M E D I A N O W
Tenth Edition
To register or access your online learning solution or purchase materials for your course, visit www.cengagebrain.com.
Straubhaar LaRose Davenport
Tenth Edition
MEDIA NOW Understanding Media, Culture, and T echnology
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
M e d i a N o w
BUTUH LENGKAP HUB rehanjanda@gmail.com
This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right
to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN, author, title, or keyword for
materials in your areas of interest.
Important notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the eBook version.
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
M E D I A N O W
Understanding Media, Culture, and Technology
TENTH EDITION
JOSEPH STRAUBHAAR
University of Texas, Austin
ROBERT L A ROSE
Michigan State University
LUCINDA DAVENPORT
Michigan State University
© 2018, 2016, 2014, 2013, 2012 Cengage Learning WCN: 01-100-101
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016945590 ISBN-13: 978-1-305-95084-9
Cengage Learning 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA
Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at
www.cengage.com/global.
Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd.
To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com.
Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com.
Media Now: Understanding Media, Culture, and Technology, Tenth Edition
Joseph Straubhaar, Robert LaRose, and Lucinda Davenport
Product Director: Monica Eckman Product Manager: Kelli Strieby
Content Development Manager: Janine Tangney Senior Content Developer: Jessica Badiner Marketing Manager: Jillian Borden Senior Content Project Manager:
Andrea Wagner
Senior Art Director: Marissa Falco Manufacturing Planner: Doug Bertke IP Analyst: Ann Hoffman
IP Project Manager: Kathryn Kucharek Production Service: Lumina Datamatics, Inc.
Compositor: Lumina Datamatics, Inc.
Cover Designer: Red Hangar Design
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706
For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.
Further permissions questions can be emailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com.
Printed in the United States of America
Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2016
v
B R I E F C O N T E N T S
PART ONE Media and the Information Age
CHAPTER 1 The Changing Media 1 CHAPTER 2 Media and Society 24
PART TWO The Media
CHAPTER 3 Books 54
CHAPTER 4 Print and Digital Newspapers 75 CHAPTER 5 Magazines 112
CHAPTER 6 Recorded Music 131 CHAPTER 7 Radio 158
CHAPTER 8 Film and Video 185 CHAPTER 9 Television 214 CHAPTER 10 The Internet 251
CHAPTER 11 The Third Screen: Smartphones and Tablets 287 CHAPTER 12 Video Games 313
CHAPTER 13 Public Relations 337
PART THREE Media Issues
CHAPTER 14 Advertising 363
CHAPTER 15 Media Uses and Impacts 397 CHAPTER 16 Media Policy and Law 442 CHAPTER 17 Media Ethics 471
CHAPTER 18 Global Communications Media 501
vii
C O N T E N T S
Preface xix
About the Authors xxv
PART ONE Media and the Information Age
CHAPTER 1 The Changing Media 1 The Media in Our Lives 1
■
Media Then...Media Now 2 Media in a Changing World 3
Merging Technologies 4 Changing Industries 5
■
Technology Demystified: A Digital Media Primer 6
Changing Lifestyles 7
■
Your Media Career: Room at the Bottom. Room at the Top 8
Shifting Regulations 9 Rising Social Issues 9
Changing Media Throughout History 10
■
Media & Culture: A New Balance of Power? 10
Pre-Agricultural Society 11 Agricultural Society 11 Industrial Society 12 Information Society 12
Changing Conceptions of the Media 14
The SMCR Model 14 Types of Communication 16 What Are the Media Now? 19
Summary & Review 21 Thinking Critically about the Media 23 Key Terms 23
CHAPTER 2 Media and Society 24
Understanding the Media 24
■
Media Then...Media Now 25 Media Economics 25
Mass Production, Mass Distribution 26 The Benefits of Competition 27 Media Monopolies 28
■
Your Media Career: Media Scholar 29
The Profit Motive 31 How Media Make Money 33
From Mass Markets to Market Segments 34 New Media Economics 35
Critical Studies 37
Political Economy 37 Feminist Studies 39
viii
CONTENTSEthnic Media Studies 40 Media Criticism 41
■
Media & Culture: Postmodernism 42 Diffusion of Innovations 43
Why Do Innovations Succeed? 44 How Do Innovations Spread? 44
What Are the Media’s Functions? 45 Media and Public Opinion 46
Gatekeeping 46
Agenda Setting 47
Framing 48
Technological Determinism 48 The Medium Is the Message 48
Technology as Dominant Social Force 49 Media Drive Culture 50
Summary & Review 51 Thinking Critically about the Media 53 Key Terms 53
PART TWO The Media
CHAPTER 3 Books 54
History: From Ink to Digital, From Press to Computer 54
Early Print Media 54
■
Media Then...Media Now 55
The Gutenberg Revolution 56
■
Media & Culture: Goodbye, Gutenberg 57
The First American Print Media 58 Book Publishing Giants Evolve 59
■
Your Media Career: Author! Author! 61 Technology Trends: From Chapbook to E-Book 61
E-Publishing 62
The Economics of Book Publishing 63
The Book Publishing Process: From Publishing Houses to You 64 Retail Bookstores 65
■
Media & Culture: Distractions, Comprehension, and Sleep: Printed Textbooks, E-Texts, and the Cost of Learning 66
Book Readers and Purchasers 67
What’s to Read? Book Genres and Content 68 MEDIA LITERACY 69
Public Libraries, Freedom of Speech, and the First Amendment 71 Summary & Review 73 Thinking Critically about the Media 74
Key Terms 74
CHAPTER 4 Print and Digital Newspapers 75
■
Media Then...Media Now 76 History: Journalism in the Making 77
Newspapers Emerge 77
The Colonial and Revolutionary Freedom Struggles 78 The First Amendment 79
Diversity in the Press 79 The Penny Press 80 Following the Frontier 81 Civil War Coverage 82
CONTENTS
ix
The New Journalism 82 Yellow Journalism 83 Responsible Journalism 84 Muckraking 85
The Effect of Chain Ownership and Conglomerates 85 Professional Journalism 86
The Watchdogs 87
Technology Trends 88
Newsgathering 88 Print Publishing 89
Online and Digital Publishing 89 Immersive Journalism—Virtual Reality 90 Consumers Habits 91
■
Technology Demystified: Immersive Journalism and Virtual Reality 92
Industry: The News Landscape 93
Competition for Audiences and Advertisers 93
■
Your Media Career: Reporting the News that Others Use 94
The World View 95
A New Business Model for the United States 95
Content: What Is News? 97
Defining News 97 News Elements 97
Types of Newspapers and Their Audiences 98
■
Media & Culture: Politics, the Internet, and Social Media 101
Citizen Journalism and Citizen News Sites 102
MEDIA LITERACY 102
Summary & Review 108 Thinking Critically about the Media 111 Key Terms 111
CHAPTER 5 Magazines 112 History 112
Early Magazines 112
■
Media Then...Media Now 114
America Reads 114 Muckraking 115
■
Media & Culture: News Magazines 116
Magazines Target Specialized Audiences 117
Technology Trends 119
Printing Since Gutenberg 119
Publishing in the Information Age 119
■
Your Media Career: Wanted! Writers and Editors! 120
Digital Publishing 121
Industry 121
Ownership Changes from Individuals to Conglomerates 121
Economics 122
Circulation and Advertising Trends 124 Distribution and Marketing 125
Content: General Interest and Special Interest 125
Redefining the Role of Magazines 127
MEDIA LITERACY 127
Summary & Review 128 Thinking Critically about the Media 130
Key Terms 130
x
CONTENTSCHAPTER 6 Recorded Music 131
History: From Roots and Records to Sounds in the Cloud 131
■
Media Then...Media Now 132
The Victrola 132
Early Recorded Music 133 Big Band and the Radio Days 133
Big Band Music and the World War II Generation 133 New Musical Genres 134
■
Media & Culture: Black Music: Ripped Off or Revered? 135
Rock and Pop History 135
The Record Boom and Pop Music 136 The Rock Revolution Will Be Segmented 136 Digital Recording 138
Music on the Internet 138
■
Media & Culture: Twenty One Pilots and the Hard Work of Music 139 Technology Trends: Let’s Make Music 142
New Digital Formats 142
■
Technology Demystified: From the Victrola to Aac 142
Sinking the Pirates 144
Streaming and Cloud Music Services 145 Social Music Media 145
The Recording Industry 145
■
Your Media Career: Musicians, Moguls, Music in Everything Electronic 146
The Talent 146
Recording Studios and Record Companies 147 Music Distribution 149
Music Industry Associations 149
MEDIA LITERACY 151
Summary & Review 156 Thinking Critically about the Media 157 Key Terms 157
CHAPTER 7 Radio 158 History: How Radio Began 158
Save The Titanic: Wireless Telegraphy 158
■
Media Then...Media Now 159
Regulation of Radio 159 Broadcasting Begins 160
BBC, License Fees, and the Road Not Taken 161 Radio Networks 162
Paying for Programming: The Rise of Radio Networks 162 Radio Network Power 162
Competition from Television 163 Networks Fall, Disc Jockeys Rule 163 The FM Revolution 164
Local DJs Decline: A New Generation of Network Radio 164 New Genres: Alternative, Rap, and Hip-Hop Radio 165 Radio in the Digital Age 166
Technology Trends: Inside Your Radio 168
From Marconi’s Radio to Your Radio 168 High-Definition Radio 168
■
Technology Demystified: Fun with Electromagnetism? 168
Satellite Radio Technology 170 Internet Radio Technology 170
Weighing Your Digital Radio Options 170
CONTENTS
xi
Industry: Radio Stations and Groups 170
Radio in the Age of the New Media Giants 170 Inside Radio Stations 171
Noncommercial Radio 172
Genres around the Dial 173
Radio Formats 173
The Role of Radio Ratings 174 Music Genres and Radio Formats 175 Talk Radio 176
National Public Radio 177 Radio Programming Services 177
■
Your Media Career: Local DJs Decline But Other Forms of Radio Rise 178
MEDIA LITERACY 179
Summary & Review 182 Thinking Critically about the Media 184 Key Terms 184
CHAPTER 8 Film and Video 185
History: Golden Moments of Film 185
■
Media Then...Media Now 186
How to Use Images: Silent Films Set the Patterns 187 Setting Up a System: Stars and Studios 188
How to Use Sound: Look Who’s Talking 188 The Peak of Movie Impact? 189
The Studio System: The Pros and Cons of Vertical Integration 190 Film Faces Television, 1948–1960 191
Studios in Decline 193 Hollywood Meets HBO 194 Movies Go Digital 195
■
Media & Culture: Saving National Production or the New Cultural Imperialism? 197
Technology Trends: Making Movie Magic 197
Movie Sound 198 Special Effects 198 The Digital Revolution 199 Movie Viewing 200
■
Technology Demystified: Entering the Third Dimension 201 The Film Industry: Making Movies 202
The Players 202
Independent Filmmakers 202 The Guilds 203
Film Finance 203 Film Distribution 203
■
Your Media Career: You Ought to Be in Pictures 205 Telling Stories: Film Content 206
Team Effort 206
Finding Audience Segments 207
MEDIA LITERACY 208
■
Media & Culture: Fighting the Anti-Piracy War Here and Abroad 211 Summary & Review 212 Thinking Critically about the Media 213
Key Terms 213
xii
CONTENTSCHAPTER 9 Television 214 History: TV Evolves 214
When Television Was New 214
■
Media & Culture: Television and the Days of Our Lives? 215
■
Media Then...Media Now 216
Into the Wasteland 217 Washington to the Rescue? 219
■
Media & Culture: Going by the Numbers 220
New Media to the Rescue? 221 The Big Three in Decline 222
Television in the Information Age 223
Technology Trends: From a Single Point of Light 226 Digital Television Is Everywhere 226
■
Technology Demystified: Inside HDTV 228
New TV Horizons 229 Video Recording 230 Video Production Trends 230
Industry: Who Runs the Show? 231 Video Production 232
National Television Distribution 234
■
Your Media Career: Video Production 235
Local Television Distribution 237 Noncommercial Stations 240 Television Advertisers 240
Genres: What’s on TV? 240
Broadcast Network Genres 240 What’s on Cable? 241
PBS Programming 242 Programming Strategies 242
■
Media & Culture: Diversity in Television 243 MEDIA LITERACY 244
Summary & Review 248 Thinking Critically about the Media 250 Key Terms 250
CHAPTER 10 The Internet 251
History: Spinning the Web 251
■
Media Then...Media Now 252
The Web Is Born 252 Reining in the Net 253 The Rise of Social Media 255 Old Media in the Internet Age 255 Reinventing the Internet 256
Technology Trends: Metcalfe’s and Moore’s Laws 258
Internet Trends 258
■
Technology Demystified: Inside the Internet 259
Privacy Trends 262
Network Technology Trends 263 Computer Technology Trends 264
Industry: David versus Goliath 265
Computer Toy Makers 266 Where Microsoft Rules 266 Internet Service Providers 267
INDEX
573
interpretive communities, 417 knowledge gap hypothesis, 429–430 learning behavior, 409–411 limited effects theory, 414 longitudinal survey studies, 405 making money in, 33–34 multistep flow model, 413 narrowcasted, 20
and national/local development, 533 national production, 507
new, 19
observational learning, 414 online, 256
prejudice, 419–421 priming theory, 415 privacy protection, 450–452 prosocial behaviors, 400, 423 and public opinion, 46–47 qualitative method, 401 quantitative method, 401 and racial depictions, 40–41 reliability, 403
risk factors, 398
selective processes, 413–414 self-efficacy, 410–411 serious games, 426
and sexual behavior, 421–422 social inequality, 429–438 social learning theory, 414 social presence, 411 societal impacts, 429 spectrum allocation, 460–461 survey studies, 405
technical standards, 461–462 theories of, 25
theories of impacts, 412–423 theories of usage, 408–412 on third screen, 294–295 trade in, 532
uses and gratifications theory, 408–409
validity, 403
video games. See video games violence in. See violence in media well-being, 428–429
media bashing, 397 media center, 346 media consumption, 43 media department, 378 media effects, defined, 400 media kits, 346
media literacy, 37, 69 media relations, 350 Media Research Center, 245 media scholar, 29
mediated communication, 17 MegaUpload, 140
“MegaWars I” (video game), 316 Merkel, Angela, 451
message, defined, 14 Metcalfe, Bob, 252, 258 Metcalfe’s Law, 258
computer technology trends, 264–265 description, 258
Internet trends, 258–262
network technology trends, 263–264 metered pay model, 95
metropolitan dailies, 98
Mexican-American War, 81 MGM, 192
Michigan State University (MSU), 480 Microsoft Corporation, 252, 266
Kinect system, 321–322 monopolies and, 29 XBox, 265, 316, 319 Xbox One, 323 microwave system, 298 middleware, 325 Mill, John Stuart, 475 Miller, Bode, 482 Miller, Glenn, 133 Miller, Mac, 167 Miller v. California, 447 Milton, John, 78 Minow, Newton, 218 60 Minutes (TV show), 46 miscellanies, defined, 113 misrepresentation, ethics, 494 Miyamoto, Shigeru, 315, 316 mobile advertising, 372–373 mobile device, defined, 62 mobile networks, 297–301 mobile radios, 291
mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs), 302 MobiTV, 303
modems (modulator-demodulators), 251, 252, 295 Modern Family (TV show), 241
Modified Final Judgment (MFJ), 291 mods, defined, 327
Monday Night Football (TV show), 234, 243 Monogram Studio, 191
monopolies
in communications media, 30–31 defined, 28, 457
formation of, 28–31 Moore’s Law, 138
computer technology trends, 264–265 description, 258
Internet trends, 258–262
network technology trends, 263–264 morality, 471
Morley, David, 215
Morning Edition (radio show), 177 Morse, Samuel F. B., 81, 289 Morse code, 158
Morse’s telegraph, 295
“Mortal Kombat” (video game), 317, 332 Mother Jones, 117
Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), 194, 208–209, 211, 448, 508, 512
Motion Picture Code, 188
Motion Picture Export Association of America (MPEAA), 190
Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, 188 motivational research, 382
Motown, 136, 165 Movietone (newsreel), 191
MP3 (Motion Picture Expert Group-2 audio layer III), 143, 144
MPEG-2, 228 MSNBC, 233, 244, 433 MTV, 148
muckraking, 85, 108, 115, 116–117, 128 multicasting, 227
multilateral trade negotiations, 464 multimedia communication, 20–21
574
INDEXmultiple system operators (MSOs), 221, 222 multiplexing, 295
multistep flow model, 413 multi-user dungeon (MUD), 315
Murdoch, Rupert, 38, 60, 103, 195, 222, 501, 502 Murrow, Edward R., 163, 217
music
African-American influence on, 131, 134, 135, 165 antitrust concerns, 151
big bands, 133–134 bluegrass, 134 blues, 134 broadcasting, 162 careers in, 146 censorship, 154–155 copyright on, 140 covers in, 135
digital formats, 142, 144 distribution of, 149, 153–154 genres, 134, 136–138, 175–176 globalization, 510–511 gospel, 134
hybridization of, 135 on Internet, 138, 139–142
Latino artists influence on, 165–166 outside United States, 150
pop, 135–136
“race,” 134 radio, 133 rap, 165–166
recording studios, 147–148 rhythm and blues, 134 rock, 135–136
sharing/stealing, 151–152 and social media, 141–142, 145 technology trends, 142, 144–145 must carry cable policy, 221 Muybridge, Eadweard, 197
N
NAACP, 187Napster, 138, 139, 279 Narnia (films), 515 narrowcasting
advertising and, 20 marketing, 35 by television, 242 Nast, Thomas, 82 The Nation, 117
The Nation (magazine), 126
National Association of Broadcasters (NAB), 466
National Association of Television Program Executives (NATPE), 237
National Broadcasting Corporation (NBC). See NBC Television
National Cable & Telecommunications Association, 466 national dailies, 98–99
National Enquirer (magazine), 106 National Era (newspaper), 82 National Football League, 234
National Geographic (magazine), 124, 126 National Investor Relations Institute (NIRI), 352 National Magazine of Richmond (magazine), 113 national newspapers, 98
National Police Gazette (newspaper), 83 national production, media and, 507 National Public Radio (NPR), 167, 177, 516 national radio, 510
National Review (magazine), 126 National Science Foundation (NSF), 253
National Security Agency (NSA), 257, 282, 451, 527 national sovereignty, 531
National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), 462, 464
National Television Systems Committee (NTSC), 226 National Weather Service, 268
Native American press, 79–80 NBC Television, 35, 162
Sarnoff and, 217
NBCUniversal, 7, 231, 243, 271 near field communication (NFC), 301
“Need for Speed” (video game), 325
Netflix, 196, 223, 227, 229, 236, 237, 256, 271, 279, 415, 515 rights fees paid by, 225
net neutrality, 9, 279–280 network access points (NAPs), 268 network affiliation, 238
network neutrality, 458 network news, 233 Network TV, 235 Newcomb, Horace, 215
New-England Courant (newspaper), 78 New Girl (TV show), 240
new journalism, 82 new media
defined, 19
and economics, 35–37, 51 news
agencies, 509
classification according to audiences, 98 content of, 97–102
defined, 97 elements, 97–98 hard, 97, 98 soft, 97, 98 news aggregates, 97 newscasts, 233 News Corporation, 103
ownership of, 231 news magazines, 116 news magazines, defined, 115 NewsML-G2, 261
news on television, 233
Newspaper Preservation Act of 1970, 104 newspapers, 12
advertising, 93
for African Americans, 80, 84–85 alternative press, 100
audiences, 83, 91–93, 109 business model, 95–96, 109 censorship, 78, 87
conglomerates, 102–103 content of, 97–102, 109 dailies, 98–100 digital, 89–90 diversity in, 79–80, 86 early history of, 75, 77 ethics, 105–106
and First Amendment, 104–105 gatekeeping, 107–108
local weekly, 98 muckraking, 85, 108 national, 98
online, 20–21, 89–90, 98 ownership of, 102–103 scoops, 82
INDEX
575
sensationalism, 84 Spanish-language, 82 trends in, 109 types of, 93–97 and Vietnam War, 87 watchdogs, 87, 107 weeklies, 99–100 wire services, 100–101 world view on, 95 and World War I, 86 and World War II, 86–87 news releases, 345 news room, 346
“New Super Mario Bros” (video game), 325 news websites
domain names, 104
professional and amateur, 104
New York Associated Press (AP). See Associated Press (AP) The New Yorker (magazine), 277, 278
New York Herald (newspaper), 81 New York Review of Books (magazine), 126 New York Times, 21, 267, 277, 283, 370
focus of, 107 Ochs and, 85 paywalls, 95 Pentagon Papers, 87 Tweed Ring and, 82 websites, 37
New York World (newspaper), 83 Nguyen, Dong, 331
nickelodeons, defined, 132 Nielsen Audio, 174–175 Nielsen Company, 220
Nielsen Media Research, 294, 381
Nigerian Institute of Public Relations (NIPR), 344 A Night at the Opera (film), 189
911 emergency, 307
Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), 316 Nixon, Richard, 219
noise, 15 Nokia, 293
“Nollywood” films, 511 noncommercial radio, 172–173
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 524 nonlinear editing, 199, 231
nonresponse bias, 404
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 388, 464, 505, 518
North Star (newspaper), 80
“Noughts and Crosses” (video game), 313 novels, 54
dime, 59
O
objectivity, defined, 85O Brother Where Art Thou? (film), 132 obscene speech, defined, 180
obscenity, in freedom of speech, 447–449 observational learning, 414
Occupy Wall Street, 255 Ochs, Adolph, 85
Odyssey (Homer), 11, 54, 56 offshoring, 435–436
The Old Farmer’s Almanac (Thomas), 58 OLED (organic light emitting diode) display, 228 oligopoly
defined, 28, 457 in television, 219
Once (film), 195
on demand webcasts, 347 One Froggy Evening (film), 190 one-upmanship, 316
one-way communication, 18 online advertising, 428 online gambling, 331–332 online games, 272 online press rooms, 346 online publishing, 89–90 online safety, 283–284 opinion leaders, 413 Opry, Grand Ole, 134 oral tradition, 11
Orange Is the New Black (TV show), 224, 271 O’Reilly, Bill, 38
Orfeu (film), 155
organizational communication, 18 orphaned books, 62
owned-and-operated stations (O&Os), 162, 223, 238 ownership patterns, 28, 30, 121–122
P
Pacifica Network, 177 Packard, Vance, 388 packet switching, 297packet-switching networks, 295
“Pac-Man” (video game), 314 Paine, Thomas, 58, 112 Paley, William, 217 Palmer, Volney B., 365 Pandora, 166, 181
Paramount Studios, 191, 192 parental advisories, 448
Parents Television Council, 246–247 participant observation, 405 partisan newspapers, 79 pass-along rate, 123 The Past (film), 512 patents
defined, 160, 290, 454 Internet, 279 for radio, 159 Pax TV, 222 payola, 136, 148 pay TV, 221 paywall models, 95 Penguin Books, 60
Pennsylvania Evening Post and Daily Advertiser (newspaper), 79
Pennsylvania Gazette (newspaper), 78, 364 Pennsylvania Magazine (Paine), 112
“Penny Dreadfuls,” 59
“Penny Lane” (song), 136 Penny Press, 80–81, 97, 108 Pentagon Papers, 87
People (magazine), 35, 124, 127 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 526 permission marketing techniques, 374 personal communication, 276 personal computer, 315–316 Personal Computing (magazine), 35 personal data assistants (PDAs), 293 persuasion, 413
Phish (band), 150 phishing, 283 phonograph, 133 photophone, 290
576
INDEXphotoreceptor, 198 Pickford, Mary, 188 piracy
of copyright, 271, 279 ethics and, 144 in films, 210–211 Internet, 456 The Pirate Bay, 140 Pixar Animation, 199 Pixar Studios, 202 plagiarism, 105, 495–496
plain old telephone service (POTS), 305 plasma televisions, 227, 228
platform, for video games, 324 Plato, 56
playlist, defined, 163 Playstation, 316
PlayStation console (PS4), 324 PlayStation palms, 331 PlayStation Portable, 324 Playtone, 202
plug-ins, 261 Pocket Books, 60
podcasts/podcasting, 166, 170, 347 point-to-point communication, 17 Polar Express (film), 201 policy, defined, 442, 443 policy-making process
federal regulation and, 462–465 lobbies, 466
state and local regulation, 465–466 political action committees (PACs), 466 political communication, 254
political economy, 37–39 cultural imperialism, 529–530 defined, 37
Internet, 529
political opinion leaders, 413 political speech, 446–447
“Pong” (game), 314–315, 319
Poor Richard’s Almanack (Franklin), 58 pop culture, 383
pop music, 135–136 formats, 136–137 global impact of, 155 popular culture, defined, 50 pornography
children, 447
portable people meters, 174 portals, 272, 277
Porter, Edwin S., 185 Port Folio, 113 post-Fordism, 438 Postman, Neil, 49, 50 postmodernism, 42 postmodern society, 274 post office protocol (POP), 259 postproduction, of films, 199 Pot-o-Gold (radio show), 162 Potter, Ralph, 476
Potter’s Box, 476 pragmatic ethics, 475 pre-agricultural society, 11 predictive analytics, 407 prejudice, 419–421 Presley, Elvis, 136 press kits, 346 press releases, 345
prime-time network, 241 priming theory, 415 Prince, 140 printing presses
Gutenberg, 12, 55, 56, 119 invention of, 55
print-on-demand technology, 62 print media
digitization of, 13 early history of, 54–56 first American, 58–59 print-on-demand technology, 62 print publishing, 89
privacy
advertising, 390–391
commercial snooping protection, 451–452 consumer, 453
defined, 450
government snooping protection, 450–451 in journalism, 482
probable cause, 450 protecting, 450–452 social media and, 485
USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, 450 Privacy Shield agreement, 282
private interests vs. public interests, 358–359 privatizing, 517
PR News, 352
probability sampling, 404 probable cause, 450
Procter & Gamble (P&G), 368, 369, 503 productivity paradox, 437
professional development, 359 professional journalism, 86–87 profits, defined, 31
Progressive Era, 85
“Project Gotham Racing 4” (game), 330 propaganda, 339
ProQuest, 273
prosocial behaviors, 400, 423 prosocial video games, 425 Protestant Reformation, 12 protocols, 259
defned, 260
domain name service, 259 file transfer protocol, 259 hypertext transfer protocol, 259 Internet, 253, 259
IP version 6, 260–261 post office protocol, 259
simplified mail transfer protocol, 259 transmission- control, 253, 259 PR Week, 352
public broadcasters, 172
Public Broadcasting Act of 1967, 220
Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), 38, 220, 221, 237 costs of, 32–33
production of, 234 programming on, 242 subsidies for services, 34 Public Enemy (band), 137
Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick (Harris), 78
public opinion, 46–47, 432 public opinion, defined, 339
Public Radio International (PRI), 177 public relations
agency, 350
INDEX
577
campaign, 351
crisis communications management, 357–358 databases, 348
defined, 337, 339 elements of, 337, 350–352 e-mail, 347
entrepreneurs and, 340–341 ethics, 486–487
ethics and, 356–357 evaluation, 359–360 functions of, 352–353 global, 344
history of, 337, 339–344 models of, 354–355 in modern world, 341–342 online press rooms, 346 podcasts, 347
practitioners, 343–344 press kits, 346 press releases, 345
private interests vs. public interests, 358–359 profession, 349–350
professional development, 359 professional resources, 352 publics of, 353
research, 359–360 Satellite Media Tours, 347 and social media, 348, 349 texting, 347
tools, 345–348
video news releases, 346–347 webcasts, 347
Public Relations Institute of Ireland (PRII), 344 Public Relations Quarterly, 352
Public Relations Review, 352
Public Relations Society of America (PRSA), 343, 349, 352, 359, 487, 488
publics, of public relations, 353 public subsidies, 51
public television, 234, 247 public utility, 465 publishing
books, 63–65 first-copy costs, 32 print, 89
process of, 64–65 trends in, 73 puffery, 492
Pulitzer, Joseph, 83, 84 purchasers, books, 67–68
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, 117
Q
QR (Quick Response) code, 373“Quake” (video game), 316 qualitative method, 401 quantitative method, 401
R
race games, 328“race” music, 134 racial disparities, 41 racism, in films, 188 radio
and advertising, 366 AM, 167, 169, 170
“black” music on, 134
broadcasting, 160–161, 182, 509–510
careers in, 178 CB, 291–292 cellular, 292 cross-ownership, 171
FM, 136, 164–165, 167, 169, 170, 182 format clock, 173–174
formats, 163–164, 173–174, 175–176, 182–183 freedom of speech, 180–181, 183
genres, 165–166
high-definition, 13, 167, 168, 170 history of, 158
international, 509–510 Internet. See Internet radio license fees, 161
limitations, 366 low-power stations, 172 mobile, 291
national, 510 networks, 162, 182 new generation of, 164–165 noncommercial, 172–173 ownership of, 171, 181–182, 183 political speech, 446–447 programming services, 177–178 ratings, role of, 174–175 recorded music and, 133, 136 regulation of, 159–160 syndication, 164, 172 talk shows, 172, 176–177 television and, 163 during World War II, 163 Radio Act of 1912, 159 Radio Act of 1927, 446 radio advertising
development of, 161 ratings and, 174–175
Radio Corporation of America (RCA), 160, 161 Radiohead (band), 153
Radio Music License Committee, 181 Radio Sawa, 510
radio waves, 158, 159, 168 Ramayana, 520
random-digit dialing, 404 rap music, 165–166 ratings
computation of, 218 defined, 174, 217 radio, role of, 174–175 television, 220 readers, books, 67–68
Reader’s Digest (magazine), 124 Reagan, Ronald, 416
reality shows, 232 rear projection, 198
receiver, in communication, 14 recommender systems, 414 recorded music, 145, 146–150
distribution of, 152, 153–154 early history of, 133
industry associations, 149–150 ownership of, 151–152 on radio, 133, 136 recording studios, 147–148 talent scouts, 146
Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), 140, 144, 149, 152, 153
recording industry careers, 146 recordings, digitization of, 13
578
INDEXrecording studios, 147–148 Recovery Act initiative, 459 Reformation, Protestant, 12
regional Bell operating companies (RBOCs), 291 regionalization, 504–505
reinvention, 45
relationship marketing, 384 reliability, 403
religious books, 58 rentals, defined, 33 Rentrak, 220 rep firms, 238 Republic (Plato), 56 Republic Studio, 191 research
administrative, 400–401 advertising, 381–383 agenda setting theory, 47–48 communications, 492 critical, 401
ethics, 492–493 ethnographic, 405–406 experimental, 402–403 motivational, 382 random-digit dialing, 404 survey, 403, 405
research organizations, 374 re-skilling, 438
resonance process, 415 responsible journalism, 84–85 restraint of trade, 457 retail bookstores, 65–67 retransmission fees, 225 reverse auctions, 276 reverse engineering, 454 Revolutionary War, 445
rhythm and blues (R&B) music, 134 Richard, Little, 134
Riders of the Purple Sage (radio show), 162 right of reply, 446
Rihanna, 167
The Rise of the Network Society (Castells), 50
“River Deep, Mountain High” (song), 136 RKO, 190, 191, 193
Robertson, Phil, 476
“Rock Around the Clock” (song), 136
“Rock Band” (video game), 325 rock music, 135–136
formats, 136–137 Top 40 music and, 164
“Rock of Ages” (song), 131 Rogers, Everett, 43 Rogers, Ginger, 189, 191
Rolling Stone (magazine), 121, 126, 127 Rolling Stones (band), 134, 135, 136, 153, 165 Roosevelt, Franklin, 291
Roosevelt, Theodore, 85 Roots (TV show), 219 Roth v. United States, 447 Rowell, George P., 365 royalty fee, 113
RSS (Really Simple Syndication), 261 Russell, Steve, 313
S
sales promotion, 367 samplingframe, 404
probability, 404 science of, 404
Samsung’s Gear VR, 322, 323 San Francisco Chronicle, 96 Sarnoff, David, 160, 217 satellite communication, 298 satellite footprint, 527
Satellite Media Tours (SMTs), 347 satellite radio
operation of, 166 technology of, 170
satellite television, digitization of, 13 Saturday Evening Post (magazine), 113, 128 Saturday Night at the Movies (TV show), 192 Saw 3D (film), 209
Scanlan, Paul, 303 scarcity argument, 460 Schaefer, Jim, 87
“School Shooting” (video game), 317 Schramm, Wilbur, 14, 16
Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 483 scientific method, 400 scoops, 82
“Scrabulous” (game), 272 Screen Actors Guild, 203, 232 scripts, 261
search-based advertising, 368 search engine optimization, 368 search engines, 273. See also Google seditious speech, 79
Sega Dreamcast, 320 segmentation, 51 segmented audiences, 123 Seinfeld (TV show), 506 selective exposure, 413 selective perception, 414, 416 selective retention, 414 self-efficacy, 410–411 self-regulation, 410, 443, 444 semantic Web, 262
semiotics, 41, 51
semi-structured interviews, 406 sensationalism, 481
September 11 terrorist attacks
and telecommunications infrastructure, 308
Sergeant Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band (album), 136 serious games, 333–334, 426
Serling, Rod, 217
Sesame Street, 46, 221, 247, 425, 430 Sesame Workshop, 234
Seventeen, 475
Sex and the City (TV show), 501 sex-role stereotypes, 419–420, 489 sexting, 422
sexual behavior, media and, 421–422 shareware, 266
Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, 457, 462, 465 She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (film), 189 shifting regulations, 9
Shikibu, Murasaki, 54 shoppers, defined, 99 Shrek (film), 202 silent films, 187
The Silver Lining’s Playbook (film), 195
“Sim City” (video game), 330
“Simon” (video game), 316–317
simplified mail transfer protocol (SMTP), 259 The Simpsons (TV show), 222, 232, 420, 501, 502
INDEX
579
“The Sims” (video game), 328 Sinatra, Frank, 133
Sinclair, Upton, 117
Singin’ in the Rain (film), 189 Sirius radio, 166
situation ethics, 475
Sixth Report and Order, 216, 220 60 Minutes (TV show), 220, 233 slander, 106, 445
small-group communication, 17 smartphones
advertising, 372–373 defined, 4, 292 gadgetry, 301 smart TVs, 227 SMCR model, 14–16
Smokey and the Bandit (film), 292 snowball effect, 348
Snowden, Edward, 282, 451, 533 soap operas, 520
social capital, 431 social engineering, 283 social inequality, 429–438 social issues, 9–10 socialization, 46
social learning theory, 409, 410, 414 social marketing, 424
social media, 18–19, 257–258 benefits, 36
content of, 19–20 deception in, 391–392 defamation, 445 defined, 16, 255 ethics, 485–486 features of, 20 interactive, 19
music and, 141–142, 145 podcasting and, 166 and political campaigns, 101 and privacy, 485
public relations and, 348, 349 recommender systems, 414 websites, 37
social networking sites, 18 and advertising, 371–372 effects on well-being, 428 social presence, 411
social responsibility model, 86 Social Security number, 451 society, video games and, 317–318 Society of Professional Journalists’ Code
of Ethics, 477 Socrates, 474 softcover books, 65 soft news, 97, 98
soft-sell advertising approach, 366–367 software manufacturers, 266
Sony Corporation, 195, 231–232, 316, 320 The Sopranos, 222
SoundCloud, 182 SoundExchange, 153, 181 source, in communication, 14
Source-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model, 14–16
“Space Invaders” (video game), 314
“Spacewar!” (video game), 313 spamming, 283
Spanish-language newspapers, 82
Spector, Phil, 136
Spielberg, Steven, 191, 194, 202 spiral of silence, 433
sports, on television, 225, 234 Sports Illustrated, 489, 490 Spotify, 166–167, 279 Spotlight (film), 107 Sprinsteen, Bruce, 221 spyware, 263
St. Cloud Visiter (newspaper), 82 standard-definition TV (SDTV), 226 standards
defined, 443, 444 international, 461–462 technical, 461–462 Stanford University, 402 Staples, Vince, 146 Starbucks, 478 star system, 188
Star Trek (TV show), 41, 195
“Star Trek” (video game), 325 Star Wars (film), 13, 194, 199 state regulation, 465–466 Stein, Gertrude, 59 The 39 Steps (film), 189 stereopsis, 201
stereo recordings, 142–143 stereotyping
advertising ethics, 489–490 defined, 419
gender, 419, 420 media, 420–421 sex-role, 419–420, 489 Stern, Howard, 166
St. Louis Post-Dispatch (newspaper), 83 Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA), 211 Storz, Todd, 164
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 59, 82 streaming music, 144 streaming video, 7, 227
“Stressed Out” (song), 139 stripping programming, 243
Student Media Awareness to Reduce Television, 247
studio system, 190–191 stunting programming, 243 subliminal messages, 492 subscription library, 58, 59 subscriptions, defined, 33
subsidies for services, 34, 51, 306–307 suburban dailies, 99
Sumerian culture, 11 The Sun (newspaper), 81, 365 Sundance Film Festival, 196 Sun Records, 136
Super Bowl, 36–37, 225, 245, 383 Supreme Court
on Fairness Doctrine, 245 policy making, 465 video games case, 398 Supremes (band), 136 surveillance, 45–46 survey research, 403, 405 survey studies, 405 Survivor, 518
Survivor (TV shows), 8 Swift, Taylor, 140, 145 Swisshelm, Jane Grey, 82
580
INDEXsyndication
defined, 34, 164, 219 first-run, 219 radio, 164, 172 of television, 233, 237 syndicators, 101
T
tabloid journalism, 106–107 tabloids, defined, 106 Tale of Genji (Shikibu), 54–55 talkies, 189talk radio, 176–177 Tarbell, Ida, 115, 116 tariffs, 532
Taxi Driver (film), 194, 416 Taylorism, 437
technological determinism, 45, 48, 52 technology
computer technology trends, 264–265 as dominant social force, 49–50 technology, 258–262
trends in, 88–93, 119–121 technopoly, 49
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (films), 484 Teen Vogue, 475
telecommunications consumer issues, 306 digital, 296–297 globalization, 521–523 history, 287, 288 infrastructure, 287, 289 story of, 290–295
subsidies for services, 306–307 wireless, 291–292
Telecommunications Act of 1996, 171, 179, 183, 254, 442, 457, 459
defined, 9, 165, 292
media ownership and, 165, 223 telecommuting, 438
telegraph, 158, 289, 295
Telephone Consumer Protection Act, 310 telephones
analog vs. digital, 295, 296 digital networks, 296–297 digitization of, 13 mobile networks, 297–301 privacy lines, 309–310
trap-and-trace information, 309 universal service, 459–462 wireless services, 302–303 wireline services, 302 Telephony (magazine), 467 teletext, defined, 90 teletypesetting, 89 television
advertisers, 240
advertising, impact on children, 427 African Americans on, 219
basic cable networks, 236 binge viewers, 224 broadcasting, 515 channel surfing, 223
commercial networks, 234, 235–236 digital, 226–228, 249
diversity in, 243, 249 early history of, 214, 215 entertainment, 232–233
Fairness Doctrine and, 245 and films, 191–192 flows, 518–519 genres, 240–244 globalization, 515–519 Golden Age of, 217, 248 government regulation of, 215 high-definition, 227
indecent content on, 245–246 independent stations, 238–239 influence on daily life, 215 in information age, 223–226 Internet-based, 521
local distribution of, 237–240 local station personnel, 239–240 narrowcasting, 242
news on, 233
noncommercial stations, 240 oligopoly in, 219
premium services, 236–237 public, 234, 247
and radio, 163 ratings, 217–218, 220 satellite, 519, 520–521 sports on, 225, 234 standard-definition, 226 syndication of, 219, 233, 237 technology of, 226–231 top shows of all times, 222 UHF channels, 216, 217, 222 uses and gratifications, 409 as “vast wasteland,” 222 V-chip, 246
vertical integration, 222 VHF channels, 216, 217 video games vs., 332–333 violence on, 417–418
television advertising, on local stations, 237–240 Temple, Shirley, 190
Temptations (band), 136 tent-poling programming, 243
“Tetris” (video game), 328 texting, 294, 347, 412
“That’s All Right, Mama” (song), 136 theatrical films, 191
theories, defined, 25
Theory of Planned Behavior, 409 Thicke, Robin, 151, 455
third-generation (3G) phones, 299 Thomas, Robert B., 58
Thompson, J. Walter, 508 3-D films, 196
The Three Stooges (film), 190 Time Warner, 122
ownership of, 231
Time-Warner Cable, 256–257, 462 Tintin (film), 200
Titanic (film), 192, 199, 291 Titanic (ship), 158, 161 TiVo, 230
To Kill A Mockingbird (Harper), 67
“Tom Clancy” (video game), 325 Top 40, defined, 164
toy makers, computer, 266 Toy Story (film), 13, 199 tracking, 262–263 trade magazines, 123
transmission-control protocol (TCP), 253, 259
INDEX
581
trap-and-trace information, 309 triangulation, 408
trolling, 486, 493 Trubshaw, Roy, 315 Truth in Caller ID Act, 310 Tsai-Lun, 55
Turing, Alan, 251 Turner, Ike, 136 Turner, Tina, 136 Twain, Mark, 59, 72, 81 Twelve Years a Slave (film), 187 Twentieth Century Fox, 222 Twenty One Pilots (band), 139
The Twilight of Common Dreams (Gitlin), 274 Twilight Zone (TV show), 217
Twitter, 16, 105, 275, 304, 348, 372, 415–416, 509 two-way communicati, 18
U
Ugly Betty (TV show), 503 UHF channels, 216, 217, 222 Ultra HDTV (UHD), 229Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 59, 82, 128 UN Declaration on Human Rights, 531 Understanding Media (McLuhan), 57 underwriting, defined, 234, 240
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization), 521, 531
uniform resource locators (URLs), 269 unique visitors per month, 99 United Artists Studios, 188
“Unity” (video game), 325 universal service, 290, 459–462 Univision, 222
“Unreal Engine” (video game), 325 unstructured interviews, 406 UPN network, 222
up-skilling, 438
Upstairs, Downstairs (TV show), 221
U.S. Department of Commerce, 159, 160, 268, 457, 464–465
U.S. Department of Defense, 253, 308 U.S. Justice Department, 272, 465 U.S. National Security Agency, 257
U.S. Public Broadcasting System (PBS), 516 usage fees, defined, 33
USA Network, 241
USA PATRIOT Act, 282, 309, 450 USA Today (newspaper), 89, 98, 99 uses and gratifications theory, 408–409 Us Weekly (magazine), 127
V
Valentino, Rudolph, 188 validity, defined, 403 Valkyrie (film), 189 values transmission, 46variable resistance transmitter, 295 V-chip, 246, 444, 449
VCRs
diffusion of, 43 and film industry, 195 introduction of, 222
“veil of ignorance,” 474 Verizon, 291
vertical integration, 158, 159, 222, 244, 290, 457 defined, 190
pros and cons of, 190–191
very-large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits, 264 VHF channels, 216, 217
Viacom, 222, 231, 256
Victor Talking Machine Company, 133 Victrola, 132–133, 142
video games, 374 addiction, 331–332 and antisocial behavior, 317 artificial intelligence, 323 augmented reality, 301, 322 casual games, 319, 325 characters, 323 console, 320, 328 defined, 313, 314 digitization of, 13 first-generation, 319 game designers, 326
game developers, 325–326, 327 game engine, 320, 321 game publishers, 324–325 gear makers, 324 gear wars, 316–317, 318 generations, 319–320 genres, 327–330 history of, 313, 314–319 home game, 314–315 mods, 327
and movies, 329 online distribution, 327 personal computer, 315–316 platform, 324
players, 324–327 prosocial, 425 race, 328 selling, 327
serious games, 333–334 and society, 317–318 Supreme Court and, 398 technology trends, 319–323 television vs., 332–333 3-D technology, 322 violence, 398
virtual reality, 301, 318, 322–323 women and, 40
Video Music Awards (VMAs), 485 video news releases (VNRs), 346–347 video recording, 230
videos, globalization and, 515 video streaming, 13
videotex, 90 Vietnam War, 87 Vinyl, 146 vinyl records, 138
violence, and freedom of speech, 449 violence in media, 417–419
films, 208–210 on television, 417–418 video games, 398 viral marketing, 368 virtual bookstores, 62 virtual corporation, 436
virtual reality, 90–91, 92, 301, 318, 322–323 Voice of America (VOA), 510
voluntary donations for services, 34
W
The Walking Dead, 223, 240, 415 walled gardens, 294582
INDEXThe Wall Street Journal, 95 focus of, 107
investigative reporting for, 107 Walmart, 149, 154–155
Wanamaker, John, 369 Warner Brothers, 188, 191, 192 watchdogs, 87, 107, 445 Watergate scandal, 87 Waters, Muddy, 134 WB network, 222 WEAF station, 160
wearable computers, 265, 301 Weather Channel, 241 Web 2.0, 18
Webb-Pomerene Act of 1918, 514 Web bugs, 262
webcasts, 347 Web developers, 269 Web hosting, 267 Weblogs, 275 Web 2.0 model, 255 Web of Science, 273 Web pages, 276–278 Web surfing, 493 The Week (magazine), 116 weeklies, 99–100 well-being, 428–429
well-designed mail surveys, 404 West, Kanye, 155
Westinghouse, 160 WhatsApp, 257
Wheel of Fortune, 219, 233, 237, 519 White Album, 138
wide area network (WAN), 251, 252 Wi-Fi, 263–264, 299
“Wii Sports” (game), 325 Wikipedia, 255
Williams, Brian, 479–480 Williams, Hank, 134 Williams, Pharrell, 455 Williams, Raymond, 215 windows, film distribution, 203 The Wind Rises (film), 207, 512 Wired magazine, 274
wireless apps, 304
wireless communications, 302–303 Bluetooth, 299
low-flying satellites, 300 satellite, 299, 300–301 Wi-Fi, 299
wireless telecommunications, 291–292
wireline apps, 305 wireline communications
categories, 302
interexchange carriers, 302 international record carriers, 302
local access and transport area, 302 local exchange carriers, 302 wire service, 81, 100–101 The Wizard of Oz (film), 190 WMA (Windows Media Audio), 143 Wolf, Howling, 134
women
advertising and, 39–40 stereotyping of, 39–40
Women Executives in Public Relations (WEPR), 352 woodcuts, 113
Woodward, Bob, 87 World (newspaper), 83, 84 World Bank, 533
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 532
“World of Warcraft” (video game), 272, 319
World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC), 461 World Trade Center, 308
World Trade Organization (WTO), 388, 464, 518, 532 World War I, 342
advertising during, 365 newspapers and, 86 World War II
advertising after, 366 British secret service, 251 film industry and, 191 music of, 133–134 newspapers and, 86–87 radio during, 163
World Wide Web, 166, 269, 525
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 268 Wray, Fay, 198
wristwatch phones, 301 writers, 120
Writers Guild, 203, 232 WTBS, 194, 221
X
XBox, 265, 316, 319 Xbox One, 323 Xerox Corporation, 252 XM radio, 166Y
Yahoo!, 253Year Book of Railway Literature, 341 yellow journalism, 83–84, 108 Young, Neil, 150
YouTube, 145, 167, 224, 227, 279, 455 and entertainment, 271
videos, 248, 348
Z
Zenger, John Peter, 78, 108 zines, 271
Zuckerberg, Mark, 31, 36, 38
