By
Ari Nuzul Fajri 21951026
MASTER’S DEGREE in
DATA SCIENCE and CYBER SECURITY MASTER of INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY The Prominence Tower
Jalan Jalur Sutera Barat No. 15, Alam Sutera Tangerang, Banten 15143 - Indonesia
February 2021
Revision after Thesis Defense on January 28th, 2021
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.
Ari Nuzul Fajri
_____________________________________________
Student Date
Approved by:
Dr. Rusman Rusyadi
____________________________________________
Thesis Advisor Date
Dr. Ir. Heru Purnomo Ipung, M. Eng
_____________________________________________
Thesis Co-Advisor
Date
Dr. Maulahikmah Galinium, S.Kom., M.Sc
_____________________________________________
Dean Date
ABSTRACT
LORAWAN: PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS USING SIMPLE AES-128 IN HIGH LATENCY SATELLITE BACKHAUL
by Ari Nuzul Fajri
Dr. Rusman Rusyadi., Advisor
Dr. Ir. Heru Purnomo Ipung, M. Eng., Co-Advisor
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY
Long Range Wide Area Network (shorted as LoRaWAN) (LoRa Alliance, 2020) or some called with Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) will be used as the IoT protocol massively because of long range signal, low cost maintenance and low power consumption capability are very suitable for IoT application requirements.
To have the option to turn into a device that is spread enormously, it requires adaptability in its environment and does not rely upon only one type of connectivity as its backhaul framework, in light of the fact that so far LoRaWAN has just been utilized with 3G/4G GSM BTS as its communication backhaul, particularly in Indonesia.
In the satellite provider, there are might be a lot of satellite services product but not yet integrated with IoT devices and supposed to use secure communication end-to-end using encryption method.
This analysis will compare a performance of LoRaWAN devices using simplified AES-128 bit and normal AES-128 bit in high latency network environment using VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) as the backhaul gateway. VSAT network with Ku-Band typically need 700-900 ms for round trip time (RTT). A message or payload data received in 391-440 ms at application server on cloud because need some process in network elements and application. In this research, simplified AES-128 can reduce 5.7% of delay time process.
Keywords: LoRaWAN, LPWAN, Satellite, VSAT, Backhaul, AES, Encryption
© Copyright 2021 by Ari Nuzul Fajri All rights reserved
DEDICATION
I dedicate this works for IoT Community, my family, my company and for my beautiful country:
Indonesia.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly, I wish to thank Allah who giving me always health, the ability to complete this research, send me peoples who always give me spirits to keep working on this research.
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my advisory, Dr. Rusman Rusyadi as advisor and Dr. Ir. Heru Purnomo Ipung, M. Eng, as my co-advisor and all of the lecturers and staff in my university who gave me a golden opportunity to do this wonderful research on the topic LoRaWAN: Performance Analysis Using Simple AES-128 in High Latency Satellite Backhaul, which also helped me in doing a lot of research and makes me have a some knowledge in IoT technology especially in LoRaWAN.
The last but not least, I would also like to thank my parents, my wife and my kids and also my friends in MIT Batch#25 who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR ... 2
ABSTRACT ... 3
DEDICATION ... 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... 7
LIST OF FIGURES ... 9
LIST OF TABLES ... 10
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ... 11
1.1. Background ... 11
1.2. Objectives ... 12
1.3. Significant of Research ... 12
1.4. Research Question ... 12
1.5. Hypothesis... 12
1.6. Scope and Limitations... 12
1.7. Thesis Structure ... 12
CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW ... 14
2.1. LPWA Technology ... 14
2.1.1. NB-IoT ... 15
2.1.2. Sigfox ... 16
2.1.3. LoRa and LoRaWAN ... 17
2.1.4. LPWA Comparison ... 18
2.2. Satellite Technology ... 21
2.2.1. GEO Satellite ... 22
2.2.2. LEO/MEO Satellite ... 22
2.2.3. Satellite Technology Comparison ... 22
2.3. AES Encryption ... 23
2.3.1. AES 128 bit ... 24
2.3.2. Simple AES 128 bit ... 24
2.3.3. AES-128 and Simple AES-128 Comparison ... 24
2.4. Related Works ... 25
CHAPTER 3 - RESEARCH METHODS ... 29
3.1. Research Methodology ... 29
3.1.1. Simplified AES-128 ... 29
3.1.2. Delay Time... 30
3.2. Evaluation ... 31
3.3. Validation ... 31
CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS... 32
4.1. Experiment Setup ... 32
4.2. Hardware Setup ... 32
4.2.1. LoRa Device ... 32
4.2.4. Laptop ... 34
4.3. Software Setup ... 34
4.3.1. Antares Platform ... 34
4.3.2. Arduino IDE... 35
4.4. Design of Experiments ... 36
4.4.1. System Architecture ... 36
4.4.2. End-Device or Sensor Node... 37
4.5. Analytical Method ... 38
4.6. Experiment Result ... 39
4.6.1. Data Collection ... 39
4.6.2. Data Analysis ... 41
CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... 44
5.1. Conclusions ... 44
5.2. Recommendations ... 44
GLOSSARY ... 45
REFERENCES ... 46
APPENDIX ... 49
A. Arduino Pro Mini ... 49
B. Simplified AES-128 ... 50
CURRICULUM VITAE ... 66
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures Page
Figure 1. Worldwide IoT connected devices and revenues forecast (Gu et al., 2020) ... 11
Figure 2. Statista’s prediction about LPWAN technologies in 2023 ... 11
Figure 3 LPWATechnology Position (Vinet and Zhedanov, 2011) ... 14
Figure 4 LPWA Technologies (Gu et al., 2020) ... 14
Figure 5 NB-IoT OSI Layer with 6 Layers (Routray and Hussein, 2019) ... 15
Figure 6 NB-IoT Operation Mode (Mekki et al., 2018a) ... 16
Figure 7 Sigfox Network Description (Perwej, 2018) ... 16
Figure 8 LoRa Architecture (Workgroup, 2015) ... 17
Figure 9 LPWA Topology (Mekki et al., 2018a) ... 18
Figure 10 Satellite coverage for IoT devices (Hornillo-mellado, 2020) ... 21
Figure 11 AES Basic Structure (Muhammad Abdullah, 2017) ... 23
Figure 12 Simplified AES-128 process (Tsai et al., 2018) ... 24
Figure 13 Protection end-to-end security with Two Session Keys (Tsai et al., 2018) ... 29
Figure 14 MIC (Message Integrity Code) generated by Two Session Keys (Tsai et al., 2018) ... 29
Figure 15 Data Flow and Delay Time (Fernandes Carvalho et al., 2019) ... 31
Figure 16 LoRaWAN connectivity using satellite (Satellite IoT Network Architecture, no date) ... 32
Figure 17 LoRa Device components... 32
Figure 18 Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) (Telkomsat, 2019) ... 33
Figure 19 Backhaul Gateway Installed on Tower... 34
Figure 20 Antares web application dashboard (Antares, 2020) ... 35
Figure 21 Arduino IDE Interface Dashboard (Arduino IDE, no date) ... 35
Figure 22 MQTT Architecture at Antares Platform (Antares, 2020) ... 36
Figure 23 General Architecture of LoRa with MQTT Protocol (Bhawiyuga et al., 2019)... 36
Figure 24 Data Flow Diagram of LoRa with MQTT (Bhawiyuga et al., 2019) ... 37
Figure 25 Antares Flow Process ... 38
Figure 26 Serial Monitoring from Arduino IDE Application ... 39
Figure 27 Antares Dashboard Monitoring to Receive Data... 40
Figure 28 Distance of LoRa Gateway and End-Device ... 41
Figure 29 SF and Delay in AES-128 Standard ... 42
Figure 30 SF and Delay in Simplified AES-128 ... 42
Figure 31 SF and Channel Frequency in AES-128 Standard ... 43
LIST OF TABLES
Tables Page
Table 1 LPWA Comparison; Sigfox, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT (Mekki et al., 2018a) ... 18
Table 2 LoRa and NB-IoT Key Differences (Reed, 2017) ... 19
Table 3 Comparison Cost of LPWA Technologies (Mekki et al., 2018b) ... 20
Table 4 Measurement Scenario of Delay Time ... 38
Table 5 Measurement Channel Frequency ... 39
Table 6 Delay Time in SF and Encryption Method ... 41
Table 7 Channel Frequency in SF ... 43
