AHP Method to Determine Factors Causing Delays in Grand Shamaya Surabaya Apartment Project

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AHP Method to Determine Factors Causing Delays in Grand Shamaya Surabaya Apartment Project

Wrendi Novendra Palawan, Diah Ayu Restuti Wulandari

Departement of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Narotama University Surabaya, Indonesia

[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

Construction projects often have problems with delays in development progress. Construction project delays can be caused by miscalculation of the estimated completion of the project or poor management of materials, heavy equipment, labor and finances. Construction project delays can also cause losses to the contractor and owner. The purpose of this study was to determine the cause of the delay in the construction of the Grand Shamaya Apartment Surabaya and to explain the relationship between the delay factors and the time of the project implementation. In analyzing the factors causing the delay in this project, an analysis of the S curve was carried out first to find a decrease in work performance that occurred after that to determine the delay factor variables using a causal diagram fishbone, then the data were analyzed using the method Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results of this study found that the dominant factor causing the project delay was due to financial factors with a weight of 0.507 with the main problem being the owner's company's finances decreasing, secondly due to environmental and natural factors with a weight of 0.198 with the main problem being the occurrence of natural disasters (covid-19 pandemic), thirdly because method factor with a weight of 0.174 with the main problems of changing work methods and design reviews.

Keywords:

Analytical Hierarchy Process, Construction Project Delay.

1. Introduction

Along with the many developments in the city of Surabaya, both from government and private projects and considering the large number of residents of the city of Surabaya, it requires good and proper facilities to meet the demands of the needs of its population. One of them is to provide residential housing facilities in the form of houses, apartments, guesthouses and so on. Due to the limitations of vacant land, many developers are innovating to provide apartments as residential facilities for residents of the city of Surabaya.

Because the apartment is a high-rise building and has a big risk in its construction, it requires good project management. According to Budi Santoso project management is the activity of planning, organizing, directing and controlling the company's organizational resources to achieve certain goals within a certain time with certain resources. (Santoso, 2003) Project management uses company personnel to be placed on certain tasks in the project.

So that project management is needed to achieve effectiveness and efficiency in projects in order to produce good quality, minimal costs and fast time.

However, in reality, many projects have been delayed. Construction project delays can be caused by miscalculation of the estimated completion of the project or poor management of materials, heavy equipment, labor and finances. Construction project delays can also cause losses to contractors and owners.

There was a problem that caused the construction of the Grand Shamaya Surabaya Apartment to be delayed and also added to the covid-19 pandemic which made the implementers be careful in its construction so that workers were not exposed to covid-19. What should have been the progress of project development in November reached 68% in the planning schedule, only 57% was realized.

Based on the description of the problem above, the objectives of this study are:

a. To analyze the factors that cause development delays

b. To analyze the most dominant factors causing delays in project development c. To analyze how to handle project delays

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2

Method

A1 A3

A4 A2

Finance E1 E2 E3

Project Delay Machinery

C1 C2

C3

Environment/ nature

B1 B2

B3

Human D1 D2 D3

2. Research Methods

The type of research used in this writing is a type of descriptive research with a quantitative approach, namely by collecting primary data in the field and secondary data from related agencies, as well as collecting literature related to this research. The population in the study are employees associated with the construction of this project. The sample in this study used purposive sampling methods by choosing people who are considered competent and influential in making decisions on the project, namely employees who shake the Project Manager, Quality Controller, Site Manager, Scheduler from the contractor, and construction management. After determining the sample to be interviewed and filling out a questionnaire the initial step of conducting a preliminary survey to determine the cause of the project delay, the second step of the interview and fill out the questionnaire, after getting answers from each questionnaire then the data is analyzed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method with excel. The AHP method has several stages in using it first to arrange a hierarchy first, then weight. This weight

factor describes a relative measure of the importance of an element compared to other elements.(Ekawati and Muttaqien, 2013)

3. Result and Discussions

3.1. Fishbone Diagram

From the diagram fishbone above, it can be seen that the delay in the construction project of the Grand Shamaya Surabaya Apartment is caused by several factors, namely:

Figure 1 Fishbone Diagram a. Method

A1 = Late project implementation schedule A2 = Changes specifications and design

A3 = Changes in work methods and design reviews A4 = Slow decision making

b. Environment/ nature B1 = Changing weather

B2 = Natural disasters (covid-19 pandemic) B3 = Irregular soil conditions

c. Machinery and equipment

C1 = Maintenance of machinery and equipment C2 = Delay in delivery of machinery and equipment C3 = Incompatibility of equipment with conditions d. Human

D1 = Poor communication D2 = Late work permit

D3 = Workers who do not comply with expertise certification e. Finance

E1 = Company finance decline E2 = Insufficient fund allocation E3 = Unexpected costs

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3.2. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)

In the AHP method the criteria are arranged in a hierarchical form, the criteria in this study are the variables used in determining the factors that cause construction project delays. In compiling the hierarchy there are three levels, namely level 0 (Goal) is the final goal in choosing the factors causing project delays, level 1 is a criterion in determining the factors causing delays and level 2 is a sub-criteria for which factors are the cause of the problem.

project delays. After obtaining the factors that cause delays based on the fishbone, then a hierarchical diagram of the problem is drawn up. In the AHP method, the first analysis carried out in this study is the calculation of the weight of the criteria using AHP, in this method there are three stages of work steps, namely making a pairwise comparison matrix, data normalization and consistency testing.

1. Calculating Priority Weights of Level 1 Variables (Criteria)

At level 1 (Criteria) the calculated values are materials, humans, machines and equipment, methods, finance and the environment / nature. Data for the measurement of priority importance of the criteria in the factors that affect project delays were obtained through questionnaires distributed to 9 respondents who were experts in their respective fields. After the assessment of 9 respondents was obtained, then the step was to find the weight value of the main criteria and the weight value of the sub-criteria of each main criterion. The following is a pairwise comparison matrix from the AHP calculation to find the weight of the criteria for the delay in the construction project of the Grand Shamaya Surabaya Apartment using the Geometric Mean in Microsoft Excel.

Table 1 Pairwise Comparison Matrix of Criteria Criteria Method Environment

and nature

Machinery/

equipment Human Finance

Method 1.000 0.619 4.217 4.463 0.196

Environment

and nature 1.616 1.000 3.984 3.984 0.266

Machinery/

equipment 0.237 0.251 1.000 0.655 0.193

Human 0.224 0.251 1.526 1.000 0.196

Finance 5.091 5.190 5.190 5.091 1.000

Amount 8.168 7.311 15.919 15.194 1.851

Table 2 Normalization Matrix of Criteria Criteria Method Environment

and nature

Machinery/

equipment Human Finance Amount Priority vector

Metode 0.122 0.085 0.265 0.294 0.106 0.872 0.174

Environment and

nature 0.198 0.137 0.250 0.262 0.143

0.991 0.198 Machinery/

equipment 0.029 0.034 0.063 0.043 0.104

0.273 0.055

Human 0.027 0.034 0.096 0.066 0.106 0.330 0.066

Finance 0.623 0.710 0.326 0.335 0.540 2.535 0.507

Amount 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 5.000 1.000

Table 3 Delay Factor Ranking of Criteria Criteria Weight Ranking

Method 0,174 3

Environment and nature 0,198 2 Machinery/ equipment 0,055 5

Human 0,066 4

Finance 0,507 1

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2. Calculating Priority Weights of Level 2 Variables (Sub-Criteria)

Table 3 Pairwise Comparison Matrix of Sub-Criteria Method Sub-Criteria

Method

Late project implementation

schedule

Changes specification

and design

Changes in work methods and design

reviews

Slow decision

making Late project

implementation schedule

1.000 0.316 0.188 0.330

and design

3.166 1.000 0.264 3.332

Changes in work methods

and design reviews

5.326 3.790 1.000 5.330

Slow decision

making 3.026 0.300 0.188 1.000

Amount 12.519 5.406 1.639 9.993

Table 4 Normalization Matrix of Sub-Criteria Method

Sub-Criteria Method

schedule

and design

and design reviews

Slow decision

making

Amount Priority vector

schedule

0.080 0.058 0.115 0.033 0.286 0.071

and design

0.253 0.185 0.161 0.333 0.932 0.233

and design reviews

0.425 0.701 0.610 0.533 2.270 0.568

Slow decision

making 0.242 0.056 0.114 0.100 0.512 0.128

Amount 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 4.000 1.000

Table 5 Delay Factor Ranking of Sub-Criteria Method Sub-Criteria Method Weight Ranking Late project implementation schedule 0.071 4

Changes specification and design 0.233 2 Changes in work methods and design

reviews 0.568 1

Slow decision making 0.128 3

3. Ranking of Project Delay Factors

After each criterion and sub-criteria is obtained its weight value is then carried out priority synthesis, to obtain the weights of the sub-criteria indicators individually. all of the existing criteria. Previously, the relative weight/local priority had to be sought for the overall global value (Global Priority) first, to get the overall value, namely by multiplying the relative weight of the main criterion weight with the priority level of the sub-criteria weight so that all the weight values of each sub-criteria indicator can be seen. criteria against criteria, the results of global priorities can be seen in the following table.

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Table 6 Overall Ranking of Delay Factors Level 0

(Goals)

Level 1

(Criteria) Weight Level 2 (Sub-Criteria)

Weight Priority

Overall

Weight Ranking

Factors Causing Project

Delay

Method 0.174

schedule 0.071 0.012 16

Changes specification and

design 0.233 0.041 7

Changes in work methods and

design reviews 0.568 0.099 3

Slow decision making 0.128 0.022 11 Environment/

nature 0.198

Changing weather 0.237 0.047 5

Natural disaster (Covid-19

Pandemic) 0.573 0.114 2

Irregular soil conditions 0.190 0.038 8

Machinery/

equipment 0.055

Maintenance of machinery

and equipment 0.424 0.023 10

Delay in delivery of

machinery and equipment 0.274 0.015 15 Incompatibility of equipment

with conditions 0.302 0.017 14

Human 0.066

Poor communication 0.257 0.017 13

Late work permit 0.417 0.027 9

Workers who do not comply

with expertise certification 0.326 0.021 12 Finance 0.507

Company finance decline 0.770 0.390 1 Insufficient fund allocation 0.146 0.074 4

Unexpected costs 0.084 0.043 6

4. CR Consistentcy Test

To test the validity of the data obtained and the data that has been analyzed, a consistency test is required.

Therefore, the consistency ratio (CR) test was carried out to provide a consistent tolerance matrix criteria. A matrix is considered consistent if the value of CR < 0.1 or the allowed inconsistency formula is only 10%. The CR value can be calculated by the formula:

CR =

RI = Random Index CI = Index Consistentsi Consistency Ratio (CR) Criteria λmax = 5,435

CI =

= 0,108 CR =

= 0,097

Table 7 Test for Consitentcy Ratio Criteria and Sub-Criteria Respondent Rating CR Description

Criteria 0,097 Consistent

Sub-Criteria Method 0,097 Consistent Sub-Criteria Environment/

nature

0.00055 Consistent Sub-Criteria Machinery/

equipment

0,0428 Consistent Sub-Criteria Human 0,017 Consistent Sub-Criteria Finance 0,068 Consistent

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6 5. Mitigation of Project Delay

Handling project delays is an effort to identify, evaluate, select and implement a number of programs to reduce the potential for delays in a construction project.

Based on the results of research that has been carried out using the AHP method, the dominant factor causing the delay in the Grand Shamaya Surabaya Apartment project is due to financial factors with the problem of declining finances for thecompany owner's, secondly due to environmental and natural factors due to the covid-19 pandemic and thirdly due to method factors. due to design changes and design reviews.

The three dominant factors causing project delays are closely related, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused many companies to experience financial problems and also the decline in people's purchasing power for property.

The problem is that the owner changes the policy in his business strategy by accelerating property development that has reached 70% progress and above so that it can be directly launched and used and does not prioritize property development whose progress is below 70%. So that many projects propertyfrom the owner are temporarily suspended, the stoppage of construction makes the contractor ask for a recalculation of the contract value which makes the construction management have to do a design review in order to obtain good quality to reduce the addition of the contract value.

The steps taken to overcome the delay in the project include the following:

a. Submit a contract addendum and request a recalculation of the contract value when the project will be re- implemented.

b. Conduct design reviews and volume calculations to get good quality at a low cost.

c. Conduct a feasibility study on the project.

4. Conclusion

Based on the results of research regarding the dominant factors causing delays in the construction of the Grand Shamaya Apartment Surabaya, it can be concluded as follows:

1. The factors that affect the delay in the construction of the Grand Shamaya Surabaya Apartment are caused by five factors, namely finance with a weight of 0.507, natural environment 0.198, method 0.174, human 0.066, machinery and equipment 0.055.

2. The three dominant factors causing the delay in the construction of the Grand Shamaya Surabaya Apartment are finance, the environment and nature, the method with five main problem indicators causing the delay, firstly because the owner's company finances decreased with an overall weight of 0.390, secondly due to natural disasters (covid-19 pandemic) with a weight of 0.390. overall 0.114, third due to changes in work methods and design reviews with an overall weight of 0.099, fourth due to insufficient fund allocation with an overall weight of 0.074, fifth due to changing weather with an overall weight of 0.047.

3. With the problem of delays that occur in the Grand Shamaya Apartment development project, it can be handled for this delay problem by recalculating the contract value and conducting a design review in order to reduce the additional costs in the new contract value.

References

Ekawati, N. P. and Muttaqien, A. Y. (2013) ‘The Most Influential Analysis of Factors on the Performance and Priority of Rehabilitation of the Sub-District Drainage Sub-System’, 1(4), pp. 377–384.

Santoso, B. (2003) Manajemen Proyek. Jakarta: Guna Widya.

Biography

Wrendi Novendra Palawan, was born on November 10, 1998 in Surabaya, East Java. The third child of three siblings. The author started school at SDN Jemur Wonosari I and continued his education at SMPN 3 Surabaya, and continued his studies at SMAN 10 Surabaya. Currently the author is studying for a bachelor's degree at Narotama University Surabaya majoring in Civil Engineering.