monographs

The present volume contains the first part of the monograph of the Tipulidae of North America, namely Tipulidse hrevipalpi, Cylindrotomina and Ptychopterina. When, in 1859, I adopted an entirely new distribution of the Tipulidse, I considered it only provisional, because it was based exclusively on North American species.

DIPTERA

NORTH AMERICA

INTRODUCTION

In size, the majority of Tipulids are considerably larger than the other Diptera nemocera, and the contrast in this respect is very striking. In the structure of the incomplete thoracic suture of Blepjharocera I discern, if I am not mistaken, an approximation of the Ptychopterina; but as my knowledge of the Blephai-oceridse is limited to a single species, I would not persist.

4 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

Themandibles are horned, very strong (not flat, like the Mycetophilidse), generally bifid at the tip and often with some serrations on the inner side. The antennae, located on the sides of the mouth, consist of a rounded, fleshy basal part, and a cylindrical shaft, ending with one or several fins.

6 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PAET IV

Immediately" in front of the anus, on the lower part of the body, some larvae, probably belonging to the genus Tipula, have a certain number of soft, digital, attractive processes, different in size, shape and number. The word Tipula is used by the classics Latin. to designate any long-legged insect that skims over the surface of water, probably Hydrometra.

8 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

The genera with a short last joint of the palpi are Limonia, Molohrus (Sciara) and Oligotropha (Cecidomyia). The definition of Tijnda differs only in the statement of the structure and the number of joints of the antenna (thirteen).

INTRODUCTION. 1 1

12 DIPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

INTRODUCTION. 13 distribution, as its comparison with the one adopted in this

If we exclude the small and anomalous groups of Pttjchopterina and Gylindroiomina, this division of the Tipulidse into longipalpi and brevipaljn will, upon examination-. Among the brevipalpi, the genus Pedicia is the only one in having the last node of the palpirate long (nearly one and a half the length of the three preceding nodes taken together), and this has given rise to Latreillc,.

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA, [PART IV

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

The general appearance and coloration of the body and wings are much more similar to T.hrevipalpa; the structure of the antennae and .. the number of their joints also remind us of them. At the same time, the number of antennal joints of Cylindrotomina (16), the position of the posterior intercalary vein and the structure of the palpus are characters belonging to T. Cylindrotomina has, except in the case cited above, four posterior cells, which is a common phenomenon. between T. hrevipalpi and, as far as I know, it has not yet been observed between.

INTRODUCTION. 21 But as the Tipulidse are divided now into a larger number of

22 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

INTRODUCTION. 23

24 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

A more detailed study of the organization of Gladura will have to show on which side its relationship is strongest. The more characters peculiar to each of the divisions we collect, the stronger we make the basis on which the classification is established and the easier the solution we prepare for all future doubtful cases.

26 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

Whenever I wished to strike this outer sheath of the rostrum separately, as an independent organ, I called itepistoma. On the forehead of the head, the eyes are usually more approximate, often almost not continuous.

30 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA, [PART IV

INTRODUCTION. 31

32 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

Comparison of the North American and of the European TiPULiD^ of the eight sections described in this volume

Knowledge of both animal species is far from complete, and in our country, as well as in Europe, almost every year brings with it the discovery of some rarer and more interesting form. A comparison of the number of species occurring in Germany (according to Dr. Schiner's enumeration) with those on the Atlantic slope of that continent (as far as they are represented in my collection) is as follows:

36 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA, [PART IV

It is almost certain that some of the genera above listed as peculiar to America will never be found in Europe (for example, Toxorrhina, Elephantomyia, Eriocera); on the other hand, it is far from certain that the genera that so far only occur in Europe may not yet be discovered on the American continent (such as Orimarga and Elliptera). Eriocerae with short antennae are abundant in South America; those with long antennae in the male sex have been found in amber.

33 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

On the species of North American Tipulip/e BREVirALPi (including the Gylindrotomina and Ptychopterina), described in

40 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

Limnobia a7'gu8 Say = Trochobola argns (comp. below)

Limnophila carbonaria Macq. is a species unknown to me, the description of which is reproduced at the end of this volume

Limnobia cinctipes Say is described below under the same name

Limnobia contermina Walk, is probably a variety of Pedicia albivitta (compare this species)

INTRODUCTION. 41

42 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.* [PART IV

Bittacomorpha davipes is described below under the same name,

The four remaining species {L. hiimeralis Say, biterminata, ignobilis and turptis Walker) have not been identified due to the inadequacy of the descriptions. These imperfections in the dichotomous tables occur especially in those parts of them which refer to the larger divisions; once the genera and species are reached, more precision can be expected, although it can never be absolute.

Limnobina

Limnobina anomala

21 20\ The first longitudinal vein in the costa far beyond the inner end of the submarginal cell, the distance being about equal to [ the width of the wing;Tab.I, fig.8. In the accessory vein is moderate or small (usually no longer than . In the length of the large transverse vein).

Anisomerina

Cylindrotomina

SYSTEMATIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE TIPULID.E.'

TIPULIDyE BREYIPALP

LIMNOBINA

LIMNOBINA ANOMALA

50 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IT

LIMNOPHILINA

ANISOMERINA

TIPULIDiE INCERT.E SEDIS

CYLINDROTOMINA

PTYCHOPTERINA

IIL TIPULID.E LONGIPALPI

LIMNOBINA. 51

They should not be confused with the unnecessary or sharp square at the bottom at the base of the ring, being part of the thickening that is always there. The style on the underside of the male pincers is also unique to this group;.

DICRANOMYIA. 55 The submargiual cell is always a good deal longer iLan the first

DICRANOMYIA. 57 although it may be principally at home in the more temperate

In the mode of life : Most of the larvas of Dicranomyia

53 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

In Haliday's catalog of Diplera, appearing at Holywood, Devonshire (Entomol.. I, 147) in 1833, the same generic name is introduced for the species lutea, inusta, modesta, chorea, and oscillans n. This generic name was not used in the sj^stematic works which appeared from (Macquart, Walker and Zcttcrstedt) until it was reintroduced.

60 DTPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

The structure of its male forceps belongs to the same type as the other species in the group. brownish-ochraceous; thorax with three brown stripes; antennal brown, pale base; wings hyaline, stigma infiiscated; disc cell open; the tip of the auxiliary vein is almost opposite the origin of the prgefurca;.

C4 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

DICRANOMYTA. 65

C6 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

Brown, front with whitish reflection, rostrum short, brown; antennae brownish-black; the tip of the auxiliary vein is anterior to the origin of the praefurca; thelaughtershort;discalcellopen. Brown, humeri and pleurae pale; antennae and palpi black; tip of auxiliary almost opposite to origin of praefurca; subcostal cross vein at a distance from the tip of the auxiliary vein; the cross vein separating the disc cell from the first basal cell is very slightly curved; wings simmaculate; stigma pale.

68 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

Observation: The notch between the 4th and 5th joints of the male tarsi is barely noticeable in this species. In another specimen (female), the intermediate one of the three veins, running from the discal cell to the margin, turns obliquely and forms a fork with the anterior one of the three veins; this is a case on both sides.

10 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

Wings tinged with pale brown; tip of accessory vein nearly opposite origin of fork; inter-venous subcostal-. I possess a specimen of Amal from Canada whose halteres are of the same length as those of D.

DICRANOMYTA. T3

The tip of the accessory vein is located approximately one stigma length beyond the origin of the second longitudinal alder; the subcostal transverse vein is located near the tip. The ungues are large and have several notches on the bottom, in place of the teeth.

18 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

Thorax pale brown, with three darker stripes; their pair extended beyond the origin of the prsefurca. Wings very slightly tinged; stigma brownish; the tip of the first longitudinal vein is.inflected towards the second, the marginal transverse vein apparently being between it and the costa.

82 DIPTERA OF XORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

Rostrum, palpi and antennae blackish; the flagellum of the latter (beginning with the second joint) is short unipectinate in the male, and only moniliform in the female; thorax brownish, frosted with gray on top, a broad brown stripe in the middle. Wings of a pale brown tinge, except for a large whitish area, which includes the praefurca and stigma; however, in this region is located the stigma itself, around the site at the origin of the praefurca, another on the inside of the submarginal cell.

84 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

The first longitudinal vein of Limnohi is also generally longer than that of Dicranomyia; its tip is usually almost opposite the center of the submarginal cell; sometimes (as in L. parietina) far outside the center. The marginal transverse vein is located either at the tip of the first longitudinal vein or some distance from the tip.

86 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

Femur with three brown bands and two pale bands between them; the forehead at the tip of the first longitudinal vein is entire, not. Whenever the structure occurs that the first longitudinal vein is curved towards the second, whereas the transverse vein appears to be situated between it and the coast, the sacral vein must be considered to be at the head of the first longitudinal vein.

88 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

89 furca; third, double spot, at tip of accessory vein and furrow; third, double spot, at tip of accessory vein and at inner end of submarginal cell; the fourth, I'ing-likeone, at the tip of the first longitudinal vein; cross veins infused; a pale brown band crosses the cells of the apical part. Very similar to the previous species, but showing the following differences: it is smaller in size; the femur has, in addition to the two brown bands behind the middle, a third in the middle.

90 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

91 the biggest of them; there is a pale brown band on the apical part of the wing and some clouds along the posterior margin. Two female specimens in my possession do not exhibit these characters; the two branches of the fork, alluded to above, are of the same length, and the anterior one does not reach beyond the inner margin of the stigma.

82 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

Point of the auxiliary pair opposite the inside of the submarginal cell .. the cross vein at this point. Abdomen brownish, posterior edges of the segments and along stripe along the middle of the back, pale.

94 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

Head yellow; rostrum and palpi also; front and apart from the waterlogged vertex; antenna yellow. Thorax ocher-yellow, shiny above, with a broad brown stripe extending over the collar and the center of the mesonotum; remnants of lateral stripes, fused with the intermediate stripes; scutellumandmcta-thorax brownish in center.

96 MPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

Trochohola is most closely related to Limnobise of the second group (those with a marginal crossvein removed from the tip of the first longitudinal vein); like these species it has painted wings, brown bands on the femora, a long accessory vein, &c. This species is somewhat variable in size, intensity of coloration, and distinctness of wing spots.

LIMNOBINA ANOMALA. 101 Wliether the absence of spurs at the tip of the tibia, which

RHAMPHTDIA. 103

104 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [^PART IV

In the BerlinMuseum I saw a Brazilian species and another remarkable species, without indication of locality, the tarsi of which are white. The claims of the name given by Meigen, strengthened by long usage, cannot be well disputed.

106 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

Observation.-The statements of Mr. Loew (1. c.p.394) on the "perfect agreement in the generic characters" (voUstaendige Uebereinstimmungiu den generischenMerkmalen) between these fossil species and To.rorrhina fragilis from Porto Rico rests on an overview of the important difference between them: the difference between the margins of the cell.

TOXORRHINA. 109

110 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

Of the two branches of the fourth vein, the posterior one is forked, and a cross vein between this fork and the anterior branch encloses the discal cell. The pamphlet on amberfauna, published a year earlier, contains a mere mention of the generic name, without description.

114 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

The pincers of the male consist of the usual basal parts, with claw or hook-shaped horns (Tab. The antennae, when bent back, reach the base of the wings in the male; they are slightly shorter in the female.

118 DIPTER A OF NORTH AMERICA. [P ART IV

Some remarks on the male pincers of this species (Tab. lY, . fig. 11) will be found in the description of the plates of the theme. Basal segments of male pincers elongate, slender, with horny, slender, claw-like appendages at tip; upper valves of the ovipositor small, slender, pointed.

ORIMAUGA. 121 issues from the first at about the middle of the Iciiglli of the

122 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

123 Lying accessory vein reaches 3' to mid-wing; The subcostal cross vein is located at a considerable distance from The most remarkable feature of the work of this genus is the flow of the second vein, which is so close to the first joint, asiftoforeshadovana absolute.

ANTOCHA. 1 25 auxiliary and first longitudinal veins is peculiar ; the former is

126 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

A submarginal cell; four posterior cells; adiscal cell; no marginal crossvein; tip of auxiliary vein nearly opposite origin of second vein; the subcostal cross vein at a distance from this apex, which is. Antennae rather long, extending beyond abdomen when bent backward; first joint short, not much longer than the second; the joints of the flagellum oblong, cylindrical, gradually decreasing in length; they are clothed with dense pubescence; a single, somewhat longer hair can be felt on each segment, above the pubescence; the antennae of the female are only slightly shorter than those of the female.

128 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

The first longitudinal vein is very short, its tip is large, but a little beyond the middle of the length of the wing, about opposite or not much further, the inner part of the submarginal cell (Tab. Antennae of medium length; if bent posteriorly, they would not quite reach the base of the wings; scapus of the usual structure; flagella with elongate rounded nodes, well separated, clothed with a short pubescence, and with verticals, which are slightly longer than pubescence.

130 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

The name is derived from t(lx<^, weapons, and ^.a^ij, pincers, in allusion to the horny processes of the male pincers. The 1('-jointed antennae, the development of the collar, the solidity and puberty of the feet, the shortness of the first longitudinal vein and of the.

132 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

One of my specimens, a male, shows a slight difference in the venation; the last portion of the second longitudinal vein is .. more straight, and the transverse vein, which closes the disc cell, is a . a little closer to the apex of the wing, which changes the shape of the disc cell. Wings relatively long; longitudinal veins hairy, the margin fringed with hairs; the accessory veins in the costa about the middle of the length of the wing; second longitudinal vein not forked, connected by a crossvein to the first longitudinal vein; third longitudinal vein not forked; is the fourth longitudinal vein.

ERIOPTERINA

136 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV,

In this group of Tipulidse the anterior branch of the fourth longitudinal vein is quite often forked, while the posterior branch is simple, and so when the discal cell opens,. The rostrum is rather short and shows the general structure of Limnophilina - two strong lips are visible.

BHYPIIOLOPHUS. 139

140 DIPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

Brownish gray; a clear, narrow brown stripe across the thorax; chest thin, abdomen densely covered with fairly long, soft, pale yellow hairs; antenna brown-black, paler at the base of the flagellum, with short verticils; pale black; dumbbells pale, slightly soaked at the base of the bud, the tip of which. Brownisb-graj; palpi blackish; antennae brown, four basal joints light yellow; flagellum of the male, densely covered with a long, soft hair; only a few vertical hairs extend upwards.

144 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

Thoraxwithout streaks; wings flawless; joints of the antennae of the male elongated, stalked and along pubescence; disc cell running, confluent with the third posterior cell; stigma pole. If the antenna were bent backwards, it would extend some distance beyond the root of the wings; the joints of the flagellum, starting with the second, are elongated and narrow, ending in an elongated point, to which the next joint is attached; each joint bears on both.

146 DIPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

The female's ovipositor is of medium length in some species and quite long in others. Besides the currently known North American and European Eriopterans, only three species from the rest of the world have been published.

148 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

ERIOPTERA, 149 In the same year Mr. I) proposed a series of new generic names for certain groups of the genus Erioptera. This circumstance, as well as my limited knowledge of European Eriopters, prevent me from undertaking a detailed survey of this distribution.

152 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV.'

The third posterior cell is rather long in most species and has its inner end more or less opposite to the first posterior cell; inE. 3 The discal cell, when open, fuses with the third posterior cell; In closed, the inner ends of the second and third posterior.

156 DTPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

The fork of the posterior branch of the fourth longitudinal vein consists of two gently arched branches: subgenus Acyphona (compare 152). 159 reddish to yellow genitalia; yellow halteres; legs pale yellow; the femora of some specimens are pale yellow, with a brown band in front of the apex; in other specimens they are dark brown, with a pale band; the wings are yellow; a narrow brown band runs along the central transverse veins and generally does not extend beyond the large transverse vein; sometimes, however, it is connected with a cloud at the end of the anal cell; small brown clouds at apex of all veins (except third), on subcostal and discal cross veins, origin of prsefurca, and inner part of posterior third cell; the middle part of the fifth longitudinal vein of the infusion and surrounded by a more or less elongated cloud, which sometimes expands so as to join the spots at the origin of the branch and at the apex of the seventh vein, and forms the band not unlike the inner band.

160 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

161 the first, a small dot, is located on the cruciate vein of the humerus; the second at the origin of the prcefurca; it does not reach the Costa; the third runs from the costa, over the subcostal transverse vein to the pre-furca; the fourth spot is large and lies between the costa and the inner end of the first submarginal cell; the fourth, of equal size, covers the tip of the first longitudinal vein; transverse veins saturated and clouded; tops of all longitudinal veins, except the third, with small brown clouds; is the third posterior cell. The anterior branch of the fourth longitudinal vein is bifurcated (in other words, when the discal cell is open, it fuses with the third posterior cell); when the disc cell is closed, the inner ends of the second and third posterior cells are almost aligned; subgenus Mesocyphona (compare 152).

162 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

The Third posterior cell is somewhat longer than the first, almost the same length as the second marginal cell.

164 ^ DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

165 species; the marginal cross is almost on a line with the inside of the first submarginal cell; the latter are but many. Tibire without incentive; inconspicuously small, smooth on the underside, inserted under a projection of the last tarsal joint; etnpodia small, ^but distinct.

1G6 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

16T where the short pubescence occurs (subg. Erioptera nob.) the seventh vein is curved, its tip is approximate to the tip of the preceding vein, the third posterior cell is longer than the second, which clearly shows that it is the posterior branch of the fourth longitudinal is vein which is forked, etc. The name (from?hi, three, and fiixpbi, small) alludes to the small size of the ends of the antennae.

168 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

Like Trimicra, all three species of Sympleda have a large anterior crossvein at the inner margin of the discal cell and rather oblique. Both North American species are completely black; the knob of the wings of one of them is only yellow.

114 DIPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA, [PART IV

ITS The whole body, including the halteres, of a deep, opaque The whole body, including the halteres, of a deep, opaque black; velvety black on the thorax. Wings smoky, almost black; pillow even darker; stigma scarcely distinct; a short, almost microscopic pubescence in the apical part of the wings; the venation is somewhat different from that of the following species.

1'76 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV

GOXIOMYIA. 177

173 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA, [PART IV

GONIOMYIA. 1T9 species; the specimen is too imperfectly preserved to allow a

GONIOMYIA, 181 strongly converging towards the anterior branch of the fourth

Wings with the stigma and apical part of the anterior margin fuscous; cross veins obscure; the tip of the anterior branch of the second vein is coincident with the tip of the first longitudinal vein. II, fig. 11)relatively short and wide; the accessory vein ends slightly beyond the origin of the second longitudinal vein; a rather indistinct subcostal cross vein is at a distance from the tip of the auxiliary vein, which.

CLADURA. 187