Mortality Risk Factors in Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

!"#$%&'()*'+$%,&-'(*'./-0#'12(1 )3

!"#$%&'$()*'+,)-%.$"#+)'/)0.1$2)3442#) 5%+$#"'/$2+$'/%&)6&227'/8

!"#$%&'()*(+&',('-.)/#&)0"%#&"1))23"4--.)!5#6"'&)/+651"%--

!"#$%$&"'()*+,"-(.)&+/(0+1"#$%$&""

!!"-23242$0"$5"6)4+&$(0+(&$*$%71"-(.)&+/(0+"$5"80+(&0)*"9(:2;20(1"<);=*+7"$5"9(:2;20("

>023(&42+7"$5"80:$0(42)?-&@"A2.+$"9)0%=0B=4=/$"6(0(&)*"C)+2$0)*"'$4.2+)*1"D)B)&+)"

069:*0;:

!"#$%&'()*+,!""#$%&'()$*+,)#()+,'-%.-##/+,&%0!1234%+(%*,#%*5%)6#%#7#$&#,89%8'(#(%+,%&'()$*#,)#$*-*&9:%%

;6#%7*$)'-+)9%$')#%/*#(%,*)%86',&#%+,%)6#%-'()%<%/#8'/#(=%6*>#?#$=%)6#$#%+(%,*%"$#8+(#%/')'%+,%@+")*%A',&B,CB(B7*%

+RVSLWDO ,GHQWL¿HG ULVN IDFWRUV DUH H[SHFWHG WR LQFUHDVH HDUO\ DZDUHQHVV DQG RSWLPDO SODQQLQJ LQ PDQDJHPHQW RI

"')+#,)(:%;6+(%()B/9%>'(%'+7#/%)*%C,*>%)6#%7*$)'-+)9%$+(C%5'8)*$(%+,%'8B)#%!123%+,%@+")*%A',&B,CB(B7*%D*("+)'-:

-./0'*+,@'(#%8*,)$*-%()B/9%>'(%"#$5*$7#/%.#)>##,%EB&B()%',/%F#8#7.#$%GHII%.9%8*--#8)+,&%',/%()B/9+,&%

7#/+8'-%$#8*$/(%*5%'8B)#%!123%"')+#,)(%>6*%>#$#%'/7+))#/%',/%6*("+)'-+J#/%.#)>##,%K',B'$9%GHHL%',/%KB,#%GHII%

+,%@+")*%A',&B,CB(B7*%D*("+)'-:%@'(#(%>#$#%'8B)#%!123%"')+#,)(%>6*%"'((#/%'>'9%/B$+,&%6*("+)'-+J')+*,%+,%

)6')%"#$+*/%*5%)+7#:%@*,)$*-(%>#$#%"')+#,)(%>6*%/+/%,*)%"'((%'>'9%',/%6*("+)'-+J#%+,%('7#%"#$+*/%0/')#M7*,)6M

\HDU LQGH[ 6DPSOHV ZHUH WDNHQ UDQGRPO\ ZLWK WKH SURSRUWLRQ RI FDVH DQG FRQWURO %LYDULDWH DQDO\VLV ZDV

"#$5*7#/%.9%86+N(OB'$#%)#()%',/%8*,)+,B#/%>+)6%7B-)+?'$+')#%','-9(+(:

1.2(3/2+,6WXG\ VXEMHFWV FRQVLVWHG RI FDVHV DQG FRQWUROV 6LJQL¿FDQW YDULDEOHV DV ULVN IDFWRUV ZHUH PXOWLSOH FRPRUELGLWLHV 25 &, UHFXUUHQW EOHHGLQJ 25 &,

GHFUHDVHG FRQVFLRXVQHVV 25 &, HQGRVFRS\ QRW SHUIRUPHG 25 &, DQG VHSVLV 25 &,

4')#3(25')+%AB-)+"-#%8*N7*$.+/+)+#(=%(#"(+(=%/#8$#'(#/%8*,(8+*B(,#((%*,%6*("+)'-%'/7+((+*,=%',/%$#8B$$#,)%

.-##/+,&%'$#%7*$)'-+)9%$+(C%5'8)*$(%+,%'8B)#%!123:%A*$)'-+)9%$+(C%+,8$#'(#(%+,%"')+#,)(=%)*%>6*7%#,/*(8*"9%>'(%

,*)%"#$5*$7#/:%

6.78'&*2+,!12%.-##/+,&=%$+(C%5'8)*$(=%7*$)'-+)9

069:*0<

9"/"&,:.3"$")%+,3HUGDUDKDQ VDOXUDQ FHUQD EDJLDQ DWDV 6&%$ PHUXSDNDQ VDODK VDWX NHJDZDWDQ GL ELGDQJ JDVWURHQWHURORJL 0RUWDOLWDVQ\D WLGDN EHUXEDK GDODP GHNDGH WHUDNKLU 1DPXQ KLQJJD VDDW LQL GL 5XPDK 6DNLW

&LSWR 0DQJXQNXVXPR 56&0 EHOXP WHUGDSDW GDWD \DQJ SDVWL )DNWRU ULVLNR \DQJ WHULGHQWL¿NDVL GLKDUDSNDQ /'"')% 7#,+,&C')C',% C#>'("'/'',% /+,+% /',% "#$#,8','',% *")+7'-% /'-'7% )')'-'C(','% "'(+#,:% P#,#-+)+',% +,+%

EHUWXMXDQ XQWXN PHQJHWDKXL IDNWRU ULVLNR NHPDWLDQ SHUGDUDKDQ DNXW 6&%$ GL 56&0

-./'*.+,P#,#-+)+',%C'(B(%C*,)$*-%/+-'CBC',%"'/'%.B-',%E&B()B(NF#(#7.#$%GHII%/#,&',%7#,&B7"B-C',%/',%

PHPSHODMDUL FDWDWDQ PHGLN%"'(+#,\DQJ PHQJDODPL SHUGDUDKDQ DNXW 6&%$ \DQJ PDVXN GDQ GLUDZDW SDGD SHULRGH K',B'$+%GHHLNKB,+%GHII%GL 56&0 .DVXV DGDODK SDVLHQ GHQJDQ SHUGDUDKDQ DNXW 6&%$ \DQJ PHQLQJJDO VDDW /+$'>'):%Q*,)$*-%'/'-'6%"'(+#,%9',&%)+/'C%7#,+,&&'-%/',%/+$'>')%.#$('7'',%/#,&',%C'(B(%0+,/#C(%)',&&'-M EXODQ WDKXQ VDPSHO GLDPELO VHFDUD DFDN GHQJDQ SHUEDQGLQJDQ NDVXV GDQ NRQWURO VHEHVDU $QDOLVLV GLODNXNDQ VHFDUD ELYDULDW GHQJDQ XML^%NDL NXDGUDW GDQ GLODQMXWNDQ GHQJDQ XML PXOWLYDULDW

;"253+,6XE\HN SHQHOLWLDQ WHUGLUL GDUL NDVXV GDQ NRQWURO 9DULDEHO \DQJ EHUPDNQD VHEDJDL IDNWRU ULVLNR DGDODK NRPRUELG PXOWLSHO 25 ,. SHUGDUDKDQ EHUXODQJ 25 ,.

SHQXUXQDQ NHVDGDUDQ 25 ,. WLGDN GLODNXNDQ HQGRVNRSL 25

,. GDQ VHSVLV 25 ,. ±

45&'678"7&90:7';"$-7:#'"<'=:9>-"&7>&-"#"?@*'A&/:>"#"?@':78'B0?&9>0C&'D78"9E"/@

)F

<5=>(3")+%Q*7*$.+/%7B-)+"#-=%(#"(+(=%"#,B$B,',%C#('/'$',%('')%7'(BC%C#%$B7'6%('C+)=%/',%"#$/'$'6',%

XODQJ PHUXSDNDQ IDNWRU ULVLNR NHPDWLDQ SDGD SHUGDUDKDQ DNXW 6&%$ 5LVLNR NHPDWLDQ PHQLQJNDW SDGD SDVLHQ 9',&%)+/'C%/+-'CBC',%#,/*(C*"+:%

6"/",$()#5+,SHUGDUDKDQ 6&%$ IDNWRU ULVLNR NHPDWLDQ

=>:*?@3;:=?>

!""#$%&'()$*+,)#()+,'-%.-##/+,&%0!1234%+(%*,#%

*5%6'(#(7%89+69%,##/(%)*%.#%)':#,%+,)*%6*,6#$,%+,%

&'()$*#,)#$*-*&;<%2,%=>#$+6'7%)9+(%+,6+/#,)%*66?$(%

+,% @ABC@A% "#$% CAA7AAA% "#*"-#D;#'$<^CBE%F*$)'-+);%

$')#% /?#% )*% !123% G'$+#(% .#)8##,% HBCHI% +,% -+,#%

8+)9%"')+#,)J(%6*,/+)+*,%',/%&+G#,%>','&#>#,)<^CBE% 1#,#$'--;7%!123%+,%KAI%6'(#(%6',%()*"%.;%+)(#-57%

.?)% CAI% 6'(#(% ,##/% +,)#$G#,)+*,% "$*6#/?$#% )*%

6*,)$*-%)9#%.-##/+,&<^H%L9?(7%!123%(9*?-/%'-8';(%

.#%6*,(+/#$#/%'(%-+5#B)9$#')#,+,&%6*,/+)+*,<

3'(#/% *,% "$#G+*?(% ()?/+#(7% )9#$#% 8#$#% (#G#$'-%

>*$)'-+);% "$#/+6)*$(% +,% !1237% (?69% '(% '&#% '.*G#%

MA% ;#'$(7% 9;"*'-.?>+,7% ?,()'.-#% 9#>*/;,'>+6D (9*6:7%"$*-*,&#/%"$*)9$*>.+,%)+>#7%6*B>*$.+/+);7%

'/N?()#/%.-**/%$#O?+$#>#,)%+,/#P%0=3Q247%'("+$')#/%

.-**/% +,% ,'(*&'()$+6% )?.#7% (#"(+(7% 6*,(6+*?(,#((%

()')#7%+,6$#'(#/%.-**/%?$#'%,+)$*&#,%-#G#-7%*,&*+,&%

.-##/+,&7% .-##/+,&% +,% )9#% 9*("+)'-7% $#6?$$#,)%

.-##/+,&7% #,/*(6*";% ()+&>'7% ',/% "#$5*$>#/%

)9#$'";7% 89+69% '--% .#6*>#% 6*,(+/#$')+*,% 5*$% )9#%

6-+,+6+',%+,%"-',,+,&%)9#%>','&#>#,)<^@BCA

R')'%*,%)9*(#%5'6)*$(%'(%>*$)'-+);%$+(:%5'6)*$(%+,%

"')+#,)(%8+)9%!123%+,%2,/*,#(+'%+(%()+--%?,'G'+-'.-#<%

L9#%>*()%6*>>*,%#)+*-*&;%*5%!123%+,%2,/*,#(+'%

+(%$?")?$#%*5%#(*"9'&#'-%G'$+6#(7%89+-#%+,%5*$#+&,%

6*?,)$+#(7%+)%+(%/?#%)*%"#")+6%?-6#$<^CC%L9+(%/+55#$#,)%

69'$'6)#$+()+6% #,6*?$'&#% )*% "#$5*$>% 5?$)9#$%

()?/+#(% +,% *$/#$% )*% *.)'+,% >*$)'-+);% $+(:% 5'6)*$(%

+,% !123% +,% '66*$/',6#% 8+)9% 69'$'6)#$+()+6% *5%

"*"?-')+*,%+,%2,/*,#(+'<%L9+(%()?/;%8'(%#P"#6)#/%

)9')% !123% >*$)'-+);% $+(:% 5'6)*$(% +,% 9*("+)'-+S#/%

" ' ) + # , ) ( % + , % T + " ) * % F ' , & ? , : ? ( ? > * % U * ( " + ) ' -%

8*?-/%.#% +/#,)+5+#/7% ',/% )9?(7% +)% 8'(% #P"#6)#/% )*%

+,6$#'(#%#'$-;%'8'$#,#((%',/%*")+>'-%"-',,+,&%+,%

>','&#>#,)%*5%"')+#,)(<

!A:B?@

=% 6'(#% 6*,)$*-% ()?/;% 8'(% "#$5*$>#/% .#)8##,%

=?&?()% ',/% R#6#>.#$% VACC% .;% 6*--#6)+,&% ',/%

','-;S+,&%>#/+6'-%$#6*$/(%*5%'6?)#%!123%"')+#,)(%

9*("+)'-+S#/% +,% W',?'$;% VAAE% )+--% W?,#% VACC% +,%

T+")*%F',&?,:?(?>*%U*("+)'-7%W':'$)'<%2,6-?(+*,%

6$+)#$+'% +,% )9+(% ()?/;% 8#$#% '6?)#% ?""#$% !123%

SDWLHQWV DJHG • \HDUV ROG DQG UHFHLYHG VWDQGDUG

#>"+$+6'-% )9#$'";% ',/% '""$*"$+')#% $#(?(6+)')+*,%

"$*6#/?$#<% XP6-?(+*,% 6$+)#$+'% +,% )9+(% ()?/;% 8#$#%

"')+#,)(%/+(69'$&#/%*,%)9#+$%*8,%8+--7%+,6*>"-#)#%

$+(:% 5'6)*$(% /')'7% ',/% /+/% ,*)% $#6#+G#% .-**/%

)$',(5?(+*,%'(%+,/+6')#/<%T'(#(%8#$#%'6?)#%!123%

"')+#,)(%89*%"'((#/%'8';%/?$+,&%9*("+)'-+S')+*,%+,%

T+")*%F',&?,:?(?>*%U*("+)'-%/?$+,&%)9')%"#$+*/%

*5% )+>#<% T*,)$*-(% 8#$#% '6?)#% !123% "')+#,)(% 89*%

/+/%,*)%"'((#/%'8';%',/%()+--%9*("+)'-+S#/%+,%('>#%

"#$+*/%0/')#D>*,)9D;#'$D/')#%+,/#P4<%T*,)$*-(%8#$#%

$',/*>-;%)':#,%'(%>',;%'(%V%"#*"-#%*5%'6?)#%!123%

"')+#,)(%89*%/+/%,*)%"'((%'8';<

2,/#"#,/#,)%G'$+'.-#%+,%)9+(%()?/;%'$#%#-/#$-;7%

(9*6:7%>?-)+"-#%6*B>*$.+/+)+#(7%,##/%*5%)$',(5?(+*,7%

(#"(+(7% /#6$#'(#/% 6*,(6+*?(,#((7% 9;"*'-.?>+,7%

+,6$#'(#/% "$*)9$*>.+,% )+>#7% =3Q27% $#"#')#/%

.-##/+,&7%',/%?,"#$5*$>#/%#,/*(6*";<%R#"#,/#,)%

G'$+'.-#% +(% >*$)'-+);<% Y'>"-#% (+S#% +,% )9+(% ()?/;%

8'(% VMC% (?.N#6)(7% 6*,(+()#/% *5% KZ% (?.N#6)(% '(%

6'(#(% ',/% CZH% (?.N#6)(% '(% 6*,)$*-(% ',/% )9#% $')+*%

*5%6'(#%',/%6*,)$*-%8'(%C%[%V<%\.)'+,#/%/')'%8'(%

','-;S#/% 8+)9% Y]YY% 6*>"?)#$% (*5)8'$#% G#$(+*,%

CM<A<%^?$)9#$7%69+B(O?'$#%)#()%8'(%?(#/%5*$%.+G'$+')#%

',/%>?-)+G'$+')#%','-;(+(<%2,%6'(#%*5%"%_%A<AV@%5$*>%

.+G'$+')#% ','-;(+(7% >?-)+G'$+')#% ','-;(+(% 8*?-/%

5?$)9#$% .#% 6*,/?6)#/<% L9+(% ()?/;% 9'(% $#6#+G#/%

#)9+6'-%6-#'$',6#%5$*>%X)9+6'-%Q#(#'$69%T*>>+))##%

+,%F#/+6'-%^'6?-);%!,+G#$(+);%*5%2,/*,#(+'<

*A93C:9

Y?.N#6)(% 8#$#% >*()-;% >'-#(7% 8+)9% )9#% )*)'-% *5%

CZC%0M@<@I4%"')+#,)(7%'&#%&$*?"%_%MA%;#'$(%8'(%)9#%

>*()% '&#% &$*?"<% 3'(+6% 69'$'6)#$+()+6(% *5% "')+#,)(%

'$#% (9*8,% +,% L'.-#% C<% L'.-#% V% $#G#'-(% 6*B>*$.+/%

6*,/+)+*,(%',/%>*$)'-+);%69'$'6)#$+()+6(%+,%"')+#,)(7%

89*%-**:#/%8#--%+,%6'(#%*$%6*,)$*-%&$*?"%8+)9%9+&9%

"$*"*$)+*,%*5%'6?)#%:+/,#;%+,N?$;<%`9+-#7%.-##/+,&%

>',+5#()')+*,%>',;%#P"#$+#,6#/%.;%"')+#,)(7%.*)9%

+,%6'(#%',/%6*,)$*-%&$*?"%8'(%>#-#,'%0L'.-#%E4<%

!"#$%&'()*'+$%,&-'(*'./-0#'12(1 )K

:%D&2)EF)6%+'.).G%#%.$2#'+$'.+)"H)4%$'2/$+

;G%#%.$2#'+$'.) ;%+2

/)IJK

;"/$#"&

/)IJK E(F

9)*(

<(/)*(

GG"HIJ@KL JK"HJI@ML

NNI"HII@OL GM"HJJ@JL P%("H7()&4L

• KJ"HKI@QL

IQ"HOJ@IL

GM"HJJ@JL NNI"HII@OL '24+$&7"$5":&=%"=4(

CEP8- P0+2;$)%=*)0+

R&):2+2$0)*",(&S4 P0+2T)%%&(42$0 E+(&$2:":&=%

P4.2&20

N"HN@NL NO"HNU@GL

N"HN@NL J"HJ@QL Q"HQ@IL

KJ"HNJ@KL JQ"HNU@GL K"HN@NL Q"HK@JL Q"HK@JL

#(,)32$&

E/$B20%

P*;$,$*";$04=/.+2$0

NJ"HNQ@UL NG"HM@IL

V(42:(0;(

D)B)&+) W+,(&4

II"HOG@UL

KN"HKQ@NL QQ"HKG@JL 16$,' QRQ VWHURLGDO DQWL LQÀDPPDWRU\ GUXJ

:%D&2)LF);G%#%.$2#'+$'.+)"H)."MN"#D'7)."/7'$'"/+)%/7)N"#$%&'$() '/)4%$'2/$+

;G%#%.$2#'+$'. ;%+2

/)IJK

;"/$#"&) /)IJK

>04+)S*(",(/$:70)/2;?4,$;B NG"HNO@KL NI"HU@KL

-(;&()4(:";$04;2$=40(44 KN"HKQ@NL G"HK@UL

E(.424 G"HM@IL

A$T/$&S2:";$0:2+2$04 X0(=/$02) AY- P4,+/) '7.(&+(042$0 A,&$02;"*23(&":24()4(

'(.)+2+24"#

'(.)+2+24"A

>0B0$Z0 C$":)+)"

PY8

GN"HGM@IL JN"HJG@IL K"HK@JL

Q"HQ@IL Q"HQ@IL JN"HJG@IL QM"HGG@KL IG"HOG@IL

JQ"HNU@GL KO"HNG@GL JU"HKK@QL JU"HKK@QL KG"HNQ@QL KU"HNI@OL

C=/S(&"$5";$T/$&S2:2+2(4 N

K J"

NN"HNK@IL NQ"HNI@NL IK"HON@JL

KM"HNOL JQ"HKNL QI"HKML GI"HJQL W04(+"+$":()+,"H:)7L

NTJ ["JTO"

["O"

KG"HKM@OL JK"HJI@ML A)=4("$5":()+,

E(.+2;"4,$;B W+,(&

V(4.2&)+$&7"5)2*=&(

NO"HNU@GL AY-\";,&$02;"B2:0(7":24()4(]"PY8\");=+("B2:0(7"20^=&7

:%D&2)OF):(42)"H)$G2#%4()%7N'/'+$2#27)$")4%$'2/$+

:(42)"H)$G2#%4( ;%+2 ;"/$#"&

/)IJK /)IJK

9(:2;)/(0+$4)

XX8 MNHUJ@NL NIU"HUO@NL

'KP M"HU@KL NJ"HO@GL

XX8")0:"'KP G"HG@OL U"HG@KL

_0:$4;$.2;"+,(&).7 J"HJ@QL

P0+2S2$+2; MI"HUM@UL NJN"HOG@JL

-2)%0$4+2;"(0:$4;$.7 NNHNK@IL NNN"HIJ@ML

E=&%(&7 G"HG@OL K"HN@NL

$%5, ! NK"HNJ@ML KJ"HNJ@JL

P/$=0+"$5"+&)045=42$0"20"O"

:)74!"H;;L

P/$=0+"$5"+&)045=42$0!"H;;L

XX8\".&$+$0".=/."20,2S2+$&]"'KP\",74+)/20("+7.("K")0+)%$024+]"P#V8\"):^=4+(:"

S*$$:"&(`=2&(/(0+"20:(F]"!"/(:2)0"H/20T/)FL

:%D&2)PF);G%#%.$2#'+$'.+)"H)D&227'/8)N%/'H2+$%$'"/+)'/)4%$'2/$+

;G%#%.$2#'+$'. ;%+2 ;"/$#"&

/)IJK /)IJK

W04(+"$5"S*((:20%"H:)7L

”

""""["NTJ

""""["J

QJ"HQU@QL KJ"HKI@QL KN"HKQ@NL

MU"HGN@NL QN"HKJ@IL QQ"HKG@JL

#*((:20%",74+$&7"H+2/(4L C$0(

a"K

•

IQ"HOG@JL NG"HNO@IL I"HO@NL

JU"HKK@QL

#*((:20%"/)025(4+)+2$0 9(*(0)

'(/)+(/(424 '(/)+(/(424"/(*(0)

QK"HQM@JL NO"HNU@GL KM"HJK@KL

UJ"HGJ@QL QK"HKQ@KL JU"HKK@QL C)4$%)4+&2;")4.2&)+( KQ"HKO@IL QG"HKG@UL V(;=&&(0+"S*((:20%" QJ"HQU@QL KQ"HNJ@ML

3'(#/%*,%)9#%);"#%*5%)9#$'";%&+G#,7%+,%)9#%6'(#%

&$*?"% *,-;% CV<MI% "')+#,)(% $#6#+G#/% /+'&,*()+6%

#,/*(6*";%',/%E<HI%"')+#,)(%$#6#+G#/%#,/*(6*"+6%

)9#$'";% 0L'.-#% H4<% `9+-#7% -'.*$')*$;% $#(?-)(% +,%

"')+#,)(%'$#%(9*8,%+,%L'.-#%@<

Q+(:% 5'6)*$% (?.B','-;(+(% +,% )9#% "$#(#,6#% *5%

#,/*(6*";%"$*6#/?$#%8'(%'-(*%"#$5*$>#/%+,%"')+#,)(%

ZLWK DJH JURXS • \HDUV DQG DJH \HDUV ROG L9#%$#(?-)(%(9*8#/%)9')%"')+#,)7%)*%89*>%#,/*(6*";%

"$*6#/?$#% 8'(% ,*)% "#$5*$>#/7% 9'(% (+&,+5+6',)%

/+55#$#,6#%'&'+,()%>*$)'-+);%+,6+/#,6#%/?#%)*%!123<%

U*8#G#$7% "')+#,)(% 89*% ?,/#$8#,)% #,/*(6*";% 8#$#%

PRVWO\ LQ WKH DJH JURXS • \HDUV FRPSDUHG WR

"')+#,)(%+,%)9#%'&#%&$*?"%_%MA%;#'$(<%

3+G'$+')#% ','-;(+(% #P9+.+)#/% '((*6+')+*,% *5% $+(:%

5'6)*$(% +,% "')+#,)(% 89*% ?,/#$8#,)% #,/*(6*";% 8+)9%

>*$)'-+);%/?#%)*%!1237%"'$)+6?-'$-;%\Q%a%CV<CZ%0b@I%

T2% a% M<AVcVH<MCd% "% _% A<AAC4<% ^?$)9#$% >?-)+G'$+')#%

','-;(+(%$#(?-)#/%+,%\Q%a%CC<b@%0b@I%T2%a%H<Z@BEA<CCd%

"%_%A<AAC4%0L'.-#%M4<

45&'678"7&90:7';"$-7:#'"<'=:9>-"&7>&-"#"?@*'A&/:>"#"?@':78'B0?&9>0C&'D78"9E"/@

O2

@=9;399=?>

L9#$#% '$#% (*>#% /+55#$#,6#(% +,% )9#% $#(?-)(% *5% )9+(%

()?/;%6*>"'$#/%)*%"$#G+*?(%()?/+#(<%L9#%>*$)'-+);%$')#%

*.)'+,#/%+,%)9+(%()?/;%8'(%VEBE@I7%89+69%8'(%9+&9#$%

6*>"'$#/%)*%)9#%"$#G+*?(%()?/;7%CABCHI<^CBE%L9+(%8'(%

.#6'?(#% )9#% /')'% +,6-?/#/% >*$)'-+);% +,% "')+#,)(% 8+)9%

!123% *,% 9*("+)'-% '/>+((+*,% ',/% >*$)'-+);% /?#% )*%

!123% *66?$$#/% /?$+,&% 9*("+)'-+S')+*,<%=//+)+*,'--;7%

>*()%*5%)9#%()?/;%('>"-#(%8#$#%-#((%)9',%MA%;#'$(%*5%

'&#<%L9+(%+(%/+55#$#,)%6*>"'$#/%)*%*)9#$%6*?,)$+#(7%+,%

89+69%('>"-#(%8#$#%>*()-;%'.*G#%MA%;#'$(%*-/<^@7M%\)9#$%

69'$'6)#$+()+6%/+55#$#,6#%89+69%'-(*%,##/%)*%.#%()$#((#/%

*,%8'(%(#"(+(%6*,/+)+*,7%89+69%8'(%>*$#%-+:#-;%)*%.#%

5*?,/%+,%)9+(%()?/;%('>"-#(%6*>"'$#/%)*%('>"-#(%+,%

)9#%()?/;%"#$5*$>#/%.;%e+>>#$>',%#)%'-<^CV

\)9#$% /+55#$#,6#% +,6-?/#/% +,6$#'(#% *5% >*$)'-+);%

$+(:% '(% )9#% '&#% 8'(% *-/#$<% R+55#$#,)% 8+)9% )9#% ()?/;%

.;% Q*6:'--% #)% '-7% +)% 8'(% 5*?,/% )9')% )9#$#% 8'(% V<EH%

)+>#(%+,6$#'(#%+,%)9#%'&#%*5%MABZb%;#'$(%',/%+,6$#'(#%

H<HE%)+>#(%+,%"')+#,)(%'.*G#%KA%;#'$(%*-/<^CE%3+G'$+')#%

DQDO\VLV LQ WKH DJH YDULDEOH • \HDUV ROG VKRZHG 25 ZKLFK PHDQV WKDW DJH YDULDEOH • \HDUV ROG 9'(%"$*)#6)+G#%#55#6)<%U*8#G#$7%$#(?-)(%*5%b@I%T2%a%A<HB C<VZd%"%a%A<V@%(9*8#/%)9')%$#(?-)%8'(%,*)%()')+()+6'--;%

VLJQL¿FDQW )XUWKHU DQDO\VLV RQ ULVN IDFWRU GLIIHUHQFH LQ .*)9%'&#%&$*?"(7%8'(%*,-;%*,#%$+(:%5'6)*$7%#,/*(6*";%

:%D&2)QF);G%#%.$2#'+$'.+)"H)&%D"#%$"#()#2+1&$+)'/)4%$'2/$+

C%D"#%$"#()#2+1&$+ ;%+2 ;"/$#"&

J)I9@K J)I9@K

PER"["K"F"C" JQ"HNU@GL

PbR"["K"F"C QU"HGI@JL QJ"HKQ@OL

XR?A"["N@G"F"A"H4(;$0:L KQ"HKO@IL KJ"HNJ@KL

PXRR?A"["N@G"F"A"H4(;$0:L KQ"HKO@IL KJ"HNJ@KL

'7.$)*S=/20"a"J@G"H%?:bL OI"HMO@QL

802+2)*",(/$%*$S20^c"H%?bL M@O"d"J@I M@G"d"J@G

<20)*",(/$%*$S20^cH%?bL U@Q"d"K@QN “

802+2)*",(/)+$;&2+(^c"HeL KG@JI"d"U@J “

<20)*",(/)+$;&2+(^c"HeL “ “

P*S=/20^c"H%?:bL" “ “

X&$+,&$/S20("+2/(^c"H4(;$0:L “ NG@ON"d"U@GO

b(=B$;7+(!"H?=bL"

7KURPERF\WH ^J?=bL

>&(=/!"H/%?:bL A&()+2020!"H/%?:bL

PER!"H>?bL IJ"HMTN1IKOL

PbR!"H>?bL PXRR!"H4(;$0:L

PER\")4.)&+)+("+&)04)/20)4(]"PbR\")*)020(")/20$+&)045(&)4(]"XR\".&$+,&$/S20"+2/(]"PXRR\");+23)+(:".)&+2)*"

+,&$S$.*)4+20"+2/(]"A\";$0+&$*]"PER?PbR"["K"F"C\"0=/S(&"$5"4)/.*(4",)3("PER"*(3(*"/$&("K"F"+,)0"0$&/)*]"

c/()0"d"E-]"!)S0$&/)*":24+&2S=+2$0"Z)4"4,$Z(:"20"E-"H/)F2/=/T/202/=/L

:%D&2)RF)*2+1&$+)"H)D'S%#'%$2)%/7)N1&$'S%#'%$2)N"#$%&'$()#'+,)H%.$"#+)'/)4%$'2/$+

*'+,)H%.$"& @2%$G

IJK

0&'S2 IJK

?*T I;=)UQJK

?*^V I;=)UQJK

$JH • \HDU KJ"HKI@QL GM"HJJ@JL ±

>04+)S*(",(/$:70)/2; NG"HNO@KL NI"HU@KL ±

0XOWLSOH FRPRUELGLWLHV • IK"HON@JL GI"HJM@QL ± K@II"HN@KNTG@MGL

$%5, ! NK"HNJ@ML KJ"HNJ@KL

E(.424!! NG"HM@IL ±

-(;&()4(:";$04;2$=40(44!! KN"HKQ@NL G"HK@UL ±

'7.$)*S=/20 OI"HMO@QL ±

37 • [ & KQ"HKO@IL KJ"HNJ@KL ±

V(;=&&(0+"S*((:20%!! QJ"HQU@QL KQ"HNJ@ML ±

C$+".(&5$&/(:"(0:$4;$.7!! OI"HMO@QL IJ"HJI@KL ±

P#V8\"):^=4+(:"S*$$:"&(`=2&(/(0+"20:(F]"XR\".&$+,&$/S20"+2/(]"A\";$0+&$*]"CP\"0$+")..*2;)S*(])ELYDULDWH DQDO\VLV S PXOWLYDULDWH )0)*7424

!"#$%&'()*'+$%,&-'(*'./-0#'12(1 O(

SURFHGXUH QRW SHUIRUPHG ZKLFK UHYHDOHG VLJQL¿FDQW /+55#$#,6#<%2,%)9+(%()?/;7%)9#%"$*"*$)+*,%*5%&$*?"%'&#/%

• ZKR XQGHUZHQW HQGRVFRS\ H[DPLQDWLRQ ZDV PRUH 6*>"'$#/% )*% )9#% &$*?"% '&#/% _% MA% ;#'$(<%L9+(% >+&9)%

JLYH WKH SRVVLEOH H[SODQDWLRQ RQ ZK\ HOGHUO\ DJHG • MA%;#'$(%&$*?"%9'/%"$*)#6)+G#%#55#6)<%3-##/+,&%#)+*-*&;%

6',%.#%5*?,/%)9$*?&9%#,/*(6*";%#P'>+,')+*,7%(*%)9')%

#,/*(6*";%)9#$'";%',/%>','&#>#,)%'66*$/+,&%)*%)9#%

/+'&,*(+(%6',%.#%"#$5*$>#/<%^?$)9#$>*$#7%"')+#,)(%'&#/%

• \HDUV ROG UHFHLYHG PRUH VSHFL¿F DWWHQWLRQ IURP R+G+(+*,%*5%1#$+')$+6%R#"'$)>#,)%*5%2,)#$,'-%F#/+6+,#%

LQ &LSWR 0DQJXQNXVXPR +RVSLWDO VXFK DV VSHFL¿F 8'$/7%"9;6+(+',(7%',/%"'$'>#/+6(7%(*%)9#%',)+6+"')+*,%

',/%>','&#>#,)%&+G#,%8*?-/%.#%.#))#$<%U*8#G#$7%)*%

"$*G#%)9+(%5?$)9#$%()?/;%,##/%)*%.#%"#$5*$>#/<

2,%)9#%()?/;%.;%Q*6:'--%#)%'-7%$+(:%5'6)*$%*5%?,()'.-#%

KHPRG\QDPLF FRQGLWLRQ LV D VLJQL¿FDQW ULVN IDFWRU IRU

!123%>*$)'-+);7%/+55#$#,)%8+)9%)9+(%()?/;<%L9+(%6*?-/%

.#%/?#%)*%)9+(%6*,/+)+*,%8'(%5#8#$%+,%)9+(%()?/;%('>"-#%

)9',%+,%)9#%()?/;%.;%Q*6:'--%#)%'-7%8+)9%KA<CI%('>"-#(%

#P"#$+#,6#/%?,()'.-#%9#>*/;,'>+6<^CE

Y)?/+#(%"#$5*$>#/%.;%Y'-+>+%#)%'-%',/%f*--#5%#)%'-%

()')#/%)9')%+,6$#'(#%*5%"$*)9$*>.+,%)+>#%8'(%*,#%*5%)9#%

>*$)'-+);% "$#/+6)*$(% +,% &'()$*+,)#()+,'-% .-##/+,&<^CH7C@%%

2,% )9+(% ()?/;7% +,6$#'(#% *5% ]LD6*,)$*-% g% C<@% P% 6*,)$*-%

*,-;%*66?$$#/%+,%CKI%*5%'--%()?/;%('>"-#d%)9+(%$#(?-)%

8'(%-*8#$%6*>"'$#/%)*%)9#%()?/;%6*,/?6)#/%.;%Y'-+>+%

#)% '-<^CH% 2,% )9#% .+G'$+')#% ','-;(+(% *5% )9+(% ()?/;7% )9#$#%

8'(% '((*6+')+*,% .#)8##,% +,6$#'(#% *5% "$*)9$*>.+,%

)+>#%',/%>*$)'-+);7%.?)%>?-)+G'$+')#%','-;(+(%$#G#'-#/%

,*%'((*6+')+*,<%Q#(?-)(%*5%.-*6:%(;()#>%>?-)+G'$+')#%

','-;(+(% (9*8#/% )9')% /#6$#'(#% \Q% >*$#% )9',% CAI%

*66?$$#/% '5)#$% '//+,&% $#6?$$#,)% .-##/+,&% G'$+'.-#<%

L9?(7% )9+(% G'$+'.-#% 8'(% +,5-?#,6#/% .;% $#6?$$#,)%

.-##/+,&% G'$+'.-#% )*% 6'?(#% >*$)'-+);<% 2,6$#'(#% *5%

"$*)9$*>.+,%)+>#%,##/%)*%.#%#G'-?')#/%+,%'((*6+')+*,%

8+)9%-+G#$%/+(#'(#%6*B>*$.+/+);%+,%)9#%()?/;%(?.N#6)(<%

U*8#G#$7%+,%)9+(%()?/;7%)9#%"$*"*$)+*,%*5%9#"')+)+(%3%

',/%T%8'(%_%@I%+,%6'(#%&$*?"%',/%)9#%/+'&,*(+(%*5%

6+$$9*(+(%8'(%*,-;%CI%+,%)9#%6*,)$*-%&$*?"<%L9+(%/')'%

,##/% )*% .#% #G'-?')#/% .#6'?(#% +,% )9#% 6*,)$*-% &$*?"7%

'""#'$',6#%*5%#(*"9'&#'-%G'$+6#(%8'(%5*?,/%+,%V@<@I%

(?.N#6)(<%L9+(%/+('&$##>#,)%>';%9'""#,%/?#%)*%-+>+)#/%

/')'%+,%)9#%>#/+6'-%$#6*$/(<

U;"*'-.?>+,%_%E<@%&D/h%89+69%+(%>*()%5$#O?#,)-;%

'((*6+')#/%8+)9%(#G#$'-%'66*>"',;+,&%6*B>*$.+/+)+#(7%

"'$)+6?-'$-;%-+G#$%/+(#'(#%'""'$#,)-;%/*#(%,*)%"-';%$*-#%

+,%>*$)'-+);%$+(:%5'6)*$(%+,%!123<%U*8#G#$7%+5%)9#%6?)%

*55% G'-?#% *5% 9;"*'-.?>+,% +(% -*8#$#/% )*% .#-*8% V<@%%

J G/ WKH YDOXH ZDV VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQL¿FDQW DV REWDLQHG +,%)9#%$#(?-)%*5%)9#%()?/;%.;%L9*>'(%#)%'-<^M

L9#%69'$'6)#$+()+6%*5%"')+#,)(%+,%)9+(%()?/;%(+,6#%)9#%

.#&+,,+,&%8'(%)9*?&9)%)*%9'G#%G'$+6#(%'(%)9#%6'?(#%*5%

!123<%3'(#/%*,%)9+(7%)9+(%()?/;%)$+#/%)*%#G'-?')#%)9#%

=3Q2% +,/#P<%=""'$#,)-;7% .+G'$+')#% ','-;(+(% $#(?-)(%

(9*8#/%)9#$#%8'(%,*%'((*6+')+*,%.#)8##,%=3Q2%G'-?#%

g%A<Z@%',/%>*$)'-+);<%L9+(%+(%/+55#$#,)%8+)9%"$*("#6)+G#%

()?/;%6*,/?6)#/%.;%i'9##/%#)%'-%',/%e?.#$+%#)%'-7%89*%

#G'-?')#/%>*$)'-+);%$+(:%+,%!123%6'?(#/%.;%G'$+6#(<^CM7CZ 2,%)9+(%()?/;7%>*()%*5%)9#%('>"-#%+,%6'(#%&$*?"%/+/%

,*)% ?,/#$&*% #,/*(6*";% #P'>+,')+*,% ',/% #,/*(6*";%

)9#$'";<% Q#'(*,(% 5*$% ,*)% 6*,/?6)+,&% #,/*(6*";7%

+,6-?/#/% "')+#,)(J% .'/% 6*,/+)+*,7% "')+#,)(J% 5'>+-;%

$#5?(#% )9#% #P'>+,')+*,% "$*6#/?$#7% -'6:% *5% 5?,/(7%

',/% ?,'G'+-'.-#% #P'>+,')+*,% (69#/?-#<% L9#$#5*$#7%

#,/*(6*";% /+'&,*(+(% 8'(% ?,:,*8,% ',/% "')+#,)(% /+/%

,*)%$#6#+G#%'""$*"$+')#%+,)#$G#,)+*,%)9#$'";<%L9+(%8'(%

/+55#$#,)%8+)9%)9#%()?/+#(%.;%Q*6:'--%#)%'-%*$%Y'-+>+%#)%

'-7%+,%89+69%'--%()?/;%(?.N#6)(%?,/#$8#,)%#,/*(6*";%

#P'>+,')+*,<^CE7CH%U#,6#7% $+(:% 5'6)*$(% *5% ()+&>')'%

#,/*(6*";7%+,%89+69%8#$#%()')#/%+,%)9#%-+)#$')?$#%)*%"-';%

$*-#%'(%>*$)'-+);%"$#/+6)*$7%6*?-/%,*)%.#%','-;S#/%/?#%

)*%+,6*>"-#)#%/')'%+,%)9#%>#/+6'-%$#6*$/<^CK

L9#% ()$#,&)9% *5% )9+(% ()?/;% 8'(% *,% )9#% /+55#$#,)%

69'$'6)#$+()+6% *5% ('>"-#(% 6*>"'$#/% )*% )9#% "$#G+*?(%

()?/+#(7%'-(*%5*?,/+,&%*5%)9#%(#$G+6#%6*,/+)+*,%89+69%

9'/%,*)%6*>"-#)#-;%+,%'66*$/',6#%8+)9%)9#%&?+/#-+,#(<^Cb% R+55#$#,)%$+(:%5'6)*$(%6*>"'$#/%)*%)9#%"$#G+*?(%()?/+#(7%

89+69% 8#$#% 9+&9#$% (#"(+(% +,6+/#,6#7% #-/#$-;7% '-(*%

9;"*'-.?>+,%6?)B*55%G'-?#%,##/%)*%.#%,*)#/%+,%)$#')+,&%

'6?)#%!123%+,%T+")*%F',&?,:?(?>*%U*("+)'-<%L9+(%

$#(?-)%6',%.#%?(#/%)*%#G'-?')#%*"#$')+,&%"$*6#/?$#(%+,%

T+")*%F',&?,:?(?>*%U*("+)'-7%)9#$#5*$#%+,%5?)?$#%8#%

6',%?(#%'(%.'(#%)*%',)+6+"')#%>*$)'-+);%$+(:%',/%+,6$#'(#%

(#$G+6#%O?'-+);<

;?>;C39=?>

6LJQL¿FDQW PRUWDOLW\ ULVN IDFWRUV LQ 8*,% LQFOXGH

>?-)+"-#%6*B>*$.+/+)+#(7%(#"(+(7%/#6$#'(#%6*,(6+*?(,#((7%

',/%$#6?$$#,)%.-##/+,&%*,%9*("+)'-%'/>+((+*,<%`9+-#7%

#-/#$-;7% +,6$#'(#% "$*)9$*>.+,% )+>#7% 9;"*'-.?>+,7%

?,()'.-#% 9#>*/;,'>+6% /?$+,&% 9*("+)'-% '/>+((+*,7%

',/%=3Q2%8#$#%,*)%"$*G#,%'(%>*$)'-+);%$+(:%5'6)*$(<%

F*$)'-+);%$+(:%5'6)*$(%'-(*%+,6$#'(#/%+5%#,/*(6*";%8'(%

,*)%6*,/?6)#/<

9355A9:=?>

6LJQL¿FDQW ULVN IDFWRUV QHHG WR EH FRQVLGHUHG LQ )':+,&%/#6+(+*,(%+,%>','&#>#,)%*5%"')+#,)%8+)9%'6?)#%

!123<%X,/*(6*";%"$*6#/?$#%+,%'6?)#%!123%,##/%)*%

45&'678"7&90:7';"$-7:#'"<'=:9>-"&7>&-"#"?@*'A&/:>"#"?@':78'B0?&9>0C&'D78"9E"/@

O1

.#%"#$5*$>#/%+,%*$/#$%)*%:,*8%)9#%#)+*-*&;%*5%.-##/+,&%

',/%5?$)9#$%>','&#/%8+)9%#,/*(6*";%)9#$'";<%Q#(?-)(%

*5%)9+(%()?/;%6*?-/%.#%?(#/%'(%)9#%.'(#%5*$%.#))#$%()?/;%

+,%#G'-?')+,&%)9#%()$#,&)9%*5%'((*6+')+*,%+,%)9#%G'$+'.-#%

*5%'6?)#%!123%>*$)'-+);%$+(:7%89+69%+(%+,%'66*$/',6#%

8+)9%69'$'6)#$+()+6%*5%2,/*,#(+',%"*"?-')+*,<

*A-A*A>;A9

C<% R'-)*,% R7% 1$',)BT'(#;% W7% U#'$,(9'8% Y7% h*8#% R7%

L$'G+(% Y7% Q*6:'--% L7% #)% '-<% L9#% !f% 6*>"'$')+G#% '?/+)%

*5% ?""#$% &'()$*+,)#()+,'-% .-##/+,&% ',/% )9#% ?(#% *5% .-**/<%

\P5*$/7% !f[% i')+*,'-% 3-**/% Y#$G+6#% VAAZ% j6+)#/% VACV%

^#.% VAk<% =G'+-'.-#% 5$*>[% !Qh[% 9))"[DD9*("+)'-<.-**/<

6*<?:D-+.$'$;D"/5D!12l3-##/l=?/+)lQ#"*$)lL$',(%

5?(+*,lXP)$'6)<"/5<

V<% m',%h##$/'>%FX<%X"+/#>+*-*&;%*5%'6?)#%?""#$%&'()$*+,)#()+,'-%

.-##/+,&<%3#()%]$'6)%Q#(%T-+,%1'()$*#,)#$*-%VAAKdVV[VAbBVH<%

E<% /DQDV $ *DUFÕD 5RGUÕ•JXH] /$ 3ROR 7RPD•V 0 3RQFH 0

=-*,(*B=.$#?%27%]#$#S%B=+('%F=7%#)%'-<%L+>#%)$#,/(%',/%+>"'6)%

*5%?""#$%',/%-*8#$%&'()$*+,)#()+,'-%.-##/+,&%',/%"#$5*$')+*,%

+,%6-+,+6'-%"$'6)+6#<%=>%W%1'()$*#,)#$*-%VAAbdCAH[CMEEBHC<

H<% F'S#,%=7% F*9'>>#/%=7% W*9,% W<% F','&+,&% '6?)#% ?""#$%

12% .-##/+,&7% "$#G#,)+,&% $#6?$$#,6#(<% T-#G% T-+,% W% F#/%

VACAdZZ[CECBHV<

@<% Y?,&% WW7% L(*+% ff7% F'% Lf7% n?,&% Fn7% h'?% Wn<% T'?(#(%

*5% >*$)'-+);% +,% "')+#,)(% 8+)9% "#")+6% ?-6#$% .-##/+,&[%

'%"$*("#6)+G#%6*9*$)%()?/;%*5%CA7HVK%6'(#(<%=>%W%1'()$*#,)#$*-%

VACAdCA@[KHBb<

M<% L9*>'(%^7%W'(*,%=7%R'8,%L7%h;,,%]7%Q*(#%T7%T9;,)9+'%F7%#)%

'-<%]$#/+6)+,&%"**$%*?)6*>#%5$*>%'6?)#%?""#$%&'()$*+,)#()+,'-%

9#>*$$9'&#<%=$69%2,)#$,%F#/%VAAZdCMZ[CVbCBM<

Z<% T$'+*G'% ]T<%=((#((>#,)% *5% "$*&,*(+(% 5'6)*$(% +,% "')+#,)(%

8+)9%?""#$%,*,BG'$+6#'-%&'()$*+,)#()+,'-%.-##/+,&%VACA%j6+)#/%

VACV% ^#.% VAk<%=G'+-'.-#% 5$*>[% !Qh[% 9))"[DD888<?>56G<$*D

¿OHV D V DVVHVVPHQW RI SURJQRVLV IDFWRUV LQ IVA"')+#,)(<"/5<

K<% =-'>%Ff<%^'6)*$(%'55#6)+,&%9*("+)'-%>*$)'-+);%+,%'6?)#%?""#$%

&'()$*+,)#()+,'-%.-##/+,&<%Y'?/+%W%1'()$*#,)#$*-%VAAAdM[KZBbC<

b<% ^'$**O%^L7%h##%FU7%R'(%=7%R+P+)%Q7%Q+69'$/%Tf7%`*,&%F7%

#)%'-<%T-+,+6'-%)$+'&#%/#6+(+*,%G(<%$+(:%(6*$#(%+,%"$#/+6)+,&%)9#%

,##/%5*$%#,/*)9#$'";%+,%?""#$%&'()$*+,)#()+,'-%.-##/+,&<%=>%

W%X>#$&%F#/%VACVdEA[CVbcEH<

CA<% m#,:')'$'>',% Y7% T9$+()*"9#$<%=((#((+,&% .-##/(% 6-+,+6'--;[%

89')J(%)9#%(6*$#o%h',6#)%VAAbdEZV[CBE<

CC<% Y;'>% =^7% =./?--'9% F7% F':>?,% R7% Y+>'/+.$')'% F7%

RN*N*,+,&$')% R7% F',',% T7% #)% '-<% L9#% 6'?(#(% *5% ?""#$%

&'()$*+,)#()+,'-% .-##/+,&% +,% )9#% ,')+*,'-% $#55#$'-% 9*("+)'-[%

#G'-?')+*,%*,% ?""#$% &'()$*+,)#()+,'-% )$'6)% #,/*(6*"+6% $#(?-)%

LQ ¿YH \HDUV SHULRG ,QGRQHV - *DVWURHQWHURO +HSDWRO 'LJHVW X,/*(6%VAA@dM[ZCBH<

CV<% e+>>#$>',%W7%Y+&?#,6+'%X7%L(G',&%X<%]$#/+6)*$(%*5%>*$)'-+);%

+,%"')+#,)(%'/>+))#/%)*%9*("+)'-%5*$%'6?)#%?""#$%&'()$*+,)#()+,'-%

9#>*$$9'&#<%W%2,)#$,%F#/%Cbb@dVEZ[EECBZ<

CE<% Q*6:'--% L=7% h*&',% Q^7% R#G-+,% U3<% Q+(:% '((#((>#,)% '5)#$%

'6?)#%?""#$%&'()$*+,)#()+,'-%9#>*$$9'&#<%1?)%CbbMdEK[ECMBVC<

CH<% Y'-+>+% W7% Y'-+>S'/#9<% \?)6*>#% *5% ?""#$% &'()$*+,)#()+,'-%

KHPPRUUKDJH DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH EOHHG ULVN FODVVL¿FDWLRQ D WZR

;#'$%"$*("#6)+G#%(?$G#;<%3'9$'+,%F#/%3?--%VAAZdC@[CBCV<%

C@<% f*--#5%FU7%\.$+#,%WR7%e?6:#$>',%1Q7%Y9',**,%`<%3-##/[%

D FODVVL¿FDWLRQ WRRO WR SUHGLFW RXWFRPHV LQ SDWLHQWV ZLWK DFXWH

?""#$%',/%-*8#$%&'()$*+,)#()+,'-%9#>*$$9'&#<%T$+)%T'$#%F#/%

CbbZdV@[CCV@BEV<

CM<% i'9##/%=7%3'/#$%^7%Y;#/%Q<%R#)#$>+,')+*,%*5%6*$#-')+*,%*5%

'/N?()#/%.-**/%$#O?+$#>#,)%+,/#P%8+)9%*?)6*>#%+,%"')+#,)(%

"$#(#,)+,&%8+)9%'6?)#%G'$+6#'-%.-##/+,&<%`*$-/%W%1'()$*#,)#$*-%

VAAbdC@[VEZVB@<

CZ<% e?.#$+%3^7%Q+'S7%Y?-)',7%1*.+,/$'><%T*$$#-')+*,%*5%'/N?()#/%

.-**/% $#O?+$#>#,)% +,/#P% 8+)9% )$#')>#,)% +,)#$G#,)+*,% ',/%

*?)6*>#%+,%"')+#,)(%"$#(#,)+,&%8+)9%'6?)#%G'$+6#'-%.-##/+,&<%

W%R*8%!,+%U#'-)9%Y6+%VAAZdC[M@BK<

CK<% h*$#,% h<% 1'()$*+,)#()+,'-% .-##/+,&<% 2,[% f'("#$% Rh7% ^'?6+%

=Y7% h*,&*% Rh7% 3$'?8'-/% X7% U'?(#$% Yh7% W'>#(*,% Wh7% #/(<%

U'$$+(*,J(%]$+,6+"-#(%*5%2,)#$,'-%F#/+6+,#<%CM⁾⁹%#/<%i#8%n*$:[%

F'61$'8BU+--%VAAM<"<VE@BK<

Cb<% T','/+',% F#/+6'-%=((*6+')+*,<% 1?+/#-+,#(% 5*$% ]9;(+6+',(%

+,% 2,)#$'6)+*,% 8+)9% 2,/?()$;<% \))'8'7% \,)'$+*7% T','/'[%

L9#%=((*6+')+*,% VAAZ<"<CB@% j6+)#/% VACV% ^#.% VVk<%=G'+-'.-#%

5$*>[% !Qh[% 9))"[DD"*-+6;.'(#<6>'<6'D/.)8B8"/D]*-+6;"/5D ]RAKBAC<"/5<

&RUUHVSRQGHQFH% A'$)6+,*%R*.+,(*,%%

3*&*$%D#'-)6%F#"'$)7#,)%

K-:%Q#(#6')',%S*:%L%3*&*$%ITITI%2,/*,#(+'%

3KRQH IDFV %

( PDLO URELQLSG#\DKRR FRP