The Liverwort, Genus Bazzania of Mount Sibuatan, North Sumatera, Indonesia

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IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

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The Liverwort, Genus Bazzania of Mount Sibuatan, North Sumatera, Indonesia

To cite this article: Ferdinand Susilo et al 2019 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 305 012088

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The 4th International Conference on Biological Sciences and Biotechnology IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 305 (2019) 012088

IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/305/1/012088

The Liverwort, Genus Bazzania of Mount Sibuatan, North Sumatera, Indonesia

Ferdinand Susilo^1,2, Nursahara Pasaribu¹*, Syamsuardi³, Etti Sartina Siregar¹

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

2Faculty of Biology, Universitas Medan Area, Medan, Indonesia

3Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia

*E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. Information on the diversity of liverworts of genus Bazzania in Sumatra, especially North Sumatra, is still limited in research. The aim of this study was to invent and describe the morphological characters and to obtain the diversity of Bazzania on Mount Sibuatan, Karo regency, North Sumatera, Indonesia. Specimens were collected during explorative survey along the climbing path and potential habitats such as riverbanks and open areas from July 2017 until January 2018. The results showed that there were 15 documented species of Bazzania with following species: Bazzania calcarata, B. loricata, B. caudisapexula, B. densa, B. erosa, B. fallax, B. filiformis, B. francara, B. japonica, B. longicaulis, B. paradoxa, B.

pectinata, B. praerupta, B. spiralis, B. subtilis, and B. tridens. The genus, Bazzania is commonly found living in soil substrates, tree trunks and witherred woods.

1. Introduction

The Mount Sibuatan forest area is categorized as one of the tropical rain forest ecosystem known for its high floral diversity in North Sumatra. Sibuatan forest is commonly known as climbing or hiking areas visited by naturalists and visitors as well as plant taxonomists although botanical studies conducted in that area are still limited to higher plants. Efforts to uncover whole information upon its floral diversity is still continuing, with less information upon its bryophytes diversity. In addition, reports of diversity data in specific of liverworts, genus Bazzania in Indonesia, is still limited. The genus, Bazzania has been recorded from several region in Indonesia; 14 species in Kalimantan [1], 7 species in Sulawesi [2], and 34 species in Java [3], 14 species in the Maluku Islands and 10 species in Bangka [4-6].

In Sumatra itself, members of Bazzania have been reported from several provinces, such as West Sumatra, Jambi, Aceh and North Sumatra [4,6-8]. Exploration on unexplored natural habitat of liverworts may provide additional information of overall Sumatran Bazzania diversity. Hence in this study, we collected 17 specimens of Bazzania species found in Mount Sibuatan forest that has never been reported so far. Several new records and simple identification key is provided in this paper as well.

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2. Materials and Methods,

The Mount Sibuatan forest region of Karo regency is located at 2,346 m a.s.l, and is geographically located at N 2^o55' 6.2" and E 098^o25' 24.2". Mount Sibuatan topography is generally wavy, steep and with some flat areas. Mean annual rainfall falls between 2,000–2,500 mm per year. High rainfall occurred from September to December, causing atmospheric air temperature in this region to range from 13–25°C with mean humidity of 90%. Specimens of Bazzania were collected during explorative surveys along the climbing path. The specimens were characterized and differentiated morphologically to level of species. Morphological identitication of specimens were observed under a light-compound microscope. The characters observed were herbarium color, stature size, leaf arrangement, leaf shape, leaf apex, leaf edge, leaf base, the existence of vita (several rows of cells in lateral leaves that have different characteristics from other cells, from shape, size or color), cell wall, the presence of trigon (thickening of the cell wall in the cell edges), cell shape, cell color, cell surface, leaf size, and ventral merophite (ventral portion of the stem, expressed by the number of cell lines between one lateral leaf to other leaf). The leaves observed were lateral leaves and ventral leaves. Identification was carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Taxonomy, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara. Several identification monographs, journals and relevant books were used in this study as identification guide to species level of Bazzania [6-11].

3. Results and Discussion

The results obtained 15 species of Bazzania in Mount Sibuatan forest with most habits as epiphytes on trees (roots and trunks), and witherred wood. The fifteen species of Bazzania found in Mount Sibuatan forest were: Bazzania filiformis, B. subtilis, B. caudisapexula, B. densa, B. loricata, B. spiralis, B.

pectinata, B. fallax, B. francana, B. longicaulis, B. japonica , B. erosa, B. paradoxa, B. tridens, and B.

calcarata.

3.1. Dichotomous key for species of Bazzania

1 Specimens are brownish green in color ……….. ...B. filiformis 1 Specimens are brown in color...2

2 Lateral leaves distantly arranged ...B. subtilis 2 Lateral leaves tightly arranged ...3

3 Lateral leaves round-shaped ...B. caudisapexula 3 Lateral leaves triangular oblongous-shaped ...4

4 Lateral leaves with flat base ...B. densa 4 Lateral leaves with curved base ...5

5 Lateral leaves with flat apexs ...B. loricata 5 Lateral leaves with denticulate apexs... ...6

6 Foliar cells polygonal ...B. spiralis 6 Foliar cells oval ...7

7 Foliar cells with thin walls...B. pectinata 7 Foliar cells with thick walls ...8

8 Distant ventral leaves arrangement ...B. fallax 8 Closed ventral leaves arrangement ...9

9 Rectangular-shaped ventral leaves ...B. francana 9 Round-shaped ventral leaves ...10

10 Ventral leaves with flat base ...B. longicaulis 10 Ventral leaves with appendixes ...9

11 Ventral leaves attached by appendixes ...B. japonica 11 Ventral leaves attached evenly ...10

12 Ventral leaves with flat margin ...B. erosa 12 Ventral leaves with denticulate margin ...11

13 Numerous denticulate apex on ventral leaves ……….… ...B. paradoxa

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13 Flat apex on ventral leaves ...12 14 Ventral leaf cells with hyaline cells ...B. tridens 14 Ventral leaf cells without hyaline cells ...B. calcarata 3.2. Description of Bazzania species

3.2.1. Bazzania filiformis Steph.

Plant green-brownish, lateral leaves are arranged spatially, the leaves are lanceolate, the base is broad and then narrowed to the apex, the base of the leaves proximal and distal side smaller, the attachment is curved and one side is attached to the ventral leaf, the leaf edge is flat, tooth 3 cells, pointed and long; polygonal rectangular cells, thick walls, smooth surfaces, large trigons connect together. Ventral leaves are arranged in a spaced, square shape, the base has no appendix, flat attachment, short toothed edges (almost none), flat-serrated leaf apexs

3.2.2. Bazzania subtilis (Sande Lac.) Trevis.

Plant green-brownish, lateral leaves are arranged spatially, the leaves are lanceolate, the base is broad then narrowed to the apex, the attachment is curved and one side is attached to the ventral leaf, the leaf edge is flat, tooth 3 cells with one shorter than the other, pointed and long; polygonal rectangular cells, thick walls, smooth surfaces, large trigons connect together. The ventral leaves are arranged spaced, square in shape, the base does not have an appendix, the attachment is flat, the edges are flat, the ends of the leaves are serrated a lot.

3.2.3. Bazzania caudisapexula (Steph.) Inoue et H. Mill.

Plant yellowish-green, lateral leaves are tightly arranged, the leaves are obovate-shaped, the base is broad and then narrowed to the apex, the adhesion of the leaves is curved, the edges of the leaves are flat, the edges of the leaves with tooth 3 cells, tapered and long; polygonal rectangular cell, thick cell wall, smooth cell surface, small trigon. The ventral leaves are tightly arranged, in the form of a square leaf, the base of the leaves having a left and right appendix, adhesion of leaves is flat, the edges of the leaves are short serrated, the ends of the leaves have many teeth.

3.2.4. Bazzania densa (Sande Lac.) Schiffn.

Plant brownish-green, lateral leaves are tightly arranged, shaped ovoid, 0 flat leaves flat, flat leaf edges, 2 toothed leaf apexs, pointed and short, polygonal rectangular cells, thin cell walls, smooth cell surfaces, large trigons. The ventral leaves are arranged spaced, rounded leaf shape, flat base, sticking, flat and flat ends.

3.2.5. Bazzania loricata (Reinw., Bl. Et Nees) Trevis.

Plant brownish-green, lateral leaves are very tightly arranged, the leaves are round triangular, the base of the distal leaf is tapered, the leaves are curved, the leaf edges are flat, the apex is flat, the shape of the cell is hexagonal, the cell wall is thick, the cell surface is rough, the trigon is large. The ventral leaves are very tightly arranged, the shape of the leaves is rounded, the base of the leaves is flat, the adhesions of the leaves are curved, they have lobes, the edges of the leaves are rounded, the edges of the leaves are rounded.

3.2.6. Bazzania spiralis (Reinw., Bl. Et Nees) Meijer.

Plants greenish, lateral leaves are arranged very tightly, the leaves are spiral in shape, the base has the same width to the apex, the base of the leaves proximal and distal side smaller, the attachment is curved and one side is attached to the ventral leaf, the leaf edge is flat, 3 toothed and serrated;

rectangular cells - thick walls, smooth surfaces, large trigons connect together. The ventral leaves are arranged spaced, square in shape, the base does not have an appendix, flat adhesion, the edges of the leaves are short toothed, the ends of the leaves are serrated.

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3.2.7. Bazzzaia pectinata (Lindenb. & Gottsche) Schiffn.

Plant brownish-green, lateral leaves are densely arranged, lanceolate leaf shape, base of curved leaves, adhesion of slightly curved leaves, flat leaf edges, leaf apex tooth 3 cells, long and pointed polygonal rectangular cell shape, thin cell wall, smooth cell surface, large trigon, tightly arranged ventral leaf , the shape of a square leaf, the base of a flat leaf, the sticking of leaves with a left and right appendix, the edges of a lot of toothed leaves and a short edge with a lot of teeth and short.

3.2.8. Bazzania fallax (Sande Lac) Schiffn

Plant brownish-green, lateral leaves arranged tightly, oblong leaf shape, ovoid, flat leaf base, toothed leaf apex 3; round cell shape, thick cell wall, smooth cell surface, large trigon. The leaves of the ventral arrangement of leaves are spaced, the shape of a square leaf, the base of the leaves is flat, has a small appendix, adhesion of leaves is flat, the edges of leaves are flat, the ends of leaves are small serrated.

3.2.9. Bazzania francana (Steph.) N.Kitag.

Plant dark-green, lateral leaves arranged tightly, obovate leaf shape, flat leaf base, curved adhesion, flat edges, 3 toothed ends, short, each tooth has fine teeth, ovoid cell shape, thin cell wall, smooth cell surface , little trigon. The ventral leaves are arranged spaced, rounded leaf shape, flat base of leaves, flat adhesion, flat edges, flat edges.

3.2.10. Bazzania longicaulis (Sande Lac.) Schiffn.

Plant dark-green, lateral leaves are arranged together, the shape of the leaves is linear, (the size of the width of the base of the leaves to the apex of the same leaf) the base of the leaf is flat, the attachment is curved, the edge is flat, the toothed end 3 is short and spiky, polygonal round cell shape, thick cell wall, smooth cell surface, large trigon. The ventral leaves are tightly arranged, rounded in shape, the base of the leaves is flat, sticking to the leaves is flat, the edges of the leaves are small, the edges of the leaves are rounded.

3.2.11. Bazzania japonica (Sande Lac.) Lindb.

Plant yellowish-green, lateral leaves arranged tightly, oblong leaf shape, ovoid, flat leaf base, curved leaf adhesion, flat leaf edge, 3 toothed leaf apex, long and pointed, polygonal rectangular cell shape, thin cell wall, smooth cell surface, large trigon. The ventral leaves are tightly arranged, the shape of a square leaf, the base of the leaves with an appendix, adhesion of flat leaves, small serrated leaves, toothed leaves 3

3.2.12. Bazzania erosa (Reinw., Bl. Et Nees) Trevis.

Plant dark-green, lateral leaves are tightly arranged oval shape, broad base, flat leaf adhesion, flat leaf edge, small serrated leaf apex, polygonal rectangular cell shape, thick cell wall, rough cell surface, small trigon. The ventral leaves are arranged in a spaced, rounded leaf shape, the base of the leaf has an appendix, the adhesion of the leaves is curved, the leaf edge is flat, the leaf apex is flat.

3.2.13. Bazzzania paradoxa (Sande Lac.) Schiffn.

Plant yellowish-green, lateral leaves are arranged tightly, lanceolate; the base is flat with one end having lobes, attaching the leaves to the curved stem; flat edge, 3 toothed apex, pointed and long, rounded rectangular cell shape, thick cell wall, smooth cell surface, large trigon, ventral leaf arranged spaced, square shaped, flat base and broad like lobe, leaf attachment on curved stem, edge long toothed, long toothed apex.

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3.2.14. Bazzania tridens (Reinw., Blume et Nees) Trevis.

Plant brownish-green, lateral leaves are arranged tightly, oblong shaped ovary, base of leaves is flat, sticking leaves are flat, but leaves are flat, leaf apex gergigi 3, pointed and short; polygonal rectangular cell shape, thin cell wall, large trigon, tightly packed ventral leaf, square leaf shape, flat base of leaf, slightly curved to one side, flat leaf apex.

3.2.15. Bazzania calcarata (Sande Lac.) Shiffn.

Plant brownish-green, The lateral leaves are arranged spatially, the leaves are lanceolate, the base is broad and then narrowed to the apex, the base of the leaves proximal and distal side smaller, the attachment is curved and one side is attached to the ventral leaf, the leaf edge is flat, 3 toothed, pointed and long; polygonal rectangular cells, thick walls, smooth surfaces, large trigons connect together. The ventral leaves are arranged in a spaced, square shape, the base has an appendix, a flat attachment, a short toothed edge, a lot of jagged leaf apex.

4. Conclusion

Preliminary survey of bryophyta diversity has reported 15 species of Bazzania inhabiting forest of Mount Sibuatan, North Sumatra. The fifteen species, i.e. Bazzania calcarata, B. loricata, B.

caudisapexula, B. densa, B. erosa, B. fallax, B. filiformis, B. francara, B. japonica, B. longicaulis, B.

paradoxa, B. pectinata, B. praerupta, B. spiralis, B. subtilis, and B. tridens were designated as new reports since this is the first attempt on bryophytes inventory within forest region.

Acknowledgements

This research is part of a doctoral dissertation in the postgraduate program in Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara. The first author would like to express the gratitude to assistants from Laboratory of Plant Taxonomy, Universitas Sumatera Utara who have provided valuable inputs during the identification and collection process.

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