By mastering speaking, the students can express their idea, opinion or response to other

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Teaching Speaking to Junior High School Students Through Inside

Dina Maulida

Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris FBS Universitas Negeri Indonesia

Email:

Artikel ini membahas

(IOC) pada pengajaran berbicara ini dibahas bagaimana

(IOC) dalam proses pem dapat membantu siswa kemampuan dalam berbicara siswa SMP untukberfikir

berinteraksi dengan lawan bicaranya merasa takut untuk berbicara pembelajaran ini, siswa jug atau ide yang berkaitan dengan

siswa akan merasa lebih mudah dal pendapatnya. Strategi ini terdiri dari dalam) dan Outside (di luar)

Kata kunci: Inside-Outside Circle Confidence, Junior High School Students A. Introduction

Speaking is one of the language skills that are important in human life. It is used in order to be able to communicate actively. One should have speaking ability. By mastering speaking, the students can express their idea, opinion or response to other.

Speaking is an important part in human life. In daily life, people do communicate in order to fulfil

people can express themselves in communicative condition. People can speak naturally because they have been able to

the natural means of communication, speaking can be done if there are two or more people involved.

About the importance of speaking, Nunan (1998:39) says that mastering the art of speaking is the single most importance

foreign language, and success is measured in terms of the ability to carry out a conversation in the language. In brief, it is agreed that speaking is the main tool of

1 English department Student graduated on March 2013.

2 Lecturer of FBS Universitas Negeri Pad

Speaking to Junior High School Students Through Inside Circle (IOC) Strategy

Dina Maulida¹, Don Narius²

Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris FBS Universitas Negeri Indonesia

Email:[email protected] Abstrak

Artikel ini membahas penggunaan strategi Inside-Outside Circle pada pengajaran berbicara dalam bahasa Inggris. Dalam artikel

bagaimana pengaplikasian strategi Inside-Outside Circle pembelajaran di dalam kelas bahasa inggris, yang membantu siswa untuk meningkatkan dan memberikan

dalam berbicara. Strategi ini melatih siswa terutama berfikir kritis dan bekerjasama untuk saling berinteraksi dengan lawan bicaranya dengan lebih percaya diri tanpa merasa takut untuk berbicara. Tidak hanya itu, melalui strategi siswa juga lebih terbiasa menyampaikan pendapat ng berkaitan dengan topik yang akan dibicarakan sehingga siswa akan merasa lebih mudah dalam menyampaikan ide dan

Strategi ini terdiri dari dua lingkaran yaitu: Inside (di luar)

Outside Circle Strategy, Teaching Speaking Junior High School Students

is one of the language skills that are important in human life. It is used in order to be able to communicate actively. One should have speaking mastering speaking, the students can express their idea, opinion or an important part in human life. In daily life, people do fulfil the needs and do social interaction. By speaking people can express themselves in communicative condition. People can speak naturally because they have been able to communicate since they were born. As the natural means of communication, speaking can be done if there are two or About the importance of speaking, Nunan (1998:39) says that mastering the art of speaking is the single most importance aspect of learning the second or foreign language, and success is measured in terms of the ability to carry out a conversation in the language. In brief, it is agreed that speaking is the main tool of

English department Student graduated on March 2013.

Lecturer of FBS Universitas Negeri Padang

Speaking to Junior High School Students Through Inside-Outside

Outside Circle Dalam artikel Outside Circle , yang dan memberikan siswa terutama saling dengan lebih percaya diri tanpa melalui strategi mpaikan pendapat sehingga yampaikan ide dan Inside (di

g Speaking,Self

is one of the language skills that are important in human life. It is used in order to be able to communicate actively. One should have speaking mastering speaking, the students can express their idea, opinion or an important part in human life. In daily life, people do the needs and do social interaction. By speaking people can express themselves in communicative condition. People can speak communicate since they were born. As the natural means of communication, speaking can be done if there are two or About the importance of speaking, Nunan (1998:39) says that mastering aspect of learning the second or foreign language, and success is measured in terms of the ability to carry out a conversation in the language. In brief, it is agreed that speaking is the main tool of

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communication that by practicing it, the students hold language.

According to CIE IGCSE syllabus in Woods (2005:42), speaking aims are to enable students to develop the ability to use the language effectively for purposes of practical communication within the country of residence, wh appropriate, and in all countries where the language is spoken.

However, the students, specifically junior high school students are very uncommon to use English in their daily life. Even, the students often use mother’s tongue in the classroom or out of the classroom.

could not use English correctly. The students could not communicate in English with their friends at school.

at SMP N 1 X Koto,

grade students of junior high school.

express their thoughts, ideas, and opinions.

felt afraid for making faults students did not want to speak.

Next, the students

public. The students felt ashamed because the students were not used to speak in public or in front of the class. Then, the students had experienced a traumatic such as talking teased, ridiculed,

of the class, the students were fear because the students were assessed and after that the students judged by the teacher and the students’ friends. Thus, the students are lack of vocabularies and gr

say a word in English and the students couldn’t say a sentence in English correctly.

In addition to the above factors, there are other factors that greatly influence the students’ fear of speaking English, namely the

teacher is referred as a facilitator in learning process teaches speaking with the strategies which are less varied, so many students felt bored, not interested and just stayed in the students’ chair.

In gaining this objective, the strategy to make the students

generate their ideas.

the teacher should pay attention on the technique or stra It means that, the teac

The teachers are required to create variations of teaching learning strategies, especially in teaching speaking for junior high school student

should reflect the atmosphere to study and to have fun. Because of this reason, the students need an interesting strategy to make them talk and the teachers should develop this strategy to the students.

In this article, the writer w speaking through Inside

Outside Circle (IOC)

Circle is a cooperative learning strategy where the

provides the students who normally would not talk to interact with others. One

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communication that by practicing it, the students hold the major function of the

ccording to CIE IGCSE syllabus in Woods (2005:42), speaking aims are to enable students to develop the ability to use the language effectively for purposes of practical communication within the country of residence, wh appropriate, and in all countries where the language is spoken.

However, the students, specifically junior high school students are very uncommon to use English in their daily life. Even, the students often use mother’s tongue in the classroom or out of the classroom. Some of the students at school h correctly. The students could not communicate in English with their friends at school. Based on the writer’s experience in teaching English there were some major problems that were faced by second grade students of junior high school. First, the students were afraid of speaking to express their thoughts, ideas, and opinions. This happened because the students felt afraid for making faults in saying words or sentences in English

students did not want to speak.

Next, the students did not have a self confidence to speak or talk in front of public. The students felt ashamed because the students were not used to speak in public or in front of the class. Then, the students had experienced a traumatic such as talking teased, ridiculed, etc. When the teacher asked a student to speak in front of the class, the students were fear because the students were assessed and after that the students judged by the teacher and the students’ friends. Thus, the students are lack of vocabularies and grammar. The students didn’t know how to say a word in English and the students couldn’t say a sentence in English In addition to the above factors, there are other factors that greatly influence the students’ fear of speaking English, namely the role of teacher. The teacher is referred as a facilitator in learning process teaches speaking with the strategies which are less varied, so many students felt bored, not interested and just stayed in the students’ chair.

In gaining this objective, the teachers has to find an appropriate way or ategy to make the students more comfortable with speaking and more able to Harmer (2001:275) states that in teaching speaking process, the teacher should pay attention on the technique or strategy that the teacher uses.

It means that, the teacher should use the strategy that is suitable for the students.

he teachers are required to create variations of teaching learning strategies, especially in teaching speaking for junior high school students. The activities should reflect the atmosphere to study and to have fun. Because of this reason, the need an interesting strategy to make them talk and the teachers should develop this strategy to the students.

, the writer would like to explain how to teach

Inside-Outside Circle (IOC) strategy. Learning strategy

(IOC) was introduced by Kagan (1994) stated that Inside Outside cooperative learning strategy where the students are in two groups provides the students who normally would not talk to interact with others. One

the major function of the

ccording to CIE IGCSE syllabus in Woods (2005:42), speaking aims are to enable students to develop the ability to use the language effectively for purposes of practical communication within the country of residence, where

However, the students, specifically junior high school students are very uncommon to use English in their daily life. Even, the students often use mother’s ome of the students at school h correctly. The students could not communicate in English in teaching English here were some major problems that were faced by second First, the students were afraid of speaking to This happened because the students in saying words or sentences in English so, the did not have a self confidence to speak or talk in front of public. The students felt ashamed because the students were not used to speak in public or in front of the class. Then, the students had experienced a traumatic such etc. When the teacher asked a student to speak in front of the class, the students were fear because the students were assessed and after that the students judged by the teacher and the students’ friends. Thus, the ammar. The students didn’t know how to say a word in English and the students couldn’t say a sentence in English In addition to the above factors, there are other factors that greatly role of teacher. The teacher is referred as a facilitator in learning process teaches speaking with the strategies which are less varied, so many students felt bored, not interested and an appropriate way or and more able to Harmer (2001:275) states that in teaching speaking process, tegy that the teacher uses.

strategy that is suitable for the students.

he teachers are required to create variations of teaching learning strategies, s. The activities should reflect the atmosphere to study and to have fun. Because of this reason, the need an interesting strategy to make them talk and the teachers should ike to explain how to teach the students in Learning strategy Inside- Kagan (1994) stated that Inside Outside

students are in two groups. It provides the students who normally would not talk to interact with others. One

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group ( 6 students) forms an inside circle and the second group (also 6 students) forms a circle around them in the outside circle. This

used to encourage discussion between the students and also to develop their speaking skill to interact with others.

to be used in the classroom by the teacher because it will forms the students more confidence and interested in speaking especially in English.

The Concept of Teaching Speaking Kagan (1994):

1. Figure of teaching speaking by using IOC strategy in the

B. Discussion

1. Teaching Preparation

Before giving speaking activities in learning process, the teacher needs to do some preparations. In order to run the

the teacher should prepare several things in advance. In this case, there are some important points to be prepared. They are choosing the topic and materials, preparation of the lesson plan

competence and choice of the suitable strategy.

The most important things to be prepared are choosing the topic and material. In choosing the topic, the teacher should consider the level of students.

The teacher has to be really capable in

the students’ level. The topic itself should be in real life. It means that it happens in daily life or in the students’ life in order to make the students easily to understand what the students learn. The materia

should be effective and interesting for the students. So, the teacher becomes aware of teaching in the classroom. Here, the teacher prepares some pictures and cards.

Teacher

Outside Circle (Students B)

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6 students) forms an inside circle and the second group (also 6 students) forms a circle around them in the outside circle. This is a good strategy which is to encourage discussion between the students and also to develop their speaking skill to interact with others. Inside-Outside Circle will be a fun strategy to be used in the classroom by the teacher because it will forms the students more confidence and interested in speaking especially in English.

The Concept of Teaching Speaking through Inside-Outside Circle s

Figure of teaching speaking by using IOC strategy in the classroom

Before giving speaking activities in learning process, the teacher needs to do some preparations. In order to run the process of teaching and learning well, the teacher should prepare several things in advance. In this case, there are some important points to be prepared. They are choosing the topic and materials, preparation of the lesson plan which include standard competence and basic

and choice of the suitable strategy.

The most important things to be prepared are choosing the topic and material. In choosing the topic, the teacher should consider the level of students.

The teacher has to be really capable in choosing the topic which is suitable with the students’ level. The topic itself should be in real life. It means that it happens in daily life or in the students’ life in order to make the students easily to understand what the students learn. The material that the teacher used in class should be effective and interesting for the students. So, the teacher becomes aware of teaching in the classroom. Here, the teacher prepares some pictures and cards.

Inside Circle (Students A) Written Questions on the

board

6 students) forms an inside circle and the second group (also 6 students) trategy which is to encourage discussion between the students and also to develop their Outside Circle will be a fun strategy to be used in the classroom by the teacher because it will forms the students to be Outside Circle strategy by

Figure of teaching speaking by using IOC strategy in the

Before giving speaking activities in learning process, the teacher needs to process of teaching and learning well, the teacher should prepare several things in advance. In this case, there are some important points to be prepared. They are choosing the topic and materials, etence and basic The most important things to be prepared are choosing the topic and material. In choosing the topic, the teacher should consider the level of students.

choosing the topic which is suitable with the students’ level. The topic itself should be in real life. It means that it happens in daily life or in the students’ life in order to make the students easily to l that the teacher used in class should be effective and interesting for the students. So, the teacher becomes aware of teaching in the classroom. Here, the teacher prepares some pictures and cards.

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The next important point is preparing the lesson plan. The teacher should make a lesson plan before teaching in the classroom. Lindsay and Knight (2006:103) say that “before the teacher teach a lesson, teacher need to decide: the purpose of the lesson, the

book, which types of activities the learners will do, how the students will interact each other, the timing an pacing and also how best to use the classroom”. It is useful to break down a lesson plan in

The last important one is choosing the best strategy. The teacher should have a good strategy to make the teaching of speaking more interesting for the students. One of the good strategies is Inside

will make the students enjoy while learning and students will not be bored and improve their creativity to share knowledge with their friends.

2. Classroom Procedures

Inside-Outside Circle (IOC)that was introduced by Kagan (1994) is strategy that can be applied in teaching speaking for

a good strategy which is used to encourage discussion between the students and also to develop their speaking skill to interact with others. Inside

will be a fun strategy to be used in the classroom by the teacher because it will forms the students to be more confidence and interested in speaking especially in English. In this article

learning process, there are three stages that are used by the teacher. They are pre teaching, whilst-teaching and post

1. Pre-Teaching Activities The first stage

teacher starts the meeting in the classroom.

fifteen minutes. Pre-

done in order to give students background

confidence. These activities will bring a fun and relax atmosphere to class because students are interesting in talking about their

The activities involved in this stage are; first, students, asks the students to do the praying together and

attendance. Then, the teacher asks the students to move all chairs and tables to the front and the outside of the classroom so the middle of the class wil

the teacher divides the students into two groups. One group consists of 12 students. The teacher asks the students to sit in the middle of the class and form two circles. The students in one group will forms two circles which called Inside Outside Circle. One circle in the inside (6 students) and another is in the outside circle (6 students). The students will partner and facing each other. After that, teacher and students do some activities to activate background knowledge and stimulate the students’

the students’ background knowledge which has the relationship with the topic that will be learned. Students are involved in getting information broadly about what is learning and teacher wants

The teacher gives the pictures about the place that can be visited for holiday. The teacher gives some questions from the pictures to build the students’

background knowledge, for example; wha

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The next important point is preparing the lesson plan. The teacher should make a lesson plan before teaching in the classroom. Lindsay and Knight (2006:103) say that “before the teacher teach a lesson, teacher need to decide: the purpose of the lesson, the resources that is used, whatever to adapt the course book, which types of activities the learners will do, how the students will interact each other, the timing an pacing and also how best to use the classroom”. It is useful to break down a lesson plan into three stages: pre, whilst and post.

The last important one is choosing the best strategy. The teacher should have a good strategy to make the teaching of speaking more interesting for the students. One of the good strategies is Inside-Outside Circle (IOC). This strategy will make the students enjoy while learning and students will not be bored and improve their creativity to share knowledge with their friends.

Classroom Procedures

Outside Circle (IOC)that was introduced by Kagan (1994) is can be applied in teaching speaking for students in classroom.

a good strategy which is used to encourage discussion between the students and develop their speaking skill to interact with others. Inside

will be a fun strategy to be used in the classroom by the teacher because it will forms the students to be more confidence and interested in speaking especially in

s article the writer gives recount text as an example

learning process, there are three stages that are used by the teacher. They are pre teaching and post-teaching.

Teaching Activities

first stage is called pre–teaching activity. In this teaching activity teacher starts the meeting in the classroom. This activity is usually about

-teaching activity is done at the beginning of the class. It is done in order to give students background knowledge and to build their self confidence. These activities will bring a fun and relax atmosphere to class because students are interesting in talking about their own last holiday.

ies involved in this stage are; first, the teacher greets the students, asks the students to do the praying together and checks the student’s . Then, the teacher asks the students to move all chairs and tables to the front and the outside of the classroom so the middle of the class wil

the teacher divides the students into two groups. One group consists of 12 students. The teacher asks the students to sit in the middle of the class and form two circles. The students in one group will forms two circles which called Inside Outside Circle. One circle in the inside (6 students) and another is in the outside circle (6 students). The students will partner and facing each other. After that, teacher and students do some activities to activate background knowledge and

e the students’ imagination with the material given. The aim

the students’ background knowledge which has the relationship with the topic that will be learned. Students are involved in getting information broadly about what is

wants students to be cooperating and autonomous people.

background knowledge, for example; what do you see in the picture? Have you The next important point is preparing the lesson plan. The teacher should make a lesson plan before teaching in the classroom. Lindsay and Knight (2006:103) say that “before the teacher teach a lesson, teacher need to decide: the resources that is used, whatever to adapt the course book, which types of activities the learners will do, how the students will interact each other, the timing an pacing and also how best to use the classroom”. It is

to three stages: pre, whilst and post.

The last important one is choosing the best strategy. The teacher should have a good strategy to make the teaching of speaking more interesting for the OC). This strategy will make the students enjoy while learning and students will not be bored and

Outside Circle (IOC)that was introduced by Kagan (1994) is a students in classroom. This is a good strategy which is used to encourage discussion between the students and develop their speaking skill to interact with others. Inside-Outside Circle will be a fun strategy to be used in the classroom by the teacher because it will forms the students to be more confidence and interested in speaking especially in as an example to be taught. In learning process, there are three stages that are used by the teacher. They are pre-

teaching activity, the This activity is usually about ten to teaching activity is done at the beginning of the class. It is knowledge and to build their self- confidence. These activities will bring a fun and relax atmosphere to class because

he teacher greets the checks the student’s . Then, the teacher asks the students to move all chairs and tables to the front and the outside of the classroom so the middle of the class will be free. Next, the teacher divides the students into two groups. One group consists of 12 students. The teacher asks the students to sit in the middle of the class and form two circles. The students in one group will forms two circles which called Inside- Outside Circle. One circle in the inside (6 students) and another is in the outside circle (6 students). The students will partner and facing each other. After that, the teacher and students do some activities to activate background knowledge and with the material given. The aim is to build up the students’ background knowledge which has the relationship with the topic that will be learned. Students are involved in getting information broadly about what is

students to be cooperating and autonomous people.

t do you see in the picture? Have you

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ever gone to Bukittinggi zoo? How many animals do you see? What are they?

Did you go to Bukittinggi on last holiday? What place that you visited?

2. Whilst-Teaching Activities In this activity, the

which is done interactively, joyfully, challengingly, and motivationally. Whilst teaching activity is the main activity in which the lesson begins to be introduced, delivered and practiced during the class.

First, the teacher comes to the topic that will be learned by telling the teacher’s experience about the teacher’ last holiday in f

example. After finish, the teacher asks some questions about the teacher’s experience to the students. While asking some questions, the teacher writes the questions on the white board. There will be an interaction between the teacher and the students.

Then, the teacher writes some questions on the board and gives the students a minute to think about their response. The teacher also prepares some cards for the students. The card is used to write questions that are written on the white board and the students may add

ask. The teacher asks the students in the outside circles (students B) to ask the question first to the students in the inside circle (students A).

Next, the students in the inside circle (students A) response th

of students in the outside circle. One student will answer all the questions. If the students in the outside circle have finished in asking questions for the students in the inside circle, the teacher asks the students to say “pass”. Have the

circle to move one step to the left or right and discuss the same question with the new partner in the inside circle. The students can ask some new questions to discuss the equal topic. Finally, after all students have had their turn in asking the questions and sharing their experience each other, the teacher asks the students to sit on their chair themselves.

3. Post-Teaching Activities The third activity is post students’ comprehension related to th

Before the teacher checks the students’ comprehension about the lesson, teacher chooses a student in every group to retell their experience in front of the classroom. Therefore, the teacher can repeat or

who still do not understand in a quick way.

C.CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

Based on the previous discussion, it can be concluded that in teaching speaking, a teacher has to find a good way or

attract students’ self confidence in speaking especially for doing interaction teacher should not use the

teacher should more creative to create the learning process more interested of them is Inside-Outside Circle

students will be more confidence

more helpful for students, because this strategy help the

active, feel easily to express their ideas or opinions and sharing with others.

118

Teaching Activities

the learning process is aimed to reach Basic Competence which is done interactively, joyfully, challengingly, and motivationally. Whilst teaching activity is the main activity in which the lesson begins to be introduced, delivered and practiced during the class. This may be done around fifty minutes.

First, the teacher comes to the topic that will be learned by telling the teacher’s experience about the teacher’ last holiday in front of the class as an After finish, the teacher asks some questions about the teacher’s experience to the students. While asking some questions, the teacher writes the questions on the white board. There will be an interaction between the teacher and eacher writes some questions on the board and gives the students a minute to think about their response. The teacher also prepares some cards for the students. The card is used to write questions that are written on the white board and the students may add other questions that the students want to ask. The teacher asks the students in the outside circles (students B) to ask the question first to the students in the inside circle (students A).

Next, the students in the inside circle (students A) response the questions of students in the outside circle. One student will answer all the questions. If the students in the outside circle have finished in asking questions for the students in the inside circle, the teacher asks the students to say “pass”. Have the

circle to move one step to the left or right and discuss the same question with the new partner in the inside circle. The students can ask some new questions to discuss the equal topic. Finally, after all students have had their turn in asking the questions and sharing their experience each other, the teacher asks the students to sit on their chair themselves.

Teaching Activities

The third activity is post-teaching. In this activity, the teacher checks the students’ comprehension related to the lesson that is learned by the students.

Before the teacher checks the students’ comprehension about the lesson, teacher chooses a student in every group to retell their experience in front of the

the teacher can repeat or conclude the lesson to the students who still do not understand in a quick way.

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

Based on the previous discussion, it can be concluded that in teaching , a teacher has to find a good way or strategies to serve the studen attract students’ self confidence in speaking especially for doing interaction

the equal strategy all the time in teaching speaking teacher should more creative to create the learning process more interested Outside Circle (IOC) strategy. By using this strategy ore confidence to do speaking activity. This strategy can be more helpful for students, because this strategy help the students to be more

y to express their ideas or opinions and sharing with others.

aimed to reach Basic Competence which is done interactively, joyfully, challengingly, and motivationally. Whilst teaching activity is the main activity in which the lesson begins to be introduced,

fifty minutes.

First, the teacher comes to the topic that will be learned by telling the ront of the class as an After finish, the teacher asks some questions about the teacher’s experience to the students. While asking some questions, the teacher writes the questions on the white board. There will be an interaction between the teacher and eacher writes some questions on the board and gives the students a minute to think about their response. The teacher also prepares some cards for the students. The card is used to write questions that are written on the other questions that the students want to ask. The teacher asks the students in the outside circles (students B) to ask the e questions of students in the outside circle. One student will answer all the questions. If the students in the outside circle have finished in asking questions for the students in the inside circle, the teacher asks the students to say “pass”. Have the outside circle to move one step to the left or right and discuss the same question with the new partner in the inside circle. The students can ask some new questions to discuss the equal topic. Finally, after all students have had their turn in asking the questions and sharing their experience each other, the teacher asks the students to

teaching. In this activity, the teacher checks the e lesson that is learned by the students.

Before the teacher checks the students’ comprehension about the lesson, the teacher chooses a student in every group to retell their experience in front of the conclude the lesson to the students

Based on the previous discussion, it can be concluded that in teaching the students to attract students’ self confidence in speaking especially for doing interaction. The speaking. The teacher should more creative to create the learning process more interested. One ) strategy. By using this strategy, the activity. This strategy can be students to be more y to express their ideas or opinions and sharing with others.

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Therefore, the

continuously. The teachers are expected to be more creative in facilitating their students with the interesting materials and

teacher should know the students interest and make as, the topic that will be selected by the students acknowledgeable, daily life and interested in

students to develop their ideas in doing interaction doing it without any pressure.

Note: This article is written based on the writer’s paper with Don Narius, M.Si

BIBLIOGRAPHY Harmer, Jeremy. 2001.

Edition. Los Angeles: University of California.

Kagan, Spencer. 1994.

Cooperative Learning.

Lindsay, Cora and Paul Knight. 2006.

York: Oxford University Press.

Nunan, David. 1998.

London: Longman.

Woods, Caroline. 2005.

New York: Cambridge Universit

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the teacher should ask the students to practice speaking eachers are expected to be more creative in facilitating their students with the interesting materials and topics that happens in real life. The teacher should know the students interest and make an enjoyable

, the topic that will be selected by the students (should be a topic which they are acknowledgeable, daily life and interested in). The appropriate topic will help the

velop their ideas in doing interaction because the students enjo doing it without any pressure.

This article is written based on the writer’s paper with guidance

Harmer, Jeremy. 2001. The Practice of English Language Teaching Edition. Los Angeles: University of California.

Kagan, Spencer. 1994. Cooperative Learning. San Juan Capistrano: Kagan Cooperative Learning.

Lindsay, Cora and Paul Knight. 2006. Learning and Teaching English York: Oxford University Press.

Nunan, David. 1998. Language Teaching Methodology: a Textbook for teachers.

London: Longman.

Woods, Caroline. 2005. Teaching and Assessing Skills in Foreign Languages New York: Cambridge University Press.

teacher should ask the students to practice speaking eachers are expected to be more creative in facilitating their hat happens in real life. The an enjoyable learning. Such should be a topic which they are ppropriate topic will help the because the students enjoy

guidance from Drs.

The Practice of English Language Teaching. Third

San Juan Capistrano: Kagan

g and Teaching English. New

Language Teaching Methodology: a Textbook for teachers.

Teaching and Assessing Skills in Foreign Languages.