The result shows that Jacinda Ardern used markers of interpersonal metadiscourse based on its functions. By using metadiscourse markers in her speech, Jacinda Ardern has successfully delivered a well-organized and persuasive speech and builds relationships with her audience.
Background of the Study
The purpose of the speech is to remind people that the memories carry with them a responsibility to be the place they want to be. The speech not only conveys information about the terrorist attack but also inspires people.
Research Question
Finally, the researcher comes forward to analyze the use of interpersonal metadiscourse markers in Jacinda Ardern's speech.
Research Objective
The Uses of Study
Theoretical Use
Practical Use
The Scope of Study
Previous Study
The researcher analyzed the metadiscourse markers used in the speech based on Hyland's (2005) theory of interpersonal metadiscourse. This study also uses Hyland's theory of metadiscourse; however, the study's researchers limited the research to focus only on the interactional markers of metadiscourse.
Theoretical Framework
Metadiscourse
- Interactive Metadiscourse
- Interactional Metadiscoure
Meanwhile, interactional metadiscourse with the authors tries to make his views explicit as well as to involve the readers by predicting the readers' goals and reactions to the text. How to write in the organization of the text can affect the readability of the reading and the reader can understand that the text flows. According to Hyland (2005), the resources used in this category discuss ways of organizing discourse, not experience, and express the extent to which the text is constructed with the needs of the reader in mind.
This metadiscourse also shows how the writer orients the reader to the meaning of the text with the aim of making the reader interested and responsible for the text. Endophoric markers are expressions that refer to other parts of the text to make additional material salient and available to the reader in recovering the writer's intentions (Hyland, 2005). Code glosses are restatements that provide additional information, explaining, restating, or elaborating on what was previously said in the text.
The author's purpose is to express his views and engage the readers by allowing them to respond to the text. It has been stated that interactional metadiscourse “reveals the extent to which the author seeks to co-construct the text with the readers” (Hyland, 2005:50). Second, to include them as discourse participants in the text with pronouns such as you, your, including we, we, our, our, let us.
Research Design
Data and Data Source
Data Collecting Technique
The data were classified based on each type of interpersonal metadiscourse marker, whether interactive or interactional metadiscourse. Interpreting the data collected to find the function of metadiscourse markers used in speech. Drawing the conclusion by completing the study about the markers of interpersonal metadiscourse used in speech.
This research analyzed the use of interpersonal metadiscourse markers in Jacinda Ardern's 2019 Christchurch Memorial speech. The findings present the interpersonal metadiscourse markers used in Jacinda Ardern's speech, as well as the most common metadiscourse markers used in the speech. Moreover, the speaker also tries to build interaction with the listeners through the use of interactional metadiscourse markers in her speech.
The results show that the use of interactive metadiscourse markers is more dominant than the interactive metadiscourse markers. More than half of the interpersonal metadiscourse markers in spoken texts are interactive resources. Based on the researcher's point of view, this is why most of the analysis of the use of metadiscourse markers in spoken text focuses more exclusively on the interactive sources.
Interactive Metadiscourse Markers in Jacinda Ardern’s Speech
- Transitions
- Frame Markers
- Evidential
- Code Glosses
The table above shows that the speaker of the speech used 30 transitions in speech. The use of transition markers "and" and "also" in speech is to signal additional information or argument in the speech. The use of the first and second "and" in the sentence signals the semantic relationship between the sentences.
In her speech, Jacinda Ardern used the transition "and" to add that they were humiliated by the words. The occurrence of frame markers used in speech is shown in the table below. The function of the phrase "in the last two weeks" is a sequence of arguments in speech.
The use of frame marking in the speech with the same function is also reflected in the word “so”. The use of the word 'so' in the above sentence can be categorized as frame marking. The use of code gloss in the speech reflects Jacinda Ardern's prediction about her audience's knowledge.
Interactional Metadiscourse Markers in Jacinda Ardern’s Speech
Hedges
Using a hedge in a speech does not mean that the speaker is unsure of what he said. It seems more likely to present an argument as an open debate, allowing the audience to negotiate the argument. The guard "can" in the above sentence indicates that the speaker is giving his opinion and not information from certain knowledge.
If Jacinda Ardern did not use this fuse in a sentence, it will affect the meaning of the statement. By using the word "can" in her statement, the speaker allows her audience to negotiate the statement. In the days following the terrorist attack on March 15, we were often left speechless.
The sentence in extract 14 contained the word "often" which can be recognized as hedges in the speech. The use of hedges in the sentence indicates that the statement the speaker provides in the speech is based on her own knowledge, not on certain knowledge. As stated by Hyland (2005) that the use of hedges allows the writer to present information as an opinion rather than a fact.
Boosters
By using hedges, the author builds interaction with the audience by pointing them to the speaker's own perspective. Furthermore, “the balance between hedges and boosters in a text indicates the extent to which the writer is willing to entertain alternatives and thus plays an important role in conveying commitment to the text's content and respect for the readers” (Hyland, 2005:53 ). the use of hedges and boosters must be balanced. In the previous part, the researcher discussed that 9 hedges were found in the speech.
The difference in the number of hedges and boosters used by Jacinda Ardern in her speech is not too great. The use of the word "never" in the sentence above shows the speaker's certainty in giving a statement or information, and it can be included as an accelerator. Earlier, the speaker said that everyone is not immune to the viruses of hate and others.
And then the speaker added her statement showing her confidence and confidence to give her opinion in the statement. Like the word "never" in excerpt 15 which shows the speaker's confidence in conveying the information. Additionally, all 12 reinforcers used in the speech successfully reflected Jacinda Ardern's confidence in presenting her arguments to the audience.
Attitude Markers
As previously mentioned, in her speech Jacinda Ardern did not name the perpetrator of the attack which is Australian white supremacy. Even though Jacinda Ardern is part of white supremacy and not part of Muslim community, as a leader of a country, Jacinda Ardern does not forget to show her respect for other people. So, by using that attitude marker, Jacinda showed her respect and her value as a modest speaker to the people involved in the speech by thanking them all.
Self-mentions
The first person pronoun "I" refers explicitly to the author of the text as well as indicates her position as the speaker in the text. The use of the first person pronoun "I" in the speech also worked to show Jacinda Ardern's presence as a leader of the country in which if a country experiences an incident, the country's leader must show her presence even when her presence it is not useful. So, in this speech, Jacinda also used the self-reference "I" to show her presence and position as the leader of the country and speaker in the speech.
In the sentence above, the pronoun "we" specifically refers to the speaker in the speech and her team. The pronoun "we" in the sentence does not refer to the audience, so it can be categorized as self-referential. According to Hyland (2005), self-references are expressed through the use of first-person pronouns and possessive adjectives.
The self-reference "we" in the sentence above refers expressly to Jacinda Ardern and her team. Pronoun "we" in the sentence is the exclusive we in which Jacinda did not include her audience in the text, therefore it is considered a self-reference. Self-references are used in the speech to show the speaker's self-affirmation to her audience.
Engagement Markers
Another example of the use of engagement markers in the speech can be seen in extract 23. In the speech, Jacinda Ardern uses more reader pronouns than engagement markers indicating that the speaker wants to include her audience as the discourse participants. The engagement markers "you" and "your" in the sentence above refer explicitly to the audiences of the text.
Jacinda Ardern uses those engagement markers to include the audiences as the participants in the text. The engagement markers are meant to build relationships and interaction with the audiences and can easily be found in the speech. Another example of engagement markers that the researcher found in the speech can be seen in the following extract.
There are two markers of inclusion in the above extract and these are expressed through the use of inclusive we and ourselves. After analyzing the data, both interactive and interactive meta-discourse markers are found in the speech. There are 4 subcategories of interactive metadiscourse markers in the speech, such as transitions, frame markers, evidence, and code glosses.
In addition, the use of evidence markers and code glosses in the speech successfully created a coherent speech. This research found that engagement markers are the dominant markers among other interactional metadiscourse markers used in the speech.
