Supplemental Table 1. Summary of the randomized studies evaluating the effects of various interventions on regional muscle mass measurements in older adults Author,year,
reference Participants Duration Age* Intervention Measurement method Difference (%) Finding
Fiatarone 1994 (1) 100 (37M, 63F)
(frail elderly) 10 wk 87±1
PRE ± multinutrient vs.
Multinutrient or no intervention
MidthighCSA - CT 2.7 vs. -1.8 PRE increased muscle CSA, no effect of nutrient Vukovich 2001 (2) 31 (15M, 16F) 8 wk 70±1 Multicomponent exercise with
PRE & HMB vs. Exercise MidthighCSA - CT 4.6 vs. 4.4 Exercise increased muscle CSA, no effect of HMB
Godard 2002 (3) 17 M 12 wk 72±2 PRE & EAA vs. PRE MidthighCSA - CT 7.0 vs. 6.1 PRE increased muscle CSA,
no effect of EAA Goodpaster 2008 (4) 42 (11M, 31F) 12 mo 77± 1 Physical activity vs. Successful
aging health education MidthighCSA & QFCSA - CT -3 vs. -4 (thigh) -1 vs. -3 (QF)
Similar age-related muscle losses
Candow 2008 (5) 35 M 10 wk 67±3
PRE & creatine & protein vs.
PRE & creatine ± protein vs. PRE
& placebo
QFMT - US 12.3 vs. 5.8
PRE increased MT, and additional effect of creatine ± protein Cornish 2009 (6) 51 (28M, 23F) 12 wk 65±1 PRE & ALA vs. PRE & placebo QFMT - US NS PRE did not increased MT Verdijk 2009 (7) 28 M 12 wk 72±2 PRE & 10 g/day protein vs.
PRE & water QFCSA - CT 8.4 vs. 8.6 PRE increased muscle
mass, no effect of protein Abe 2010 (8) 19 (4 M, 15F) 6 wk 60-78 Walking with restricted leg
blood flow vs. Control MidthighCSA - US 5.8 vs. -0.1 Exercise increased CSA Menon 2012 (9)
45 COPD patients (27M,18F)
8 wk
68±8
Isokinetic knee PRE RFCSA & QFMT - US 21.8 vs. 19.5 (RF) 12.1 vs. 10.9 (QF)
PRE increased CSAs in COPD patients and controls
19 controls (8M,
11F) 66±5
Fragala 2013 (10) 23 (12M, 11F) 6 wk 70±6 PRE vs. Control RFCSA, VLCSA - US 8.3 vs. 0 (VL)
5.2 vs. 1.3 (RF) PRE increased CSAs Radaelli 2013 (11) 20 F 13 wk 60-74 Low vs. High volume PRE RFMT, VLMT - US 8.3 vs. 10.9 (RF)
7.9 vs. 13.2 (VL) Both PRE increased MTs
Walker 2013 (12) 37 M 20 wk 65±4 Variable vs. Constant PRE VLCSA - US 8 vs. 15 Both PRE increased CSA
Chalé 2013 (13) 80 F
(mobility-limited) 6 mo 78±4 PRE & 40 g/day protein vs.
PRE & isocaloric control MidthighCSA - CT 4.6 vs. 2.9 PRE increased CSA, no effect of protein Leenders 2013 (14) 53 (29M, 24F) 24 wk 71±1 PRE & 15 g/day protein vs.
PRE & placebo QFCSA - CT 9 vs. 9 PRE increased muscle CSA,
no effect of protein
Scanlon 2014 (15) 26 (13M, 13F) 6 wk 71±6 PRE vs. Control RFCSA & VLCSA - US 7.4 vs. -0.4 (VL)
3.9 vs. 0.7 (RF) PRE increased VL CSA Aagenhard 2015 (16) 17 M 12 wk 67±4 PRE & vitamin D vs. PRE QFCSA - MRI 4.9 vs. 8.5 PRE increased CSA, no
effect of vitamin D Mills 2015 (17) 34 (20M, 14F) 8 wk 68±3 Inspiratory muscle training vs.
Placebo DiaphragmMT - US 38 vs. 9.2 Exercise increased MT
Reid 2015 (18) 52 (19M, 33F)
Mobility-limited 16 wk 78±5 Heavy vs. Light PRPE MidthighCSA - CT NS Exercise did not increase
CSA
Lixandrão 2016 (19) 14 (8M, 6F) 10 wk 63±4 PRE vs. Control VLCSA - US 7.8 vs. NS PRE increased CSA
Hvid 2016 (20) 37 (14M, 23F)
mobility-limited 12 wk 82±1 PRPE vs. Control QFMT - US NS PRE did not increase MT
Ozaki 2017 (21) 12 F 8 wk 60±2 Moderate vs. High body mass-
based resistance exercise QFMT - US 7.1 (both) Exercise increased MT
Englund 2017 (22) 149 (69F, 80M)
mobility-limited 6 mo 78±5
Physical activity & nutritional supplement vs. Physical activity
& placebo
MidthighCSA - CT 3.1 vs. 1.5 Physical activity increased CSA, no effect of nutrition
Van Roie 2017 (23) 41 (19M, 22F)
12 wk PRE, 24 wk detrainin g
68±5
High vs. Low load PRE
ThighMV - CT
3.2 vs. 2.4
Both PRE increased MV, but reversed after detraining
Detraining -2.6 vs. -1.6
Cook 2017 (24) 36 (15M, 21F)
mobility-limited 12 wk 76±2 High vs. Low load PRE vs.
Control group QFCSA - MRI 3.6 vs. 4.3 Both PRE increased muscle
CSA Turpela 2017 (25) 92 (42M, 50F)
6-month 70±3 PRE 1 vs. 2 vs. 3 times/week vs.
Control VLCSA - US NS PRE did not increase
muscle CSA Baggen 2019 (26) 45 F 12 wk 69±4 Bench stepping exercise vs.
Control ThighMV - CT 2.8 vs. -1.0 Exercise increased MV
Shahtahmassebi 2019 (27)
64 (26M, 38F)
12 wk exercise, 6 wk detrainin g
60±2
Trunk PRE & exercise vs.
Exercise; followed by detraining
Rectus abdominus CSA - US
47.2 vs. NS
Trunk PRE increased CSA, but lost after detraining
Din 2019 (28) 16 M 6 wk 68±1 PRE & HMB vs. PRE & Placebo VLMT - US 7.4 vs. 8.2 PRE increased thigh mass,
with no effect of HMB Aas 2019 (29) 22 F 10 wk 85±6 PRE & 34 g/day protein vs. VLMT, RFMT - US 4.4 vs. 0 (VL) PRE & protein increased
(mobility-limited) Control 6.7 vs. 1.3 (RF) MTs
* Age is given as years, mean SD (if applicable), or range (min-max)
ADP; air-displacement plethysmography, ALA; alpha linolenic acid, COPD; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CSA; cross sectional area, CT; computerized tomography, EAA; essential amino acids, HMB; β-hydroxy-β-methylbuthyrate, MRI; magnetic resonance imaging, MT; muscle thickness, MV; muscle volume, PRE; progressive resistance strengthening exercise, PRPE; progressive resistance power exercise, QF; quadriceps femoris muscle, RF; rectus femoris muscle, US; ultrasound, VI; vastus intermedius muscle, VL; vastus lateralis muscle, VM; vastus medialis muscle, wk; week, mo; month.
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