PRACTICUM REPORT
SATUAN OPERASI TEKNIK LINGKUNGAN
THE ANALYSIS OF DETENTION TIME IN FLOTATION PROCESS ON TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID REMOVAL
Compiled by
Name : Raden Muhammad Razy Khandiyas NIM : 225100907111050
Group : ME5
Assistants :
Muhammad Zidan Ghifari Kana Nawafila Eiski Ishma Yusrina Nur Hanifah Michael Teudas Tertius Tsania Naila Firdausi Shafa Ariza Agmi Putri Raullyno Ghozali Ilham Mellysa Machfiro Zhafran Kamal Sultani Tjokorda Istri Mahagita Aura Dinar Ramadhani Ariya Ratana Teja Windy Trisnawati Dewi Sabina Fitri Enggal Alhamdra Andika S
WATER QUALITY AND WASTE MANAGEMENT LABORATORY DEPARTMENT OF BIOSYSTEM ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY BRAWIJAYA UNIVERSITY
MALANG
2024
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Water is a vital natural resource for life, thus emphasizing the importance of monitoring its quality. Currently, many industrial areas produce wastewater that can harm the environment.
Additionally, household activities can also generate harmful water pollutants. Therefore, water treatment is necessary to ensure that water meets quality standards and requirements.
In water treatment, one of the primary methods employed is flotation. Flotation is a technique for separating or removing solid particles or oil droplets from water. This method is highly effective in separating solid minerals in wastewater treatment. Typically, flotation is used to remove total suspended solids from water. Various factors influence the flotation process, including detention time. Detention time refers to the period during which water or wastewater remains in a unit during the treatment process and is a crucial factor in achieving optimal results in treatment.
1.2 Objective
a. Students are able to acknowledge the factors that affect flotation in order to remove total suspended solid (TSS)
b. Students are able to acknowledge the effects of flotation in order to remove total suspended solid (TSS)
c. Students are able to analyze the correlation between detention time and total suspended solid (TSS)
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Definition of Flotation
Flotation is a technique utilized to separate or move different phases, such as removing solid particles or dispersed oil droplets from water. The flotation process has proven to be highly efficient in separating solid minerals in wastewater treatment. It involves certain particles attaching to air bubbles and then collectively rising to the surface. One factor that significantly influences the flotation process is particle size, which can determine its floatability (Hikmah, 2021).
Flotation is a method of separating minerals or ions by utilizing buoyancy assisted by air bubbles to reach the water surface. This process also has the capability to selectively separate small particles compared to other treatment methods. In the flotation process, gas bubbles are employed to separate the desired components. The flow rate of gas significantly affects the capacity and residence time in the flotation column (Widodo et al., 2021).
2.2 Factors Affecting Flotation
Several factors influence the flotation process, and one of them is the particle size, which dictates the floatability of a particle. The type of chemical reagents also plays a crucial role in creating optimal conditions for the flotation process and ensuring that the desired minerals can float as concentrates. Additionally, the physical properties of particles determine their ability to adhere to air bubbles, ultimately affecting their floatability (Hikmah, 2021).
Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) is a treatment unit that utilizes air bubbles to carry suspended particles to the surface of wastewater. Several factors influence the performance of DAF in reducing oil and grease content, such as the pretreatment process of coagulation-flocculation, which facilitates separation by forming flocs. Pressure and the concentration of aluminum sulfate also affect the efficiency of reduction in DAF, with an increase in both contributing to higher reduction efficiency. Additionally, pH value also plays a role in regulating pollutant concentration (Maharani, 2017).
2.3 Types of Flotation
Flotation is a technique employed to separate or remove interfering particles or minerals from water using the principle of hydrophobicity. There are two types of flotation based on their operation, namely natural flotation and induced flotation. Natural flotation involves the coalescence of bubbles naturally to achieve a minimum size, thereby facilitating separation.
Typically, natural flotation is utilized in the separation process of FOG (fats, oils, and greases) from wastewater, albeit requiring considerable time and space, for instance, in the design of grease traps for oil and grease removal in wastewater treatment systems (Serenai, 2020).
Meanwhile, induced flotation involves the use of air bubbles to aid the flotation process. These air bubbles are introduced into the water to attach to particles, enhancing buoyancy, and lifting the particles to the surface. There are three methods of air bubble delivery: dissolved air flotation, where air is injected into water under pressure to dissolve in the water before being released into the flotation tank; air flotation, where pressurized air is introduced into the tank through diffusers at atmospheric pressure; and vacuum flotation, where air is injected into the water in a closed tank to saturate the water with gas, followed by vacuum pumping to remove gas from the solution and initiate the flotation process (Sumatan, 2018).
2.4 Definition of Detention Time
Detention time refers to the duration required within a treatment system to enable optimal processing. The longer wastewater remains in the treatment system and the longer the contact between microorganisms and organic matter, the more efficiently organic content is removed. A longer detention time results in greater removal, making it a crucial factor in treatment effectiveness. With an extended detention time, pollutant concentrations decrease, and reduction efficiency increases. Detention time is influenced by the permeability and hydraulic conductivity of the media within the treatment system (Maysarahman, 2022).
Detention time refers to the period during which water or wastewater remains within a system for processing. Detention time (Td) represents the duration required by a treatment stage to achieve its processing objectives optimally, calculated as the ratio of system volume to incoming flow rate. Different detention times, whether it's one hour, three hours, or even five hours, can result in varying water qualities at the conclusion of the treatment process (Nugraha, 2019).
2.5 Correlation between Detention Time and Flotation Process
The correlation between detention time and COD removal demonstrates a positive relationship. Previous studies have indicated a connection between detention time and increased COD removal. Enhanced COD removal signifies efficient microbial activity, enabling the degradation or removal of organic compounds in wastewater to occur effectively (Tasbieh et al., 2015).
The results of RBC treatment on the BOD parameter indicate that the BOD concentration decreases with increasing detention time and the microbial/bacterial contact time during the acclimatization process with tofu industrial wastewater. The reduction in BOD concentration reaches an optimum point at the 18th hour, with a value of 320 mg/L (69%). To achieve a reduction in BOD concentration greater than 69%, steps that can be taken include increasing the detention time or the microbial/bacterial contact time with tofu industrial wastewater (Septianindata, 2018).
2.6 Principal and Work Mechanism of Colorimeter on the Measurement of TSS Level When testing wastewater, several crucial parameters need to be considered, encompassing physical, chemical, and biological aspects. Commonly observed chemical parameters include pH, COD, TSS, DO, and the presence of other chemical substances in the water. Meanwhile, physical parameters encompass aspects such as color and odor of the water. In the analysis of COD, ammonia, phenol, and various other chemical substances, instruments like the Hach DR 900 Colorimeter can be utilized. This tool allows measurements based on color changes in the tested samples and is considered sophisticated as it can assess multiple parameters simultaneously (Nurjanah and Novia, 2022).
Colorimeter is a chemical analysis method that relies on comparing the color intensity of a solution with a standard solution to determine its concentration. The working principle of the Hach DR 900 Colorimeter involves the use of a detector to measure the intensity of light transmitted through the solution, which is then utilized to ascertain the concentration. The colorimeter method is commonly employed in concentration determinations, typically using white light as the light source (Wulandari and Yulkifli, 2018).
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
3.1 Tools and Materials with Functions
Table 3. 1 Tools and materials with functions
No. Tools and Materials Functions
1. Aerator To help oxidize or generate air
bubbles in the water
2. Aquadest To neutralize the cuvette
3. Beaker glass As a container for wastewater
samples
4. Collection tank As a container for wastewater
sample after the treatment 5. DR900 Hach Colorimeter To measure the TSS in the
wastewater
6. SLS As a treatment material for
wastewater
7. Wastewater As a sample
3.2 Figures of Tools and Materials
Table 3. 2 Tools and materials with figures
No. Tools and Materials Figures
1. Aerator
Figure 3. 1 Aerator
Source: Personal Documentation, 2024
2. Aquadest
Figure 3. 2 Aquadest Source: Personal Documentation,
2024
3. Beaker glass
Figure 3. 3 Beaker glass Source: Personal Documentation,
2024
4. Collection tank
Figure 3. 4 Collection tank Source: Personal Documentation,
2024 5. DR900 Hach Colorimeter
Figure 3. 5 DR900 Hach colorimeter
Source: Personal Documentation, 2024
6. SLS
Figure 3. 6 SLS
Source: Personal Documentation, 2024
7. Wastewater
Figure 3. 7 Wastewater Source: Personal Documentation,
2024
Prepare it
Stir it, then do aeration process in 60 minutes and take the sample in minute 0th, 10th, 20th, 30th, 40th, 50th,
and 60th
Take it with the amount of 25mL in every sample time as stated above and do the
measurement of TSS
Make the observation table of the changes in TSS level
towards time
Make it to determine the time where there is no
increase of solid concentration significantly 3.3 Working Procedure
3.3.1 Flotation Process on Sample
Wastewater sample with the amount of 500-1000mL
Wastewater
Wastewater sample
Wastewater sample
Graphic of the correlation between TSS and detention time (t)
Determine the time that is needed (Detention time) to reach the optimum concentration based on the observation data and graphic.
Prepare it
Put it into the cuvette as a controlling sample to
do the tool calibration
Wipe it the outer part in one way and insert into
the colorimeter
Press the Zero button until the display shows 0 mg/L
TSS
Pour the sample into the other cuvette after doing
the calibration 3.3.2 TSS Level Measurement with DR900 Hach Colorimeter
Tools and materials
10 mL aquadest
Cuvette
DR900
Wastewater sample
Repeat the same procedure as the calibration procedure to obtain the result
by pressing the READ button until the number is shown in mg/L TSS unit.
CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Practicum Result Data
Table 4. 1 Total Suspended Solid (TSS) Practicum Result Data
Figure 4. 1 Correlation between detention time and TSS Source: Data Processed, 2024
Figure 4. 2 Correlation between detention time and surface TSS Source: Data Processed, 2024
No. Time (minute) TSS (mg/l) Surface TSS (mg/l)
1. 0 42 33
2. 10 21 34
3. 20 20 31
4. 30 19 25
5. 40 22 27
6. 50 22 28
7. 60 27 20
4.2 Practicum Result Analysis
During the practicum focused on analyzing the impact of detention time on the flotation effect on Total Suspended Solids (TSS), samples were collected simultaneously under varying conditions for 60 minutes, with sampling intervals of 10 minutes each. Under the first condition, samples were extracted from within the wastewater volume, while in the second condition, samples were obtained from the surface of the wastewater. The results from both conditions presented contrasting data. For samples taken from within the wastewater volume, TSS values were recorded as 42, 21, 20, 19, 22, 22, and 27. Conversely, when samples were collected from the surface of the wastewater, the TSS values obtained were 33, 34, 31, 25, 27, 28, and 20. The disparity between these two datasets leads to the conclusion that the removal of TSS from the wastewater surface demonstrates greater efficiency compared to the removal of TSS from within the wastewater volume.
4.3 Correlation between Detention Time in Flotation Process and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) Level
Using flotation, the liquid or solid phase can be separated from other liquid phases. During the flotation process, particles are separated from the liquid based on their differences in density.
Naturally, particles will undergo flotation if their density is lower than that of the liquid. The efficiency of particle separation is influenced by the duration of the flotation detention time. The longer the detention time, the more time particles have to float or separate from the liquid. This observation aligns with the findings from the laboratory experiment, where an increase in the duration of time results in a greater accumulation of solids in the sample water corresponding to the available time (Bessy and Euis, 2018).
The relationship between flotation detention time and the concentration of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) depends on the flotation process employed. In the flotation process, air bubbles are introduced into the water, leading to attachment to particles, causing an increase in buoyant force, thus lifting the particles to the surface. Research utilizing the electrocoagulation process indicates that variations in current density and contact time significantly affect TSS removal, showing a substantial reduction in TSS concentration with electrocoagulation. In the second minute, the average removal efficiency nearly reaches 100% for each current density variation and remains relatively constant until the 60th minute. However, at a current density of 21 A/m2, there is a decrease in removal efficiency from the 10th to the 30th minute. For a current density of 42 A/m2, the decrease occurs at the 15th minute. Meanwhile, for current densities of 63 A/m2 and 83 A/m2, the decrease happens at the 30th minute. The highest removal efficiency is achieved at a current density of 104 A/m2 after 30 minutes, reaching 99.998% (Nur et al., 2020).
4.4 Optimum Detention Time of Flotation Process on Total Suspended Solid (TSS) Removal
In their research, observations were made on the concentration and percentage removal of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) during the flotation process. The estimated duration employed for the flotation process regarding TSS concentration observations was 16 hours. During the initial 2 hours, a TSS concentration of 55 mg/L was recorded, while in the final 16 hours, the TSS concentration decreased to 29 mg/L. Therefore, the conducted experiment aligns with existing literature, where the optimal detention time for the flotation process to remove total suspended
solids is determined by the duration required; the longer the duration used, the lower the TSS concentration in the wastewater (Bessy and Euis, 2018).
4.5 Factors Affecting TSS Level in the Flotation Process
Changes in Total Suspended Solids (TSS) concentration may occur due to an increase in detention duration during the flotation process. Extending the detention duration typically enhances the effectiveness of separating solid particles from the liquid phase. This is attributed to the additional time provided for solid particles to settle or float towards the liquid surface. With a longer detention duration, solid particles have more opportunities to interact with air bubbles injected into the flotation system, aiding in lifting solid particles to the liquid surface. Hence, the experiment was conducted with various estimated durations to potentially affect the TSS concentration in wastewater, ensuring that the observations in the experiment align with existing literature (Bessy and Euis, 2018).
4.6 Application of Flotation Process in Environmental Engineering Field
This flotation process utilizes air bubbles to aid in separating particles from the liquid. In wastewater treatment, flotation processes are employed to separate heavy metals such as iron, chromium, copper, manganese, zinc, and nickel from the liquid phase. Flotation processes are also utilized in the treatment of industrial electroplating wastewater, which contains hazardous and toxic chemical compounds. During the flotation process, air bubbles assist in removing metal ions from a solution (Widodo et al., 2021).
The application of flotation process in their research is aimed at separating oil from water. The flotation process is chosen for its advantage in oil-water separation by injecting air into water under pressure, causing the air to dissolve and the oil to rise to the water surface. Subsequently, the separated water is filtered for reuse. This process entails calculating the percentage of oil removal separated from water and measuring the optimum air volume in the flotation process to determine the successfully separated oil content (Sumatan, 2018).
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion
Flotation process involves separating minerals or ions by floating them with the aid of air bubbles to the water surface. In the flotation process, gas bubbles serve to separate the components to be separated. The rate of gas flow influences the capacity and residence time within the flotation column. In the flotation process, the concentration of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) affects the separation efficiency. The detention time in the flotation process can affect the concentration of Total Suspended Solids (TSS). Detention time refers to the duration spent by water or wastewater in a treatment system. Detention time (td) is a crucial parameter that determines how long each processing stage needs to be performed to achieve the processing goals optimally. The relationship between detention time and the flotation process involves the importance of aeration time.
5.2 Suggestion
In this practicum, participants are expected to read and understand the terms and methods used in the practicum to minimize errors during the practicum.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Maharani VS. 2017. Studi literatur: Pengolahan Minyak dan Lemak Limbah Industri. Skripsi.
Departemen Teknik Lingkungan, Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember.
Maysarahman A. 2022. Efektivitas Metode Multi Soil Layering (MSL) dalam Pengolahan Limbah Cair UPTD Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH). Skripsi. Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan, Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry.
Nugraha B. 2019. Variasi Waktu Detensi pada Filtrasi Pengolahan Air Limbah Grey Water dalam Penurunan Beban Pencemar. Skripsi. Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Universitas Brawijaya.
Nurjanah E, Novia F. 2022. Evaluation of laboratory wastewater treatment (case study: laboratory Pt. X, Bandung City). Sustainable Environmental and Optimizing Industry Journal 4(1): 73- 82.
Septiandinata J. 2018. Analisis Penurunan Konsentrasi Limbah Cair Industri Tahu Menggunakan Rotating Biological. Tugas Akhir. Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Batanghari.
Serenai FP. 2020. Perancangan Bangunan Pengolahan Air Buangan Industri Gula. Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan, Fakultas teknik, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jatim Surabaya.
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Tasbieh H, Ahmad A, Muria SR. 2015. Pengaruh waktu detensi terhadap efisiensi penyisihan COD limbah cair pulp dan kertas dengan reactor kontak stabilisasi. Jom FTEKNIK 2(1): 1-9.
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Wulandari DA, Yulkifli. 2018. Studi awal rancang bangun colorimeter sebagai pendeteksi pada pewarna makanan menggunakan sensor photodioda. Pillar of Physics 11(2): 81- 87.
ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bessy PAY, Euis NH. 2018. Pengolahan limbah dengan menggunakan sistem flotasi dan lumpur aktif, studi kasus: kawasan industri Ngoro. Jurnal Envirotek 10(2): 43-49.
Nur A, Komala PS, Anissa DU. 2020. Penyisihan senyawa organik pada air limbah tahu menggunakan proses elektrokoagulasi pasangan elektroda alumunium. DAMPAK: Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan Universitas Andalas, 17(2): 62-71.
ATTACHMENT
ADDITIONAL ATTACHMENT
PRACTICUM RESULT DATA (ACC)
