Torah's revelation at Sinai and its interpretation in the land of Moab.
The influence of PentRed, however, seems dominant because of the distance between the transmission of the law and the people, and the limited activity of the Levites, who, at least in print, are limited to serving every seven years (only) "in the place that he will choose" (v. 11).
Deut 4:13-14
13 legitimizes the Torah and the people's attitude towards it, although at the expense of the primacy of Moses' authority. In his treatment of Deuteronomy 18:9-22, he recognizes how the high status of the people guarantees the prophet his own special status. Much of the topographical-epistemological tension within the portrait in Numbers ultimately affirms the plenary acceptance of revelation.
Much of the topographic-epistemological tension within the portrait in Deut 4 ultimately affirms the plenary reception of revelation. As the directness of the exchange
Το 12α δείχνει ξεκάθαρα ότι ο Θεός μιλάει (רבד qal) απευθείας στους ανθρώπους, 12bα προβάλλει τον «ήχο» των λέξεων με τρόπο που εγείρει ερωτήματα σχετικά με την καταληπτότητα αυτής της ομιλίας. 862 «Και ο Θεός σου είπε από το μέσον της φωτιάς φωνή λόγων, που άκουσες, και δεν όμοιες, μόνο μια φωνή άκουσες» (τρ. συγγραφέας). Σε αυτόν τον στίχο, η αισθησιακή σημασία των «λέξεων» (22a) έχει άμεση σχέση με το Verschriftung τους, που είναι χαραγμένο σε δύο πέτρινες πλάκες (22b).
