NATIONAL CONTEXT
G ENERAL P OLICIES
Implementation of the Climate Change Convention (from the UNFCCC to the Paris Agreement) as the 13th goal of the SDGs addresses all aspects of the SDGs. Development and use of an information system and provision of data on vulnerability, risks and impacts of climate change.
MITIGATION
Based on the country's emission level assessment in Third National Communication (TNC), Indonesia has set an unconditional reduction target of 29% and conditional reduction target to 41% of the business as usual scenario by 2030. In the forestry sector, Indonesia has an ambitious target by 2030 in the restoration of peatlands of 2 million ha and the rehabilitation of degraded land of 12 million ha. In line with the UNFCCC guidance, Indonesia is revising the First FREL and plans to submit the 2nd FREL by the end of 2020.
As the 14th largest economy, Indonesia is one of the pioneer countries for the fossil fuel subsidy reform policy. Indonesia has set a national mandatory biodiesel policy of B20 and improve it to B30 by 2020 - ten years earlier than the 1st NDC target. Going forward, Indonesia is developing green refineries to produce various drop-in green fuels from bio-resources and partially blended with existing fuels to increase biofuel content and reduce fossil fuel consumption.
For the waste management sector, the Indonesian government has committed to developing a comprehensive strategy to improve policy and institutional capacity at the local level, improve urban wastewater management capacity and reduce landfill waste through the "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" approach , and the use of waste and waste for energy production. The Government of Indonesia is committed to further reducing emissions from the waste management sector by 2020 and beyond through comprehensive and coherent policy development, institutional strengthening, improved financial and financing mechanisms, technological innovation and socio-cultural approaches.
ADAPTATION
The main programs and strategy to achieve adaptation goals in NDC are elaborated in actions with a high national dimension, strong links with international conventions/agreements that allow Indonesia to build synergy between the implementation of the UN Paris Agreement -framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and other related treaties/. Indonesia's commitment under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Convention to Combat Land Degradation and Desertification (UNCCD), the RAMSAR Convention and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR), as well as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), were considered to have significant potential for synergy with NDC adaptation. a) Increasing protected areas under the CBD commitment is strongly linked to adaptation efforts, particularly in achieving ecosystem and landscape resilience, which will have a positive impact on economic and social resilience and resilience of livelihood.
INFORMATION TO FACILITATE CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY AND
- Q UANTIFIABLE INFORMATION ON THE REFERENCE POINT AND TIME FRAMES AND / OR
- S COPE AND COVERAGE
- P LANNING PROCESSES
- A SSUMPTIONS AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES
- F AIR AND A MBITIOUS IN THE L IGHT OF N ATIONAL C IRCUMSTANCES
- I NDONESIA ’ S NDC CONTRIBUTES TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE OBJECTIVE OF THE
16 of 2015, the Directorate-General acts as the National Focal Point for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to effectively facilitate the ongoing relevant programs and processes implemented by various government sectors and stakeholders. As climate change has local to national and international dimensions, coordination and synergy will be continuously strengthened between the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, the National Agency for Development Planning (BAPPENAS) and the Ministry of Finance in the context of climate change, national development and finance, and with the Ministry of foreign affairs in the context of climate change and international negotiations. When preparing the NDC, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were taken into account, especially regarding the adoption of urgent measures to combat climate change and its impacts, promoting food security and sustainable agriculture, achieving gender equality, ensuring the availability and sustainable management of water, access to affordable , reliable and renewable energy for all, sustainable, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, resilient infrastructure, sustainable patterns of consumption and production, conservation and sustainable use of oceans, seas and marine resources and protection, restoration and promotion of sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainable forest management , combating desertification and halting and reversing land degradation and biodiversity loss.
The path to decarbonizing the economy will be incorporated into Indonesia's long-term low greenhouse gas emission and climate-resilient development strategy. Indonesia's NDC will contribute to the achievement of the objective of the Convention, as set out in its Article 2, through its policies related to climate change, by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing resilience to climate change, leading to sustainable economic development. Climate change policies will be aligned with sustainable economic development with reduced greenhouse gas emissions and greater resilience to climate change.
Climate change policies require low-carbon and climate-resilient development supported by domestic and international resources. Indonesia is also considering working to find the peak time of national greenhouse gas emissions needed to achieve national sustainable development goals, while contributing to global efforts to combat the dangerous impacts of climate change by limiting temperature increases to 2° C and efforts to limit to 1.5 °C. .
NATIONAL REGISTRY SYSTEM AS THE BACKBONE OF TRANSPARENCY
The SRN is planned to be fully operational by 2030, with an interim goal in 2024 that the SRN will be able to provide most of the data and information needed to prepare the National Communications (Natcom) and Biennial Transparency Report (STR), in accordance with the Katowice rulebook and subsequent COP decisions on the transparency framework. Indonesia recognizes the need for significant investment to strengthen human resources and institutional capacities and technological development for the SRN to be fully functional by 2030. Therefore, Indonesia will use domestic funding and mobilize international funding sources, including opportunities under capacity-building initiatives for a mandatory transparency framework under Decision 1/CP.
MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION
F INANCE
The results of budget labeling have helped the government to identify activities in the annual budget that can deliver mitigation and adaptation results. However, many improvements need to be made so that the results of budget labeling can be used as a basis for estimating the financial needs for the implementation of the NDC. For example, in its 2nd Biennial Update Report (2nd BUR - 2018), Indonesia reported initial estimated financing needs for the period 2018-2030 of approximately USD 247 billion.
In 2019, Indonesia made another estimate of financing needs of about IDR 4.520 trillion (~ USD 322.86 billion) for the implementation of mitigation actions in the NDC roadmap. The later estimated financing needs only covered mitigating actions (actions that directly generate emission reductions, they did not include the costs for creating enabling environments). Limitations were also faced with the estimation of support needs, particularly in relation to methodological approach used to assess funding needs for mitigation and adaptation, data availability and reliability, and diverse stakeholder perceptions of NDC funding.
Despite the challenges faced by financing needs for NDC implementation, Indonesia has developed a number of innovative green finances that can positively contribute to NDC implementation, for example, green sukuk, green bonds and public-private partnership through SDGs-One Indonesia Platform. In 2018, the Treasury Department recorded the issuance of "green sukuk" totaling $2.0 billion over five years.
T ECHNOLOGY D EVELOPMENT AND T RANSFER
C APACITY B UILDING
In addition, Indonesia welcomes bilateral, regional and international cooperation in the implementation of NDCs, as recognized in Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, which promotes technology development and transfer, payment for performance, technical cooperation and access to finance in support of the facilitate and accelerate Indonesia's climate change mitigation. and adaptation efforts for a climate-resilient future. c) Fragmented data and information on capacity building and implementation programs, and hard to learn from experiences and lessons, as well as gaps and overlaps. The climate change capacity building program will be aligned with Indonesia's vision of education, which will focus on: (a) human resource development to build strength of character, (b) regulatory reform to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of capacity-building programs and activities, (c) invest more in human resource development, including revitalization of vocational education, (d) create employment and business opportunities, and (e) use of technology to make capacity building more efficient. The Climate Change Capacity Building Program and Activities is one of many approaches to address just transition and decent work challenges in mitigation and adaptation, including gender and intergenerational needs, as well as the needs of vulnerable groups.
A preliminary capacity building needs assessment was done in 2018-2019 as part of the national capacity building and technology needs assessment (CBTNA), which can be improved as part of the capacity building road map. The first instrument (General Instrument) will focus on the integration of climate change into the national system for education, training and other forms of capacity building, while the second instrument (Technical Instrument) will focus on capacity building programs for various actors in mitigation and adaptation. . The Technical Instrument specifically deals with capacity building programs for both institutions carrying out climate change capacity building and actors (state and non-state) implementing climate change mitigation and adaptation.
The Paris Agreement and its related decisions also emphasize the needs of the developing country for capacity building in the implementation of the transparency framework. Indonesia will use domestic resources and mobilize international support to increase its capacity to support the implementation of the NDC, including further developing the national system on the framework of transparency and to move forward with transformative changes in capacity building.
REVIEW AND ADJUSTMENT
The estimated annual growth rate of natural forest based on the above assumption is 0.3 tC/ha/year to 0.33, which represents the BAU rate. Climate change poses significant risks to Indonesia's natural resources, which in turn will affect the production and distribution of food, water and energy. Development and implementation of climate-adaptive technologies for sustainable production of agricultural crops and plantations.
Implementation of an integrated upstream and downstream approach in forest rehabilitation and restoration, watershed management planning and protection of terrestrial water resources. Mainstreaming/integrating climate change adaptation into forest management to support mitigation measures and increase economic resilience of communities living in/surrounding forests. Identification, development and implementation of best practices and local wisdom in the exploitation of natural forest resources.
Climate change also affects the daily lives of all Indonesians, but especially Indonesia's most vulnerable populations. Natural disasters caused by climate change will affect a greater number of people living below the poverty line, preventing the accumulation of assets. Socio-economic inequality will potentially contribute to political instability in regions most affected by climate change.
Development and implementation of appropriate mechanisms for community participation, taking into account gender participation, gender equality and gender balance and vulnerable groups (disabled, children and the elderly), and intergenerational needs.
