Regardless of the type of data involved, data collection in a qualitative study is time-consuming. Therefore, it is always wise to start any research activity with a review of secondary data.
INTERVIEWS METHOD
The interviewer has a clear plan in mind regarding the focus and objective of the interview. This often means convincing the interviewer of the importance of the research.
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (FGD)
Members of the focus group should have something in common that is important to the study. The selection of the participants can be done on the basis of purpose or convenience tests.
PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL/ ASSESSMENT (PRA)
A good method here is to make a card with the name of each of the households in the community on it. Institutional mapping: Information about the social organization of the community and the nature of social groups is difficult to get in a short visit. The villagers are asked to draw a social map of the village usually on the ground with a pointed stick.
Mark on the ground the paths and other reference points from the residential part of the village.
RAPID RURAL APPRAISAL/ ASSESSMENT (RRA)
Progress is constantly reviewed so that new information can be understood and RRA's focus redirected. This means that RRA's focus, the tools used and the people spoken to can be constantly adjusted. Clearly, the composition of an RRA team depends greatly on the objectives of the RRA and the particular concerns that it addresses.
RRA is highly dependent on the skills of the people who implement it and on the right combination of experience and views in the team.
OBSERVATIONAL METHOD
Participant and non-participant observation: Participation by the observers in the different types of operations of the group being studied refers to the participant-type of observation. But in the case of the unstructured observation, its basic principles are diametrically opposed to the structured observation. Covert and overt observation: Covert observations are when the researcher pretends to be an ordinary member of the group and secretly observes.
Observer bias can be reduced by making the observers unaware (blind) of the aims and hypotheses of the study.
SURVEY METHOD
However, the results of such studies should not be considered representative of the entire population of interest. Do you indicate that you will speak to the first adult member of the household who answers the door? If you have an incomplete list of the population (ie, the sampling frame), you may not be able to sample all members of the population.
Last but certainly not least, consider the feasibility of the survey method for your study.
CASE STUDY METHOD
Characteristics of the case study method in legal research can be briefly described as follows. Intrinsic: A type of case study in which the researcher has a personal interest in the case. Under this case study method, any researcher can increase his/her analytical ability and skill of studying practical experiences.
Despite its merits as mentioned above, the shortcomings of the case study method can be briefly described as follows.
DIARIES METHOD
A placement interview is important to explain the diary keeping procedures to the respondent and a debriefing interview can be used to check the completeness of the recorded notes. Often retrospective assessments of behavior occurring during the diary period are collected in the final interview. An A4 booklet of around 5 to 20 pages is desirable, depending on the nature of the journal.
Checklists of the items, events or behaviors to jog the diary keeper's memory should be printed somewhere fairly prominent.
PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS (PCA)
Criticisms of diary studies are as follows: diary studies can lead to inaccurate recall, especially when they use the diary study type, due to the use of memory triggers such as taking a picture and writing about it later. There is also low control in feedback studies, so it can be worrying and annoying to write everything down. Traditionally, principal component analysis is performed on a symmetric covariance matrix or on a symmetric correlation matrix.
We will need to standardize the data first if the variances of the variables are very different or if the units of measurement of the variables are different.
ACTIVITY SAMPLING
One of the great advantages of this technique is that it allows economical study of longer activities or groups of activities in a way that yields statistically accurate data. It will be necessary to decide which of these two approaches will be chosen. Random intervals will typically be used where there is a series of automated tasks or activities as part of a process that need to be performed in a predefined regular pattern.
If fixed interval sampling were to be used in this situation, there is a danger that the sampling point will continue to occur at the same point in the activity cycle.
MEMO MOTION STUDY
This number can be easily calculated once an approximate picture of the situation is established, using the following formula. If we assume that we would like to check that the worker continuously performs at this level, plus or minus 10%, ie. After 75 checks were performed, the value of P was found to be only 70%, so the extra data could be used to assess the new requirement for the number of checks.
After these checks are completed, a final calculation must be made to ensure that the required number has not changed.
PROCESS ANALYSIS
In the diagram above, raw materials are stored in a container at the beginning of the process. Process Capacity - The capacity of a process is its maximum output rate, measured in units produced per unit time. In other words, the cycle time of a process is equal to the longest cycle time of a task.
Flexibility can also be improved by postponement, which moves adaptation activities to the end of the process.
LINK ANALYSIS
Increase availability of bottleneck resources, for example by adding an additional shift - increase process capacity. In some cases, dramatic improvements can be made at minimal cost when the bottleneck activity severely limits process capacity. Due to the large investment, the operating profit cannot generate a sufficient rate of return.
TIME AND MOTION STUDY
Motion and time study is associated with the so-called scientific management movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the United States, primarily with the work of industrial engineers Frederick Winslow Taylor Frank B. However, modern motion and time study was developed as part of the scientific management movement championed by Taylor and eventually known as Taylorism. Managers and engineers are concerned with planning and task optimization mainly through motion and time study, while workers are responsible for performing individual tasks as directed.
The 21st century equivalent of the time and motion study is more literally a method and time study.
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
Extraneous variables (EV): Variables, which are not independent variables, but can affect the results (DV) of the experiment. Experimenter bias – in the same way that a person's beliefs can influence his/her perception, so can the experimenter's beliefs. To control for the placebo effect, subjects are often not informed about the purpose of the experiment.
Double-blind' study, meaning that both the experimenter and the subjects are blind to the purpose and expected results of the study.
STATISTICAL METHODS
Selection bias – occurs when differences between groups are present at the beginning of the experiment. After carefully reviewing our research and identifying what might influence our results that are not part of the experiment, we need to control for these biases. First, we want to ensure that all subjects receive the same instructions, are presented with the experiment in the same way, and that all data is collected exactly the same, or for all subjects.
Statistical forecasting is the application of the model that is thought to be the most appropriate, using the estimated values of the parameters.
METHODS OF SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION
Summarizing data is calculating appropriate statistics and displaying such information in the form of tables, graphs or diagrams. By estimating parameters in the proposed model and testing hypotheses about competing models, one can assess the value of the information collected and the extent to which the information can be applied to similar situations. The reason for this is that in the past magazines and books were rarely published on the Internet, but today almost every magazine and book is available online.
Letters: Letters, like diaries, are also a rich resource, but should be checked for reliability before use.
METHODS OF LEGAL RESEARCH
Case Study: Case study is considered as one of the important and reliable methods of legal research. Case study can be defined as a method of research in which facts and grounds of any legal issue are dealt with by considering individual cases. Case study is a method of examining and analyzing the life of a social unit, such as a person, a family, an institution, a cultural group, or even an entire community.
Considering the issues mentioned above, we can say here that the case study is a legal research method to explore and analyze the facts and data of a social unit and to organize social data for describing the useful character and society . .
An interview may generally be conducted by asking questions in person or persons and sometimes by telephone. In this method, the researcher has to use less skill and knowledge to get the information he was looking for. The interview can be taken as a systematic method by which a person more or less imaginatively enters the life of a stranger.
Case study is a way of organizing social data to preserve the utility character of the social object being studied.
