An Analysis of Morphological Characters of Two Shallot Varieties (Allium ascalonicum L.) using True Shallot Seed in the Highlands with Different Cultivation Methods to Support Sustainable Agriculture

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An analysis of morphological characters of two shallot varieties (Allium ascalonicum L.) using true shallot seed in the highlands with different

cultivation methods to support sustainable agriculture

To cite this article: Y Hasanah et al 2022 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 977 012005

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An analysis of morphological characters of two shallot varieties ( Allium ascalonicum L.) using true shallot seed in the highlands with different cultivation methods to support sustainable

agriculture

1Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia.

2Centre of Roots and Tubers Study, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia.

E-mail : *yaya@usu.ac.id

Abstract. The morphological character of shallot using TSS (True Shallot Seed) in the highlands is greatly affected by plant cultivation methods related to fertilization factors, growth regulators, and seed spacing to support sustainable agriculture. This study aims to evaluate the morphological and physiological characters of two TSS-originated shallot varieties by applying different methods. The research is conducted on community land in Sempa Jaya, Berastagi, with an altitude of 1412 meters.

A factorial randomized block design was established with two factors and three replications in a field experiment. The first factor is seed supplier recommendation cultivation method, multiple production recommendation cultivation method, modification of seed supplier recommendation cultivation method, and modification of multiple production recommendation cultivation method. The second factor is the variety (Sanren F1 and Lokananta). Lokananta variety was identified as having better growth than Sanren F1. The seed supplier recommendation cultivation method is better than the rest.

The interaction between varieties and cultivation methods has no significant effect on plant growth.

1. Introduction

Sustainable development in the crops sub-sector, especially horticultural commodities, must be able to grow quickly and sustainably so that farmers are more capable of playing a role in providing raw materials, increasing income, creating jobs, and increasing foreign exchange earnings through exports. Shallot is a very strategic horticultural commodity in Indonesia since its price affects inflation. The rising cost of shallot leads to high inflation. In addition, shallot is also a high-value commodity that attracts many farmers to jump in.

Shallots act as a food flavoring, food mixture, and functional food. The shallot contains carbohydrates, minerals, amino acids, enzymes, vitamins (A, B, and C), potassium, phosphorus, and several bioactive compounds, including essential oils, saponins, alliin, allicin, and quercetin [1-4]. The bioactive substances in shallot are effective for curing various diseases. The quercetin in shallot serves as a prevention and

Y Hasanah^1,2*, J Ginting¹ and A M Kusriarmin¹

2

treatment agent for cancer, diabetes, coronary heart disease, obesity, hypertension, digestive disorders, osteoporosis, asthma, neurodegenerative disorders, hypercholesterolemia, allergies, arthritis, cataracts, and leukemia [5-10].

Shallot development is promising. The demand for shallots is in line with population growth. In 1970- 2019, the data show fluctuating annual shallot production. However, it indicates a significant trend of increasing production with an average growth rate of 4.07% per year [11]. The main problems in increasing shallots supply are the availability of high-quality bulbs as planting material and the tuber-borne disease [12-13]. The productivity and quality of bulbs yields will decrease with continuous planting material usage.

It is due to infection caused by Fusarium sp., Colletotrichum sp., and Alternaria sp., additionally, viruses are often carried by bulbs [14].

Aside from using sets, shallot cultivation can also use True Shallots Seed (TSS). TSS has several advantages over sets, i.e., the volume of TSS requirements is lower (3-4 kg/ha) than sets (1-1.5 t/ha).

Transporting TSS is easier and more affordable, produces healthier plants because it is disease-free, and yields better bulbs. The harvest time of TSS is 19-26 days longer than sets, but the yields are two times heavier and larger. Other advantages of using TSS are higher production up to 26 t/ha, easy to store, durable, and disease-free [15-18].

Currently, farmers are starting to develop shallot from TSS in the highlands and lowlands. The government is also starting to develop a food estate which plays an essential role in sustainable agriculture.

Shallot is a commodity developed in the food estate. Due to its health benefits, shallot is not only a food source but also a biopharmaceutical.

The problem is that there has been no comprehensive evaluation of the production potential, morphophysiological characters, and quercetin content of shallots using TSS in the highlands and lowlands until now. An understanding of shallot’s production potential and characteristics will provide better accuracy in TSS varieties selection in the highlands and lowlands as well as the cultivation technology. In addition, it creates Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) of shallots using TSS that will increase the productivity and quality of the yields.

Previous studies on shallots have been carried out, including research on the role of paclobutrazol and sulfur on shallots production using TSS [19, 20, 21], the physical appearance of TSS in different environments [22], pre-showing treatment enhanced germination and vigor of TSS [23]. Application of seaweed extract and N fertilizer on TSS production [24]. However, there is no report of studies examining cultivation methods associated with the morphophysiological characters of TSS shallots in the highlands.

Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the morphophysiological characters of TSS shallots associated with the implemented cultivation package.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Research site and materials

The study is conducted in the highlands (Kecamatan Sempa Jaya- Berastagi) at an altitude of 1412 meters on July-September 2021. The materials are TSS Sanren F1 and Lokananta varieties, Trichoderma harzianum, roasted husks, compost, manure, NPK fertilizer, ZA fertilizer, paclobutrazol, pesticides, acetone, and transparent nail polish. The tools are ruler, digital caliper, and stationery.

2.2.Design experiment and management of crop

This study applies a factorial randomized block design consisting of two factors and three replications. The first factor is TSS varieties - Lokananta and Sanren F1. The second factor is the shallot cultivation package in the highlands presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Shallot cultivation methods in the highlands

Treatment M1 M2 M3 M4

NPK (kg/ha) 750 300 650 400

ZA (kg/ha) 150 150 150 150

KCl (kg/ha) 187.5 - 150 -

Paclobutrazole (ppm) - 15 15 -

Spacing (cm) 10 x 10 10 x 15 10 x 15 10 x 10

The study begins with land preparation by making beds with 20 cm height, 1 m length, and 1 m width.

The soil is processed until it is loose. Manure application (10 t/ha) is carried out two weeks before transplanting and Trichoderma harzianum is applied as much as 20 kg/ha one week before transplanting by sowing. Silver black mulch film is installed with holes matching the seed spacing. Fertilization is carried out according to the treatment. The watering is scheduled once a day to maintain the plant moisture content.

Weeding is scheduled each week for controlling weeds and loosening the soil. Pest control is done by using Decis, while disease control is done by spraying fungicide.

2.3. Data analysis

The data is analyzed using the F-test. If there is a significant effect, the data is analyzed further with Duncan's Multiple Range Test at the level of α= 5%.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Plant height

Based on Table 1, it can be observed that the difference in varieties significantly affects plant height on 1-4 week after transplanting (WAT), while cultivation methods and interactions between varieties and cultivation methods have no significant effect on plant height on 1-4 WAT.

Plant height is one of the plant growth indicators. The plant height of Lokananta on 1-4 WAT is significantly higher than Sanren F1. Lokananta reaches 37.15 cm on 4 WAT, outperforming Sanren F1 at 27.15 cm because each variety has different adaptability and is affected by genetic.

The higher height of Lokananta indicates that it has better adaptability to grow in the highlands than Sanren F1. Sumarni et al. [16] explains that different varieties yield different plant heights. On the contrary, Saidah et al. [1] shows that Sanren F1 has a higher plant height than Lokananta.

Based on Figure 1, it can be observed that shallots' growth rate is faster on 3-4 WAT but slower on 2-3 WAT. This is in accordance with the sigmoid curve of plant growth as a growth function that characterizes the pattern of plant growth throughout a typical generation. Plant growth is slow at first but gradually becomes faster until the maximum height is reached and the growth rate decreases [25].

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Table 2. Plant height 1-4 WAT of two shallot varieties from TSS with application of cultivation methods in highlands

WAT Variety Cultivation method Mean

M1 M2 M3 M4

……… cm ………..

1 Lokananta (V1) 19.63 19.02 18.82 18.78 19.06a

Sanren F1 (V2) 12.20 12.57 11.10 11.42 11.82b

Mean 15.92 15.79 14.96 15.10

2 Lokananta (V1) 23.12 23.07 22.55 21.98 22.68a

Sanren F1 (V2) 16.27 14.83 14.03 13.93 14.77b

Mean 19.69 18.95 18.29 17.96

3 Lokananta (V1) 26.38 26.22 26.53 24.92 26.01a

Sanren F1 (V2) 20.23 17.15 16.67 16.33 17.60b

Mean 23.31 21.68 21.60 20.63

4 Lokananta (V1) 36.98 37.08 37.90 36.63 37.15a

Sanren F1 (V2) 32.92 25.80 23.87 26.03 27.15b

Mean 34.95 31.44 30.88 31.33

Note: Numbers followed by the same letter show a significant difference based on Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at a = 5%.

Figure 1. Rate of increase in plant length 2-4 WAT of two shallot varieties from TSS on application of cultivation methods

3.2.Number of leaves

Based on Table 2, the difference in varieties significantly affects the number of leaves on 1-4 WAP, while the cultivation method and the interaction of varieties and cultivation methods have no significant effect on the number of leaves on 1-4 WAP.

Plant growth is an influence of genetic and environmental factors manifestation. Each genotype can have a characteristic response to different environmental conditions. Some of the agronomic characteristics in growth and yield components are dominated by genetic factors while some are determined by environmental differences.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

2 3 4

Rate of increase in plant length (cm)

Week after transplanting

V1M1 V1M2 V1M3 V1M4 V2M1 V2M2 V2M3 V2M4

Leaves are the organ that plays the main role in photosynthesis as well as establishing plant growth and development. In this study, the number of Lokananta leaves on 1-4 WAT is more than Sanren F1’s. It is presumably that Lokananta has better environmental adaptation compared to Sanren F1 (Figure 2.)

Table 3. Number of leaves 1-4 WAT of two shallot varieties from TSS with application of cultivation methods

WAT Variety Cultivation methods Mean

M1 M2 M3 M4

……… cm ………..

1 Lokananta (V1) 3.07 2.93 3.17 2.90 3.02a

Sanren F1 (V2) 2.43 2.37 2.23 2.20 2.31b

Mean 2.75 2.65 2.70 2.55

2 Lokananta (V1) 3.97 3.80 3.97 3.53 3.82a

Sanren F1 (V2) 3.07 2.83 2.57 2.57 2.76b

Mean 3.52 3.32 3.27 3.05

3 Lokananta (V1) 5.47 5.17 5.30 4.70 5.16a

Sanren F1 (V2) 4.10 3.80 3.37 3.60 3.72b

Mean 4.78 4.48 4.33 4.15

4 Lokananta (V1) 8.83 7.83 8.33 7.40 8.10a

Sanren F1 (V2) 6.00 5.30 5.07 5.10 5.37b

Mean 7.42 6.57 6.70 6.25

Note: Numbers followed by the same letter show a significant difference based on Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at a = 5%.

Figure 2. Number of leaf 1-4 WAT of two shallot varieties from TSS on application of cultivation methods

The application of appropriate varieties and cultivation methods can increase plant growth indicated by an increase in the number of leaves. In this study, the M1 cultivation method on Lokananta increases the number of leaves on 4 WAT, while M4 yields the lowest number of leaves. For Sanren F1, the M1 cultivation method tends to increase the number of leaves on 4 WAT, while the M3 cultivation method yields the lowest number of leaves on 4 WAT. The reason is that the M1 cultivation method applies more

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 2 3 4

Number of leaf

Week after planting

V1M1 V1M2 V1M3 V1M4 V2M1 V2M2 V2M3 V2M4

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NPK (750 kg/ha) and 175 kg KCl/ha so that the nutrient requirement of N, P, and K are fulfilled indicated by the increase in the number of leaves. In this study, the number of Sanren F1 leaves on 4 WAP (5.37 leaves) is higher than the previous study of Hasanah et al. [19] which is only 4.33.

3.3. Total leaf area

Based on Table 3, it can be seen that only the varietal treatment had a significant effect on the total leaf area, while the cultivation method treatment and the interaction between varieties and cultivation methods had no significant effect on the total leaf area.

Based on Table 3. It can be known that Lokananta variety has a wider total leaf area than the Sanren F1.

The treatment of the M1 cultivation method tend to produce a wider total leaf area than the other methods.

The combination of Lokananta variety treatment with M1 cultivation method tend to result a wider total leaf area than other treatment combinations. The high total leaf area of the Lokananta variety indicates that the Lokananta variety can adapt well in the highlands. This proved that leaf area is influenced by genetic and environmental factors.

In this study, the combination of the M1 cultivation method and the Lokananta variety produced the highest total leaf area, presumably because the M1 method of onion plants got sufficient NPK nutrients so that the leaves developed optimally. Previous studies reported that leaves are the main organs for the photosynthesis process because mature leaves contain hundreds of chloroplasts that play a role in the photosynthesis process. Leaves are also a place for processing light energy into chemical energy and carbohydrates (glucose) which are realized in the form of dry matter, so that leaf development is feasible as the main parameter in plant growth analysis. The large role of leaves in plant growth is what causes differences in plant biomass production due to differences in the ability of leaves to produce reduced carbon to produce plant biomass. Regarding leaves, leaf area is one of the important parameters needed to determine plant growth. Plant leaf area is one of the plant variables that is often observed in research in the fields of agronomy and plant physiology [26][27].

Table 4. Total leaf area of two shallot varieties from TSS with application of cultivation methods in highlands

Variety Cultivation methods Mean

M1 M2 M3 M4

Lokananta (V1) 336.78 255.26 247.37 206.70 261.53a

Sanren F1 (V2) 201.87 123.66 194.69 96.60 154.21b

Mean 269.32 189.46 221.03 151.65

Note: Numbers followed by the same letter show a significant difference based on Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at a = 5%.

4. Conclusion

Lokananta has better growth than Sanren F1. The M1 cultivation method tends to be better than other cultivation methods. There is no interaction between varieties and cultivation methods on plant height and the number of leaves.

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Acknowledgement

This research is part of a basic research grant for higher education. The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology, Directorate General of Higher Education, Research and Technology for funding this research with number contract 12/EI/KP.PTNBH/2021 date March 8, 2021. Moreover, We would like to thanks Dr. Ir. Lisa Mawarni, MP and Dr. Ir. Hamidah Hanum, MP from Department of Agroctechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan for her guiding regarding this study.