Sheri Poe Bernard, CCS-P, CPC, COC, is one of the nation's leading developers of medical coding curricula and reference materials. During his student years, Netter's notebook sketches attracted the attention of the medical faculty and other doctors, enabling him to increase his income by illustrating articles and textbooks.
Features of the Netter’s Surgical Coding Atlas
Netter's Atlas of Surgical Anatomy for CPT Coding (Netter's Surgical Coding Atlas) brings together annotated CPT® codes and code descriptors from the CPT® Surgery section with clinical and significant renderings by noted medical illustrator, Frank H. For this book, the CPT Surgery codes paired with corresponding Netter illustrations in a user-friendly format that includes anatomical annotations and a comprehensive glossary of medical terms.
Endovascular Repair of Descending Thoracic Aorta
CPT Code Set Nomenclature
The addition symbol indicates that the procedure represented by the code is an additive procedure and never a primary procedure. Look. .) are used as navigation warnings to direct the user to the location of an out-of-sequence code.
Using This Book
Repair, Revision, and/or Reconstruction
Glossary
The eponychium provides a seal between the skin and the nail plate at the base, while the. Because the skin is the body's first line of defense, it is often the site of injury.
Debridement
10060 Incision and drainage of abscess (eg carbuncle, suppurative hidradenitis, cutaneous or subcutaneous abscess, cyst, furuncle or paronychia); simple or single 10061 complicated or multiple.
Debridement is the removal of contaminated or damaged tissue. CPT codes 11000-11047 are used to report
General
Integumentary System
Skin, Subcutaneous, and Accessory Structures
Introduction and Removal
Catheter drainage allows for outflow of fluid from the body into a collection device. Typically, gravity facilitates
Incision and Drainage
Biopsy
Removal of Skin Tags
Shaving of Epidermal or Dermal Lesions
Paring or Cutting
11305 Shaving epidermal or dermal lesions, individual lesions, scalp, neck, arms, legs, genitals; lesion diameter 0.5 cm or less. 11310 Shaving epidermal or dermal lesions, individual lesions, face, ears, eyelids, nose, lips, mucous membrane; lesion diameter 0.5 cm or less.
Excision—Benign Lesions
Excision—Malignant Lesions
During the excision of a skin lesion, the doctor determines how much margin of healthy skin to remove based on the appearance of the lesion. The resulting defect may be closed simply or may require intermediate or complex closure, which may be reported in addition to the CPT code for the excision.
Nails
11980 Subcutaneous hormone pellet implantation (implantation of estradiol and/or testosterone pellets under the skin) 11981 Insertion, non-biodegradable drug delivery implant 11982 Removal, non-biodegradable drug delivery implant 11983 Removal with reinsertion, non-biodegradable drug.
Repair (Closure)
Repair—Simple
Pilonidal Cyst
Introduction
Chemotherapeutic lesion injection is reported with code 96405 or code 96406
Repair—Intermediate
Repair—Complex
Adjacent Tissue Transfer or Rearrangement
Skin Replacement Surgery
Surgical Preparation
15003 each additional 100 sq cm, or part thereof, or each additional 1% of the body surface of infants and children (List separately, except for the code for the primary procedure). 15101 each additional 100 sq cm, or each additional 1% of the body surface of infants and children, or part thereof (List separately from the code for the primary procedure) 15110 Epidermal autograft, trunk, arms, legs; the first 100 sq cm or.
Other Flaps and Grafts
Microvascular anastomosis is the joining of vessels less than 2 mm in diameter and performed with the aid of an
Flaps (Skin and/or Deep Tissues)
15732 Muscular, myocutaneous or fasciocutaneous flap; head and neck (eg temporalis, masseter muscle, sternocleidomastoid, levator scapulae). 15841 free muscle transplant (including grafting) 15842 free muscle flap with microsurgical technique 15845 regional muscle transfer.
Pressure Ulcers (Decubitus Ulcers)
Decubitus ulcers are localized injuries that result from pressure on the skin over time. The typical decubitus
Other Procedures
Chemical peel describes a procedure in which exfoliation is accomplished by applying therapeutically caustic agents
15946 Excision, ischial pressure ulcer, with ostectomy, in preparation for muscle or myocutaneous graft or skin graft closure. 15956 Excision, trochanteric pressure ulcer, in preparation for muscle or myocutaneous or skin graft closure;.
Burns, Local Treatment
Destruction
Destruction, Benign or Premalignant Lesions
Preferred locations for escharotomy incisions (lines shown thicker across the joints to emphasize the importance of carrying incisions over the involved joints). Escharotomy incisions for third-degree circumferential burns of lower extremities and trunk in severely burned patients FIGURE 1-6.
Mohs Micrographic Surgery
Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is a surgical technique in which repeated excisions and microscopic
Destruction, Malignant Lesions, Any Method
19282 each additional lesion, including mammographic guidance (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure). 19284 each additional lesion, including stereotactic guidance (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure).
Breast
19125 Excision of a breast lesion identified by preoperative placement of a radiological marker, open; single lesion : 19126 each additional lesion specifically identified by a preoperative radiologic marker (list separately in addition to the primary procedure code). 19271 Excision of chest wall tumor involving ribs with plastic reconstruction; without mediastinal lymphadenectomy 19272 with mediastinal lymphadenectomy.
Incision
19281 Placement of breast localization device(s) (e.g. clip, metal pellet, wire/needle, radioactive seeds), percutaneous; first lesion, including mammographic guidance. 19283 Placement of breast localization device(s) (e.g. clip, metal pellet, wire/needle, radioactive seeds), percutaneous; first lesion, including stereotactic guidance.
Excision
19086 any additional lesion, including magnetic resonance imaging instruction (List separately, except code for primary procedure). 19110 Exploration of nipples, with or without excision of a solitary lactiferous duct or a lactiferous duct papilloma 19112 Excision of lactiferous duct fistula.
Mastectomy Procedures
19307 Mastectomy, modified radical, including axillary lymph nodes, with or without pectoralis minor muscle, but excluding pectoralis major muscle.
Repair and/or Reconstruction
19367 Breast reconstruction with transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (TRAM), single pedicle, including donor site closure;. Sometimes the flap remains attached to the donor site to maintain blood flow, ie a transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (TRAM flap).
Tendons flow from muscle and secure to bone. Cartilage extends from the surface of a bone at a joint to reduce
Wound Exploration—Trauma (eg, Penetrating Gunshot, Stab Wound)
Introduction or Removal
The needle is inserted just above and lateral to the medial malleolus and medial to the extensor hallucis longus tendon. With the joint slightly flexed, the needle is inserted just distal to the radius at the ulnar edge of the extensor pollicis longus tendon (demarcation of the anatomical tobacco box).
Techniques for Aspiration of Joint Fluid
20692 Application of a multilevel (pins or wires in more than 1 level), unilateral, external fixation system (eg Ilizarov, Monticelli type). 20694 Removal, under anesthesia, of external fixation system 20696 Application of multiple (pins or wires in more than 1 level), unilateral, external fixation with stereotactic computer-aided adjustment (eg, spatial frame), including imaging; initial and subsequent alignment(s), assessment(s) and calculation(s) of adjustment schedule(s).
Replantation
20664 Application of halo, including removal, cranially, 6 or more pins placed, for osteology of thin skull (eg, pediatric patients, hydrocephalus, osteogenesis imperfecta) 20665 Removal of forceps or halo applied by another individual 20670 Removal of implant ; superficial (eg buried wire, pin or . rod) (separate procedure). 20693 Adjustment or revision of external fixation system requiring anesthesia (eg, new pin[s] or wire[s] and/or new ring[s] or rod[s]).
Head
Many muscles in the face are small and thin and do not function to move bones. The major masseter, buccinator, medial/lateral pterygoid and temporalis muscles of the head contribute to mastication, the most robust muscle function of the face.
Manipulation
Head Prosthesis
21147 3 or more pieces, movement of segment in any direction, requiring bone grafts (includes taking autografts) (eg, bilateral ungrafted alveolar cleft or multiple osteotomies). 21247 Mandibular condyle reconstruction with bone and cartilage autografts (includes grafting) (eg for hemifacial microsomia).
Fracture and/or Dislocation
21346 Open treatment of nasomaxillary complex fracture (LeFort II type); with wires and/or local fixation. 21436 complicated, multiple surgical approaches, internal fixation, with bone grafting (includes obtaining graft) 21440 Closed treatment of mandibular or maxillary alveolar.
Neck (Soft Tissues) and Thorax
As with rib fractures, sternal fractures can interfere with breathing due to pain associated with inhalation. The multi-layered muscles of the back provide support and movement to the head, neck and spine.
Back and Flank
Spine (Vertebral Column)
Osteotomy
One of the advantages of the posterior approach to the spine is the proximity of the spine to the surface of the skin. The posterior approach in spine surgery is the most common approach, and the length of the incision depends on the size of the defect and the purpose of the surgery.
Percutaneous Vertebroplasty and Vertebral Augmentation
Percutaneous Augmentation and Annuloplasty
Intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty (IDEA), also known as intradiscal electrothermal therapy (IDET),
Arthrodesis
Lateral Extracavitary Approach Technique
Anterior or Anterolateral Approach Technique
Posterior, Posterolateral or Lateral Transverse Process Technique
Spine Deformity (eg, Scoliosis, Kyphosis)
Exploration
Spinal Instrumentation
The dens articulates with the anterior arch of the atlas, providing a pivot around which the atlas and head can rotate. A blow to the top of the head can fracture the atlas (across the anterior or posterior arch; called a Jefferson fracture).
Abdomen
22857 Total disc arthroplasty (artificial disc), anterior approach, including discectomy to prepare interspace (except for decompression), single interspace, lumbar 22858 Code is out of numerical order. artificial disc), anterior approach, single gap;.
Shoulder
Sequestrectomy is the surgical removal of a sequestrum, or a fragment of bone that has separated from healthy
23670 Open treatment of shoulder dislocation, with fracture of greater humeral tuberosity, includes internal fixation, when performed. 23680 Open treatment of shoulder dislocation, with surgical or anatomical neck fracture, includes internal fixation, when performed.
Amputation
Bone grafts may be placed to fix the joint; in other cases, hardware is installed.
Disarticulation of the shoulder includes surgical removal of the entire arm, severing at the glenohumeral joint. In a
Humerus (Upper Arm) and Elbow
24635 Open treatment of Monteggia type fracture dislocation at the elbow (proximal end of ulna fracture with radial head dislocation), including internal fixation, if performed. 24685 Open treatment of ulnar fracture, proximal end (e.g. olecranon or coronoid process), including internal fixation, if performed.
Decompression fasciotomy treats compartment syndrome, a painful condition in which pressure
24615 Open treatment of acute or chronic elbow dislocation. 24620 Closed treatment of Monteggia fracture. 24665 Open treatment of fracture of the radial head or neck, including internal fixation or excision of the radial head, if performed;
Tenotomy is the surgical incision/division of a tendon
A prosthesis is an object that is placed in the body to take the role of a natural body part, eg, a joint or bone.
Tenolysis is a surgical procedure to remove adhesions that interfere with flexion of the fingers. Tenodesis is the
Anterior (palmar) view of carpal bones
Coronal section: Dorsal view
25608 Open treatment of distal radial intra-articular fracture or epiphyseal separation; with internal fixation of 2 fragments. 25660 Closed treatment of radiocarpal or intercarpal dislocation, 1 or more bones, with manipulation 25670 Open treatment of radiocarpal or intercarpal dislocation, .
Hand and Fingers
Arthrotomy is a surgical incision into a joint capsule
Fasciectomy is excision of strips of fascia, usually as a treatment to relieve pressure in the underlying muscle or
26685 Open treatment of carpometacarpal dislocation, other than thumb; includes internal fixation, if performed, of each joint. 26765 Open treatment of distal phalangeal fracture, finger or thumb, including internal fixation, if performed, each. 26770 Closed treatment of interphalangeal joint dislocation.
Pelvis and Hip Joint
Decompression fasciotomy (code 27027) is performed to relieve compartment syndrome (CS), a condition in
27130 Arthroplasty, acetabular and proximal femoral replacement (total hip replacement), with or without autograft or allograft. 27138 femoral component only, with or without allograft 27140 Osteotomy and transfer of greater trochanter of femur.
Percutaneous skeletal fixation describes pins that are inserted through the skin and into the bone fragments to
Fractures of more distal parts of the femur are reported with codes from the subsections Femur (Thigh area) and Knee joint. Disarticulation of the hip involves cutting away the femur and everything distal to the femur.
Femur (Thigh Region) and Knee Joint
This procedure may be performed as part of treatment for sacral tumor, infection, injury associated with pelvic ring fracture, or to correct a spinal deformity. In a posterior amputation, the lower extremity is excised, including the hip joint and part of the pelvis.
Biopsy, which is described using code 27323, involves tissue from above the superficial fascia and beneath
Anterior cruciate ligament Lateral condyle of femur (joint surface) Popliteus tendon Fibular collateral ligament Lateral meniscus. Lateral condyle of femur (joint surface) Popliteus tendon Fibular collateral ligament Lateral meniscus Head of fibula Medial condyle of femur (joint surface).
Closed treatment of a fracture occurs when the fracture site is not surgically opened and directly viewed. In closed
27495 Prophylactic treatment (nailing, pinning, setting, or wiring) with or without methylmethacrylate, femur 27496 Decompression fasciotomy, thigh and/or knee, 1. 27497 with debridement of invalid muscle and/or nerve 27498 fasciotomy and/or knee. , multiple.
27538 Closed treatment of intercondylar spine(s) and/or tuberosity fracture(s) of knee, with or without manipulation. 27540 Open treatment of intercondylar spine(s) and/or tuberosity fracture(s) of the knee, includes internal fixation, when performed.
Leg (Tibia and Fibula) and Ankle Joint
Deep posterior compartment Deep flexor muscles flexor digitorum longus tibialis anterior flexor hallucis longus tibial posterior a. In a fasciotomy, the skin is incised down to the fascia surrounding the compartment that is compressed.
Tenolysis is surgical removal of adhesions on a tendon
Osteoplasty is surgical modification of bone
Epiphysiodesis is the reversible surgical fusion of the epiphyseal plate to forestall growth in a child who has
27814 Open treatment of bimalleolar ankle fracture (e.g. lateral and medial malleoli, or lateral and posterior malleoli, or medial and posterior malleoli), including internal fixation, if performed. 27829 Open treatment of disruption of the distal tibiofibular joint (syndesmosis), including internal fixation, if performed. 27830 Closed treatment of the proximal tibiofibular joint.
Foot and Toes
28119 for spur, with or without plantar fascial release 28120 Partial excision (craterization, dressing, . sequestrectomy, or diaphysectomy) bone (eg, osteomyelitis or bossing); tail or calcaneus. 28315 Sesamoidectomy, first toe (separate procedure) 28320 Repair, nonunion or malunion; tarsal bones 28322 metatarsal, with or without bone graft (includes . graft receipt).
Percutaneous skeletal fixation describes the insertion of pins through the skin and into the bone fragments to
28525 Open treatment of fracture, phalanx or phalanges, except big toe, includes internal fixation when performed, each. 28615 Open treatment of tarsometatarsal joint dislocation, includes internal fixation when performed 28630 Closed treatment of metatarsophalangeal joint.
Application of Casts and Strapping
Body and Upper Extremity
Casts
Splints
Strapping—Any Age
Lower Extremity
Removal or Repair
Suction drain Coracoid process Arthroscope inserted just below posterior angle of acromion, suction drain and burr passed through cannulas via anterior incision. Anteroinferior part of the acromion removed with a power burr passed through the cannula, thus releasing the coracoacromial ligament.
Endoscopy/Arthroscopy
To reduce friction in the chest during inspiration and expiration, the lungs are coated in pleural membranes: the inner visceral pleura and the outer parietal pleura. Air is drawn in through the nose or mouth and, as it travels, is moistened and warmed in the nasal cavity.
Removal of Foreign Body
Repair
Rhinoplasty is a type of surgery that changes the appearance and functionality of the nose by changing its
Nose
The nasal cavity continues behind the nostrils above the palate and is filled with conchae (turbinates) that extend from the lateral nasal walls to the nasal septum. Paired nasal bones begin at the front bone of the forehead and end at the upper third of the nasal prominence.
Anterior nosebleeds occur in the front of the nose and typically are treated with nasal tampons and/or cautery
Posterior nose bleeds of the nasal vestibule are treated with cautery and/or an inflated balloon catheter
Accessory Sinuses
In an intranasal approach, an incision is made with direct visualization of the sinus incision site through the nostril. In an extranasal approach, an incision of the skin overlying the nostril opens the nasal cavity for direct visualization.
Endoscopy
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) may be noted when a physician uses an endoscope to access the
Larynx
Cordectomy is the surgical removal of the vocal cord
Laryngectomy is removal of the larynx, and
Arytenoidectomy is performed to treat vocal cord paralysis by enlarging the laryngeal cavity across which
Superior flap dissected up along the deep surface of the anterior facial vein and facial (external maxillary) artery, thus elevating the ramus marginalis mandibulae of the facial nerve. 31540 Laryngoscopy, direct, operative, with excision of tumor and/or stripping of vocal cords or epiglottis.
With fiber optic laryngoscopy, the doctor can view an image of the larynx with a flexible endoscope. Thyroid cartilage forms the Adam's apple and cricoid cartilage forms the inferior wall of the larynx.
Trachea and Bronchi
Fiducial markers (code 31626) are placed prior to excisional surgery or radiation therapy to mark the site(s)
The mechanical ventilator can be connected if indicated, preferably via the swivel connector to prevent unnecessary rotation of the tracheostomy tube as the patient moves. Note: The tools, implants, and/or equipment depicted in the illustration may be outdated, but the procedural approach is valid.
Bronchial Thermoplasty
Nasotracheal refers to an approach through the nose, along the pharynx to the trachea. Tracheobronchial refers
Excision, Repair
The anatomical location where the trachea branches into the right and left bronchus is known as the carina. Just as the right and left lungs differ, so do the right and left bronchus.
Lungs and Pleura
Excision/Resection
Removal
Diaphragmatic part of parietal pleura Horizontal fissure. of the right lung Oblique fissure Superior lobe Middle lobe Inferior lobe. 32506 with therapeutic wedge resection (e.g. mass or nodule), any additional resection, ipsilateral (listed separately next to the code for the primary procedure).
Pleurodesis describes instillation of an agent into the pleural space to get the visceral pleura to stick to the
32507 with diagnostic wedge resection followed by anatomic lung resection (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure). Pleurodesis describes instillation of a drug into the pleural space to get the visceral pleura to adhere to the.
Fibrinolysis is the installation of an agent into the pleural space to free up an entrapped lung
In order to determine whether a physician performed thoracentesis or thoracostomy, documentation regarding the technique used should be considered, not the size of the drain placed.
Thoracoscopy
32667 with therapeutic wedge resection (eg, mass or nodule), any additional, ipsilateral resection (List separately, except code for primary procedure). 32668 with diagnostic wedge resection followed by anatomic lung resection (List separately, except code for primary procedure).
Stereotactic Radiation Therapy
32659 with creation of pericardial window or partial resection of pericardial sac for drainage 32661 with excision of pericardial cyst, tumor or mass 32662 with removal of mediastinal cyst, tumor or mass 32663 with lobectomy (single lobe). 32670 with removal of two lobes (bilobectomy) 32671 with removal of the lung (pneumonectomy) 32672 with resection-plication for emphysematous lung. bullous or non-bullous) for lung volume reduction (LVRS), unilateral includes any pleural procedure, when performed.
Lung Transplantation
In thoracentesis, a needle or catheter is inserted into the lung to treat an abscess, hemothorax, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, or empyema. Accumulated air or fluid is removed from the pleural space by aspiration with a syringe or catheter; if removed via suction drainage, the codes from the code set are used.
Surgical Collapse Therapy; Thoracoplasty
Thoracoplasty is the surgical removal of portions of the ribs to effect change on the lungs. Pneumolysis is the
Since the job of the left ventricle is to propel blood from the heart to distant parts of the body, it is the heart ventricle with the largest and. Systolic pressure occurs when the heart contracts and diastolic pressure occurs when the heart is relaxed.
Venules pick up capillary blood and carried it to veins, which return deoxygenated blood to the heart. Veins have
- Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava
- The tricuspid valve opens, and blood drops into the right ventricle
- The pulmonary valve opens, and deoxygenated blood moves into the pulmonary artery
- Blood flows through the lungs, depositing carbon dioxide and picking up oxygen from the
- The pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood back to the left atrium
- The mitral valve opens and blood drops into the left ventricle
- The aortic valve opens, and the strong ventricular muscle pumps blood up and out into the body
Venules receive capillary blood and carry it to veins, which return deoxygenated blood to the heart. The pericardium also encloses the roots of the great vessels and the vena cavae, anchoring the heart to the thorax.
Heart and Pericardium
Pericardium
Cardiac Tumor
Transmyocardial Revascularization
Transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMR) creates channels in the arterioluminal sinusoids, connecting
Pacemaker or Implantable Defibrillator
33215 Lead repositioning of a previously implanted transvenous pacemaker or implantable defibrillator (right atrium or right ventricle). 33225 Insertion of a pacing lead, cardiac venous system, for left ventricular pacing when an implantable defibrillator or pacemaker pulse generator is inserted (eg, to upgrade to a dual-ventricle system) (Report separately next to primary procedure code).
Electrophysiologic Operative Procedures
33223 Skin pocket displacement for implantable defibrillator 33224 Pacing electrode insertion, cardiac venous system, for. 33249 Insertion or replacement of permanent implantable defibrillator system, with transvenous lead(s), single chamber or dual chamber.
Ablation along the heart’s electrical pathway is performed to reduce rhythm disorders caused by aberrant electrical
33236 Removal of permanent epicardial pacemaker and electrodes by thoracotomy; single lead system, atrial or ventricular. 33270 Placement or replacement of permanent subcutaneous implantable defibrillator system with subcutaneous electrode, including assessment of defibrillation threshold, induction of arrhythmia, assessment of sensitivity for termination of arrhythmia, and programming or reprogramming of sensing or therapeutic parameters, when performed.
Ablation can be performed using an open approach, with or without cardiopulmonary bypass, or an endoscopic
33257 Operative tissue ablation and atrial reconstruction, performed at the time of other cardiac procedures, limited (eg, modified labyrinth procedure) (List separately, except code for primary procedure). 33258 Operative tissue ablation and atrial reconstruction, performed at the time of other cardiac procedures, extensive (eg, labyrinth procedure), without cardiopulmonary bypass (List separately, except code for primary procedure).
Patient-Activated Event Recorder
33259 Operative tissue ablation and atrial reconstruction performed during other major cardiac procedures (eg, labyrinthine procedure) with cardiopulmonary bypass (List separately next to primary procedure code). 33265 Endoscopy, surgical; operative tissue ablation and atrial reconstruction, limited (eg, modified labyrinth procedure), without cardiopulmonary bypass.
Heart (Including Valves) and Great Vessels
Cardiac Valves
Aortic Valve
33367 cardiopulmonary bypass support with percutaneous peripheral arterial and venous cannula (eg, femoral vessels) (list separately in addition to primary procedure code). 33369 cardiopulmonary bypass support with central arterial and venous cannulation (eg, aorta, right atrium, pulmonary artery) (list separately in addition to primary procedure code).
Right Atrium
33368 cardiopulmonary bypass support with open peripheral arterial and venous cannulation (eg, femoral, iliac, axillary vessels) (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure). Oxygen-rich blood enters the left atrium, moves through the mitral valve into the left ventricle, and is pumped out the aortic valve into the body.
Left Atrium
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and the blood moves through the tricuspid valve to the right.
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle
Right pulmonary veins Mediastinal part of the parietal pleura (cut edge) Costal part of the parietal pleura (cut edge) Diaphragmatic part of the parietal pleura Right costo-diaphragmatic recess of the pleural cavity. Left pulmonary veins Mediastinal part of parietal pleura (cut edge) Costal part of parietal pleura (cut edge) Phrenic nerve (cut).
Mitral Valve
Tricuspid Valve
Pulmonary Valve
Other Valvular Procedures
Coronary Artery Anomalies
Congenital heart anomalies (CHAs) may be associated with coronary artery anomalies (CAAs). Code 33502 is
Right fibrous ring (of the tricuspid valve) Right fibrous trigone Atrioventricular (AV) nodal branch† Posterior interventricular branch†. Anterior crescentic cusp Right crescentic cusp Left crescentic cusp Right (coronary) crescentic cusp Left (coronary) crescentic cusp.
Venous Grafting Only for Coronary Artery Bypass
Combined Arterial-Venous Grafting for Coronary Bypass
Arterial Grafting for Coronary Artery Bypass
Coronary Endarterectomy
There are two major coronary arteries: right coronary artery (RCA) and left coronary artery (LCA). The small cardiac vein drains blood from the lateral and posterior right ventricle and the atrium.
Single Ventricle and Other Complex Cardiac Anomalies
Septal Defect
Sinus of Valsalva
Venous Anomalies
Often, a large VSD allows deoxygenated blood to flow into the left ventricle and from there into the body.
Pathophysiology
Blalock-Taussig Operation
Palliative)
Shunting Procedures
Transposition of the Great Vessels
Transposition of the great vessels (TGV) is a congenital anomaly in which oxygenated blood is routed to the
Truncus Arteriosus
Aortic Anomalies
33852 Repair of hypoplastic or interrupted aortic arch using autogenous or prosthetic material; without cardiopulmonary bypass.
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
33840 Excision of coarctation of the aorta, with or without associated patent ductus arteriosus; with direct anastomosis. Before birth, the aorta and pulmonary artery are connected by a blood vessel called the ductus arteriosus.
Endovascular Repair of Descending Thoracic Aorta
33870 Transverse arch graft, with cardiopulmonary bypass 33875 Descending thoracic aortic graft, with or without bypass 33877 Repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm with graft,.
Pulmonary Artery
Heart/Lung Transplantation
The thoracic aorta is divided into three segments: the ascending aorta (not shown), which begins at the aortic valve and continues to the arch; aortic arch; and the descending aorta, which begins at the aortic arch and continues distal to the diaphragm. The descending aorta is located on the left side of the esophagus and continues to the diaphragm where it is almost in the middle of the spine.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation or Extracorporeal Life Support Services
Cardiac Assist
Arteries and Veins
Embolectomy/Thrombectomy
Arteries, which deliver oxygen-rich blood throughout the body, contain three layers: the tunica intima, a smooth inner layer lined with endothelium; the tunica media, a muscular middle layer;. A pulse point is the place on the surface of the body where arterial pulsations can be easily palpated, that is, where a finger pressing the skin wedges the artery against the bone so that the finger can feel the rhythm of the heartbeat in the blood flow through the artery.
