The patient may experience a sensation in the center of the chest variously described as pressure, fullness, squeezing, tightness, burning, or a heavy weight. Below deck, stand in the center of the ship and lie down with your eyes closed.
Pain
Hard corns form on the outside of the toes from rubbing against shoes. Calluses are more diffuse areas of thickening on the sole or side of the foot. A bunion is an enlargement of the first metatarsal phalangeal joint on the outside of the big toe.
Which of the following is not prescribed by the NHS to treat corns. The changes usually start at the top of the nail, but can spread to the sides and down towards the base of the nail. Warts appear on the plantar surface (sole) of the foot and are painful due to downward pressure on nerve endings in the skin.
Constipation
Stimulant laxatives are not contraindicated during pregnancy, but should be avoided in the first trimester. Bisacodyl acts mainly by stimulation of the mucosal nerve plexus of the large intestine, so it takes longer to act (6-10 hours after oral administration) than laxatives that act in the small intestine. Osmotic laxatives are either inorganic salts or organic compounds that are poorly absorbed and create a hypertonic state in the intestines.
Magnesium salts are also believed to act by stimulating the secretion of the hormone cholecystokinin, which promotes fluid secretion and motility in the intestines. It is inactive orally as it is readily absorbed and extensively metabolized in the liver. It should not be used in the presence of abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting and should never be used on children.
Diarrhoea
Because these substances are not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, the toxins and microorganisms are thereby excreted in the faeces. Leave it alone and go back to it at the end of the exam if there is time. Use should be limited to the perianal region and lower anal canal; they should not be used in the rectum, as there is little sensory tissue there and the anesthetic can be easily absorbed through the rectal mucosa and cause potentially toxic systemic effects.
The possibility of infection should be ruled out because of the possibility of immunosuppression by the corticosteroid. Mebeverine hydrochloride is a musculotropic antispasmodic that is claimed to act directly on the smooth muscle of the intestine without affecting normal intestinal motility. Manufacturers of some over-the-counter IBS products recommend that they be recommended only after a medical diagnosis of the condition.
Indigestion
The adsorption capacity of aluminum hydroxide and its persistence in the gastrointestinal tract can delay the absorption of vitamins and some drugs, including tetracyclines. May be converted to bismuth sulphide in the intestine, causing blackening of stool and tongue. Antacids interact with enteric-coated tablets, capsules, and granules that are formulated to resist stomach acid and dissolve in the more alkaline medium of the duodenum, releasing the drug there.
Intestinal linings can break down prematurely in the presence of antacids, causing unwanted release of the drug in the stomach. Sodium ions are preferentially reabsorbed in the kidneys, which increases lithium excretion and decreases plasma lithium concentration. Alginates precipitate in the acidic medium of the stomach and form a spongy polymer matrix of alginic acid.
Mouth ulcers
Hydrocortisone pellets: place one in the mouth in contact with the ulcer(s) and let it dissolve slowly four times a day for up to 5 days. Benzydamine hydrochloride is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent, available as a mouthwash and a spray containing 0.15% benzydamine hydrochloride. There is some evidence that it reduces pain and the duration of episodes of aphthous ulceration.
You ask to look at the wound, and the man shows you an irregular cratered lesion on the inner edge of his lip, approx. 1 cm in diameter with some areas of black staining on the inner edge. She has three whitish lesions about 2-3 mm in diameter, two on the inside of the lip and one on the tip of the tongue. Which of the following would require a prescription to provide it to a patient for the treatment of mouth ulcers.
Head lice
It appears to work against head lice by covering the insects and thereby disrupting their ability to breathe and inhale and exhale water. Wet combing is an alternative method of treating the problem of head lice and resistance without the use of insecticides. Head lice preparations are available as aqueous and alcoholic lotions, cream washes and foams, and shampoos.
When head lice have been found, everyone who has been in close contact with the person in the previous weeks should be examined for lice by wet combing, and treated if necessary. Head lice preparations have no lasting prophylactic effect and their unnecessary use promotes resistance to the insecticides. When you ask the woman why she wants it, she says that she received a letter from her 6-year-old daughter's school saying that some children there have been found to have head lice.
Scabies
Using the alcohol-based lotion on scratched skin should be avoided as it may cause a stinging sensation. The preparation should be applied by hand, cotton wool, a small sponge or an 8 cm brush on cool, dry and clean skin. The lotion should be applied to the entire body surface, from the soles of the feet to the hairline, including the head and neck, groin, armpit and skin folds, between fingers and toes, and under fingernails and toenails.
Mites are usually killed within minutes of applying malathion preparations, but the aqueous lotion must sit for 24 hours and the alcoholic lotion for 12 hours to ensure complete eradication. All those who have been in close contact with the infected person should be treated, as they may be infected, even if they do not yet show symptoms. Scabies mites cannot survive long away from the human body, so bed linen should be washed, but disinfection is unnecessary.
Threadworm
Bathe or shower first thing in the morning to wash away the eggs laid overnight. Lower back pain is very common: about 40% of adults claim to have suffered from it for more than 1 day in the past year. The pain is felt in the lower back and often radiates down one leg, sometimes down to the foot.
Symptoms of upper respiratory infection follow, including dry cough, nasal congestion and sore throat, although these are often less frequent and pronounced than with the common cold. Quite common in conjunction with a cold, but if there is no cold, the symptoms may indicate asthma. Prolonged coughing can cause the capillaries in the bronchi to rupture and draw out the sputum, but there can also be a more sinister cause, such as a stroke.
A woman asks you to recommend something for a very bad cold for her 74-year-old father. In response to your questions, the woman tells you that he has had the symptoms for about 4 days, starting with a headache and pains in his back and legs and shivering, even though he said he felt hot. When you ask about medication he takes, she says she doesn't know exactly but says he suffers from angina and high blood pressure.
She says her dad doesn't want to bother the doctor, so can you recommend something to her and let her know how long it should take for her dad to start feeling better? First statement: Amantadine cannot be prescribed under the NHS, except as indicated in National Institute for Clinical Excellence guidelines, when prescriptions must be approved by the Selected List Scheme (SLS). You only get points for the information specifically requested and you waste valuable time by providing irrelevant information.
Cough
It is caused by chronic irritation of the respiratory tract with inhaled substances, most often tobacco smoke. The classic symptoms are heartburn and a feeling of regurgitation of acidic liquid to the back of the throat. Lung cancer: most patients with this disease develop a productive cough, and the sputum may be mixed with blood.
Evidence for the effectiveness of codeine, pholcodine and dextromethorphan is conflicting, and most trials rate them as little or no better than placebo. In large doses they are emetic, acting through vagal stimulation of the gastric mucosa to a. Demulcents coat the mucous membrane of the pharynx and provide short-term relief from the irritation that provokes reflex cough.
Hayfever
Nasal congestion, usually develops after a few days of allergen exposure, when the blood vessels in the nose dilate. Symptoms occur at the same time every year, Can occur at any time, but more usually in winter when the causative allergen is in the air. Affects only isolated individuals Highly contagious; other family members or acquaintances may suffer at the same time and the infection will be quite common in the community.
Most of the knowledge and all the professional decision-making skills you need to answer the questions on the registration exam should be acquired through your pre-registration training program. A fifth of all deaths in the UK are the result of smoking-related conditions. Nicotine is contained in a porous polyethylene plug impregnated inside a plastic tube and is used in the same way as a cigarette, with puffs taken at will.
Acne
However, there is also redness and flushing of the central part of the face and cheeks. Their overall goal is to remove follicular plugs to allow free flow of sebum and minimize bacterial colonization of the skin. Keratolytic agents (also known as comedolytics in relation to acne) stimulate the sloughing of keratinized epithelial cells on the surface of the skin, although the compounds used may do so through different mechanisms.
It is thought to be both comedolytic, mainly through an irritant effect leading to increased turnover of the follicular epithelial cells and increased flushing, and bactericidal against P. There is no evidence that poor hygiene causes acne, but washing the face twice washing daily with an antibacterial soap or a mild cleanser degreases the skin and removes bacteria, and should help reduce the severity of the condition. Which one of the acne preparations below cannot be dispensed with an NHS prescription.
Cold sores
They can be used on ear flaps for dermatitis caused by jewelry earrings, as this area is not classified as part of the face.). Lesions appear especially on the scalp and sacral area, and on the extensor aspect of the knees and elbows. Cradle cap is a form of seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp in infants, causing scaling and crusting.
Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease characterized by inflammation of the skin and hyperproliferation of skin cells. Tinea capitis is a fungal infection of the scalp that is often acquired from cats and dogs. For which of the following scalp conditions is there no over-the-counter treatment available?
