In the past, the characters of the leaves have often been used in the delimitation of species. For example, leaves from parts of stems from previous seasons (woody parts) are often very different in shape from the leaves produced during the new year's growth (herbaceous parts).
NO LEAVES
START
All other characters have been used as they were in the analysis of Echino- cephalae
The two subgeneric cladograms of Montanoa can then be combined (Fig. 20) and the pattern of evolution within the genus is illustrated. The diagram shows that certain lineages within the subgenera reflect much of the parallel evolution (points).
The following list sorts Montanoa's taxa phylogenetically, and the levels at which the groups are recognized in this treatment are in parentheses next to the subordinate group. All lists of the species of Montanoa in this treatment follow this order (asterisks represent unresolved trichotomies).
M. tomentosa
It is therefore the most informative, and since the classification is natural, it is also the most predictive method.
M. echinacea
M. fragrans
M. leucantha
Anther thecae black; disc crown glandular and hairy throughout; mature pale 8-12 mm long, with distinct apical sinus. Shrub; adult pale with apex tapering, sinus absent; achenes 2-3 mm long, surface smooth; apex of style yellow; disk crown yellow.
Montanoa subgenus Montanoa
Petioles both auricular and winged towards the base; apices of disc florets, styles and anthers with black areas; ray florets 10-12 mm long; disc crowns 2.5-3.0 mm long. Three midribs of leaf branching at the base of the laminar part of the leaf, petiole wingless and without auricles; adult appeared 7.5-10.0 mm long with deep sinus (2 mm deep at the vertebral column); disc florets 20-35, 16.
- Montanoa tomentosa Cervantes in La Llave & Lexarza
Phyllaries (Fig. 31 A, B) 4—6, unisiate, sub-equal, ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-5.0 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, green to dark green, pointed tip to tip, mucronate, margin ciliate, entire, abaxial surface sparsely to densely glandular and pubescent, hairs 0.5-1.5 mm long, adaxial surface smooth. Phyllaries 6, uniform, equal, strongly reflexed at anthesis, ovate-lanceolate, 4.5-5.5 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, green, tips acute to acute, some mucronate, margin ciliate, entire, abaxial surface in essentially smooth, adaxial surface sparsely glandular. Phyflaries extremely variable (Fig. 4), 5-9, biseriate, sub-equal, reflexed in flower, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-8 mm long, 2-4 mm wide, green, tip usually rounded but occasionally pointed to acuminate and mucronate, margin ciliate, entire, dark, abaxial surface densely pubescent, hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, adaxial surface smooth.
Ray flowers 8-12; corollas white, ligules 15-30 mm long, 6-8 mm wide, adaxial surface essentially glabrous, abaxial surface moderately glandular and sparsely hairy, especially on the veins, hairs less than 0.5 mm long, tube 1.0-1 .5 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, bare. Paled at anthesis oval-triangular (Fig. 361) 4-5 mm long, 1.0 mm wide, pale yellow, apex long acuminate, indurated, yellow, abaxial surface thinly glandular and hairy, hairs 1.0 mm long, adaxial surface glabrous, ciliate edge, entire; pale when fruiting persistent, almost narrowly triangular (Fig. 32A; 36J, K), 9-12 mm long, 2.5-3.0 mm wide, indurated with prominent parallel veins, straminous, apex tapering to a slightly recurved and indurated tip, margin thin ciliate, entire, abaxial surface thinly glandular and hairy, hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, adaxial surface glabrous. Leaves variable; petioles 2.0-18.5 cm long, sometimes with auricles at the distal end, moderately hairy, hairs reddish, 0.5-1.0 mm long; leaves oval to pentagonal (Fig. 37A-G cm long, 3.0-17.5 mm wide, apex long acuminate, margin entirely to irregularly serrate, adaxial surface dark green, sparsely to moderately hairy, pustular hairs, abaxial surface pale green, moderately glandular, hairs in the axils of large veins.
Ray flowers 7-8; corollas white, ligules elliptic to inverted ovate, 20-35 mm long, 4-6 mm wide, apex truncate to 2-notched, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface sparsely glandular and pubescent, hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, tube 1.0 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, glabrous. Pale at anthesis oval-triangular (Fig. mm long, 1.5-3.0 mm wide, bright yellow, sometimes with purple on the distal half, apex long-pointed, hardened, often purple, margin ciliate, entire, abaxial surface densely glandular near center and hairy on veins, hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, adaxial surface glabrous, pale near fruit and urethra absent. Filariae 10, biseriate, subequal, mirror-like, oval, 5-9 mm long, 3 ,5-5.0 mm wide, green, apex acute, rounded or pointed, margin ciliate, entire, abaxial surface moderately pubescent, hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, axial surface moderately pubescent on distal half, hairs 0, 5 mm long.
- mm wide, smooth. Chromosome number unknown
Leaves variable; pedicels 1.5-16.0 cm long, with or without ears at the distal end, adaxial surface glabrous or sparsely to moderately glandular and pubescent, hairs 1.0 mm long; blades oval to pentagonal (Fig. 43A-I), 5-25 cm long, 3.5-28.0 cm wide, apex acute to pointed, margin. ray flowers 3-5; corollas white, ligules oblanceolate to elliptic, 17-35 mm long, 6-8 mm wide, apex acute to 2-notched, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface sparsely glandular to puberulent, tube 1.5-2.5 mm long, 0 .5-0.7 mm wide, sparsely pubescent, hairs less than 0.5 mm long. The stems are round, brown, the herbaceous parts are mostly glabrous to rarely glandular and pubescent, with hairs less than 0.5 mm long.
Ray flowers 8-15; corollas white, ligules oval-lanceolate, 12-25 mm long, 4-8 mm wide, tip acute to 2-notched, adaxial surface essentially glabrous, abaxial surface sparsely glandular and pubescent especially on veins, hairs less than 0.5 mm long , tube 0.5-1.0 mm long, 0.5-1.0 mm wide, glabrous. Pale at anthesis obtrulate to obdeltoid (Fig. 45L), 3.5-4.0 mm long, 2.0 mm wide, pale yellow with dark bands near midrib and on distal half, apex long-acuminate, yellow, hardened, margin ciliate, glandular, entire, abaxial surface densely glandular and pubescent near center, hairs 1.0 mm long, adaxial surface glabrous; pale (not fully mature) leaf next to the fruit, obtrulate (Fig. 45M), ca. 12; corollas white, ligules irregularly ovate, 10-16 cm long, 3-5 cm wide, apex acute to deeply 2-notched, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface moderately glandular and sparsely pubescent, hairs concentrated on veins, less than 0.5 mm long, tube 0.5-1.0 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, glabrous to sparsely glandular and pubescent, hairs less than 0.5 mm long.
Pale at anthesis obtrullate, 2.5 mm long, 2.0 mm wide, light yellow with dark bands on the midrib and veins, apex long acuminate, dark, indurated, edge thin ciliate, entire, abaxial and adaxial surfaces glabrous; pales when fruiting (not fully mature) deciduous, almost obdeltoid. Paled at anthesis oval to obdeltoid (Fig. 50J), 2.5-3.0 mm long, 2.0-2.5 mm wide, pale yellow with dark bands near the midrib, apex acuminate to long acuminate, yellow, indurated , ciliate edge, glandular, entire, abaxial surface densely glandular and moderately hairy, hairs concentrated on the distal half, 0.5-1.0 mm long, adaxial surface glabrous; pales in comparison. Ray flowers (Fig. 52A) 8; corollas white, ligules obovate, 14-19 mm long, 3.0-3.5 mm wide, apex acute to deeply 2-notched, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface thinly glandular, tube 1.0 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, thinly glandular, hairy.
A little-known tree from an area of high endemism in northern Colombia, Montanoa josei is easily separated from other species of the genus. Some of the more prominent features are the irregular margins that have a deep (2 mm) sinus, the grey-green leaves and involucre, reddish pubescence on the stems and petioles, and the long, thin achenes. It is a diverse group characterized by the abundant flowering branches and the drooping heads with stramineous and purple mature pales.
The species differ in the characteristics of the branching pattern, the color of the disk flowers, pale and stamens. All these species are consistently placed in the subgenus Acanthocarphae DC because they have medium-sized heads (less than 8 cm wide including rays). In this treatment, they belong to the same subgenus because they have mature fronds that are double and papery with reticulate venation and are deciduous with seeds.
The synflorescences of these nine species of shrubs are multi-headed and moderately densely clustered and, like others in this series, occasionally purple in color. Descriptions of the nine species relied heavily on leaf morphology, but also included a number of other characters, such as the width and apex of the pales.
- Montanoa atriplicifolia (Persoon) Schultz Bipontinus in Seeman, Bot. Voy
- shrub vs. vine
Peduncles \-cm long, sometimes tinged purple, moderately to densely glandular and pubescent, hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long. Filariae 5, uniform, reflexed in fruit, equal, ovate-lanceolate, bracts 3.0-3.25 mm long, 1.0-1.25 mm wide, green, apex acute, mucronate, differentially ciliate , entire, abaxial surface moderately pubescent5- hairs0. 1.0 mm long, adaxial surface glabrous. Filaments 5-6, unequal, equal, quickly recurved, ovate-lanceolate, 4-5 mm long, 1.0-1.25 mm wide, dark green, differentially ciliate, entire, abaxial surface of densely pubescent, hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, adaxial surface with a few scattered hairs.
Ray flowers 8-15, petals white, ligules lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 12-24 mm long, 3-6 mm wide, apex acute to 2-notched, adaxial surface essentially glabrous, abaxial surface moderately to densely glandular, tube 0.5 -10. mm long, 0.25 mm wide, essentially glabrous. Ray flowers 8-10; petals white, ligules elliptic-lanceolate to ovate, 13-17 mm long, 5-9 mm wide, apex rounded to 2-notched, adaxial surface essentially glabrous, abaxial surface moderately glandular, tube 1.5-2.0 mm long , 0.5- 0.75 mm wide, sparsely hairy, hairs less than 0.5 mm long. Ray flowers 10-12; petals white, ligules ovate-lanceolate, 20-30 mm long, 7-11 mm wide, apex acute to deeply 2-notched, adaxial surface sparsely glandular, tube 1.0 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, essentially glabrous.
Phyllaries variable two- to three-seriate, subequal, oval-lanceolate to lanceolate, 7-12 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, green on abaxial surface, dark on adaxial surface, apex acute to pointed, margin ciliate, entire, abaxial surface densely glandular and pubescent, hairs less than 1.0 mm long, adaxial surface sparsely glandular and pubescent on distal third of bract, hairs less than 0.5 mm long. Filariae 8-11, bi- to triseriate, non-reflexed, subequal, oval-lanceolate, imbricate (Fig. 73A), 10-12 mm long, 3.0-4.5 mm wide, green, apex acute to acuminate, mucronate, margin ciliate, entire, abaxial surface densely pubescent, hairs less than 1.0 mm long, adaxial surface glabrous. Ray florets (Fig. 73B) 12; corollas white, ligules oval to lanceolate, 18-27 mm long, 8-10 mm wide, apex acute to 2-notched, adaxial surface almost glabrous, abaxial surface sparsely glandular, tube 1.0 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, rarely glandular.
Pale obtrulate at anthesis (Fig. 73F), 2.5-3.0 mm long, 2.5-3.0 mm wide, light yellow with dark bands near midrib, apex long-acuminate, dark, hardened, margin ciliate, entire, abaxial surface densely glandular and pubescent on distal half, hairs less than 1.0 mm long, adaxial surface glabrous; pale in fruit (not fully ripe) deciduous, obturate (Figs 73G, H), 15 mm long, 8 mm wide, papery with reticulate veins, stramineous, apex with very small sinus and apex of apicule, margin ciliate, entire, abaxial surface densely glandular and sparsely pubescent, hairs less than 1.0 mm long, adaxial surface glabrous.
