All day I was surrounded by the Basques' immense pride in their region, history and culture. The region is in a state of impressive transformation into a more modern society while still maintaining the historical aspects of the region that its residents are so proud of. With imminent entry into the workforce; curiosity led to how these changes in the region would affect the women employed there.
I am eternally grateful to my parents, who have provided a lifetime of constant love and support that has been instrumental in my college experience. Finally, I am grateful for the academic challenges and opportunities provided by The Croft Institute for International Studies and The Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College for making my experience at the University of Mississippi one that I will surely never forget.
Introduction
A case study of the relationship between economic transformation and gender roles in the Basque region has relevance far beyond this case. This study is significant in its relevance apart from the Basque region for its contribution to studies on women in the workforce after an economic transformation. Unlike other European societies, women in the Basque region were integrated into the workforce much later (Rodriquez-Modroño, Matus Lopez and Gálvez-Muñoz 2016).
Along with changes in the economy, it examines the subsequent integration of women into the workforce. I also use a survey of my own design that provides data on the opinions of people in the region. After identifying the defining aspects of the region, Chapter 4 explores the workforce enrollment of women and men in the Basque region together with higher education enrollment rates.
Movements in Society
Adolescents are a concern when discussing the effects on modernization in relation to the labor force, especially since they will be a faction of the labor market in the near future and therefore an indicator of what is to come and how the age group is secularized can become. . Adolescents also play a major role in eliminating the larger problem of gender isolation in certain roles in the labor market. This appears in some cases to be a voluntary difference between men and women in attempts to have more flexibility in employment in order to start a family.
For the purpose of this study, the relationship between modernization and its effects on women is of significant importance, along with the studies on gender bias and inequalities in the labor force. After recent modernization, there is a clear impact on the role of women in the political sector and overall representation in society. Some of these values include a general decline in belief in male superiority and active movement toward gender equality (Inglehart, Norris, and Welzel 2004).
Gender equality in the workforce has recently become a widely studied topic due to its growing importance. Multi-level approaches to gender equality focus on creating increased awareness of inequalities for affected individuals, monitoring progress in the practice of gender equality regulations in organizations and continuing to change views of what is accepted in terms of gender differences in a culture. level, which, as Polanyi argues, occurs as a consequence of economic displacements (Ali 2015). By building awareness and confidence in the ability to complete tasks as well as another.
The massive increase in female activity in the Spanish workforce took place in the 1980s, in contrast to the 1960s and 1970s in other European countries. This new demand completed the shift from industrial and agricultural work to a majority focus in the service sector, which in turn opened up more opportunities for women across Europe. Finally, in the social sector, many legislative steps and policies have been introduced to achieve this.
Transition to more modern ideas of women in the region sees a divide in urban versus rural areas in the introduction of paid work leading to new attitudes and values for women.
A Piece of País Vasco
Unfortunately, American concerns shifted with the escalation of the Cold War, and hopes for the Basque movement seem to have waned for the time being (Clark. After the influx of members, the group became more violent, targeting Spanish officials or symbols of the regime. Many changes were accepted and embraced such as the use of the Basque flag and turnover of government officials.
Perhaps one of the most important outcomes was the recovery of the Basque Nationalist Party. Officials seemed more dissatisfied with the process than with much of the Constitution's content. Autonomy was not a new concept for the people of the Basque region, as they had before Franco, but the definition was adapted for the new period and clearly in the aftermath of the Franco regime.
Accusations of being a threat to the nation's peace were used to maintain unity and move forward. The autonomous communities' current powers have control over political and financial aspects of governance. It also helps to establish economic balance between different parts of the territory (Administracion.gob.es 2018).
The ability to control certain aspects of the region helped the Basque people in their transformation. In stark contrast, the restructuring of the economy and the move away from the shipbuilding and steel sectors in the 1970s and 1980s led to an increase in unemployment and emigration to the region. One of the obstacles for the Basque region is the overall small size of the companies that cause difficulties in moving on a larger, global scale and becoming more competitive.
In addition to the construction of the Guggenheim, the Basque government created a set of policies based on ICT (science, technology and industry) in order to become more industrially and economically competitive.
Data and Analysis
First, after the movement of innovation and education of the region, the enrollment of students in higher education of the region is of particular importance. It is essential to take into account that there is a high enrollment at the private universities of the region such as Deusto. A true indication of how the modernization and economic progress efforts affect the workforce and Basque working women shows the effects on the various industries of the region and the distribution of women in men in these fields.
The survey began with respondents' demographic data and continued with opinion-based questions, where a statement such as "At my job, men and women are treated fairly." The entire survey has been translated into English in Appendix A, while the frequency tables and descriptive statistics tests are presented in Appendix B. As a basis for relating the pre-split to the Basque and Spanish labor force data as a whole, the first test I a cross-tabulation was conducted to see how the survey participants fell in terms of job specialty.
The distribution of the survey's respondents in the workforce falls in line with a general principle of women in more service-based roles in education, service and the home, while the male respondents fall in line with a more business- or technically-driven field. The views on interactions in the workplace and the opinions resulting from the economic transition represent the majority of the data collected from the survey. The average scores for the two seem to show that the female respondents have generally been more satisfied with their jobs and opportunities for advancement than men.
After conducting an independent samples t-test to test the significance of the relationship, the significant value measure shows that the responses are not statistically significant. In contrast to individual work experience, women appear to perceive the overall fairness of the work environment as less equal than their male counterparts. Furthermore, the overall average score is higher, indicating a more favorable view of the environment over the individual's job and capabilities.
In this score, a higher number represents a more traditional perception of the workforce with stricter norms for women. On a positive note, none of the respondents believe the region is worse off than it was 30 years ago, suggesting significant progress. In short, the public opinion of the region coincides with the influx of women into the workforce.
Conclusion
Mainly, obtaining an adequate number of survey responses to obtain a representative sampling of the population from outside the region is difficult. With more resources, obtaining a larger sample size would create more room for conclusions in this study about different demographics and result in more information on the effects of modernization in relation to recent regional change. . While this study focuses on the Basque region, it could be replicated in other similar regions to investigate the impacts of recent modernization on society and particularly the implications for women.
It can also be used for further research in the region on modernization by further developing the survey questions and gaining a larger, representative sample size. The trends of the region and the responses of citizens are promising for the future and raise hope for even greater progress towards a modernized, egalitarian society. Dismantling the Gender System: A Theoretical Perspective on Gender Beliefs and Social Relations.” Gender & Society 18, no.
I have or have had many opportunities after obtaining my highest level of education in my preferred field. It is much better for everyone if the man is employed outside the home and the woman stays to take care of the house and family. Some people say that as a result of discrimination, women have suffered in the past and should prefer jobs and promotions.
Education Level Elementary School Some High School High School Baccalaureate Some College Bachelor's Degree Doctorate.
