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words : Design
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sponding author.
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al of Technolo
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uhammad1*, udies Magister e of Technolog ng and Policy anagement, B Shrinking Defe
root of the pr ts to reveal t hat phenomen ctor. With the lem cause and he Strategic-O e Defense Syst l consequence
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[email protected] 013.6.1.2 2089-791X.
search and Know stitut Teknologi B
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f Republic s of System
Muhammad r Program- Sc gy. Expert Sta Indonesia.
y Developmen Indonesia andung Institu ense Capabilit roblem that lie the phenomen on and the ba e Systems thin d give a holis Operational M tem Generic D es would also
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ment Vol. 6 No
c Indones ms Think
d Tasrif2 , Sri chool of Archi aff of Vice Ch t, Bandung In ute of Techno ties is only th es beneath and non’s structur asis of the cur nking analysis stic solution t Management w Dr. Ir. Muham o changing of f
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fter understa eir relationsh donesian De 09 Defens vealed that ssessed on pability. T vestigating a e structures t
o. 1 (2013): 15
sian Defen king
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be describe nctions, fun and capabi
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5-36
nse System
ning and Polic n I DPR RI, Ja hnology, Ban ng, Indonesia
eberg of Indo eep untouched ng as a system ation responsi
ch has reveal gning new str ssemination of
M.Eng and I Indonesian D
The hierarc ed asfollows nction consi ility consis
and function ability of Rep
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f its unre teresting to nal about to r is phenomen
m;
cy akarta, ndung,
onesian d. This m. The
ble for led the ructure of Prof.
Ir. Ade Defense
chy of s; role ist of st of
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ephan e just alized o be reveal non.
2. B What pheno achie In th Syste
The analy Benc The Syste Muha Muha exper resea Thesi Strate
The conse availa opera comm launc
Background t is the stru omenon? Wh eve the intend his journal em is ben
research w ytical namely
hmarking.
theories to em Generic th
ammad Tas ammad, M.
rimental sys arch finding
is research egic-Operatio
gap will equences r
able resou ation. The mander-in-ch ches an op d
ucture that h hat is the id ded capabilit the curren nchmarked
would like y the System
refer to are hat was deve srif, M.Eng
.Han based stems thinkin gs of Ade
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has created t deal structure
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nt RI Defe with the
Figure
to use t ms thinking a
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agement w
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Defence System ce: Muhammad
ded and an the tion een
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efense System their comp oblem struct e organizati dition to theo n how to re efense System
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mely operat n worsen a at need to
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row and t sources. But oted problem fense capab me from re sources all
m, which wa plete feature tures and it ion. This b ories has pro edesign the m.
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ystem loop, t, and
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eed to contro he strategic ans creating rrows). Anot orientation o he vision.
a grand st gement do nd translated management
the Arc Constitution phenomena (Huntington;
rking of
f the US De the structure
problem is too deep ins se two roots using a gra hence, a stro vision is a on with spec
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ated the y” to be exe nd. The U is the US. C the Operati cially in Ira the Gap o Operations.
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Afghanistan.
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rated deve rated holistic ram, politica m. The diplo al agenda w national coop o soUS mili the interna will mitigat erate further marked with
eption manag eption of US onal Policy r errorism in I issue is th ral economic their indust
is very goo ition.
of IED occu atrolling wit vehicle. The attacks to US
the panic an US domesti families coul owing figure defense syste he basis in t nal strategic a developmen policy and th These nation
s in decidin elopment c c issues, nam al strategy, omatic progr which will peration initi itary will h ational hum e internation r with US. Po
h the laun gement, that S public opi regarding to
Iraq and Af he economic c stimuli, U try have a
d for their m
urred when th its stand e chart 2 depi
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Figure 6. US D
nd fear both ic, people w ld be injured e 6, shows em problems.
the formulat aims which w nt of the n he new natio nal policies w
ng the natio consist of mely diploma
and econom ram will dec
generate m iatives. In or ave to com manitarian la
nal reluctanc olitical strate nching of
t influences inion about the global w fghanistan. T
c reform w US would ho higher grow macroeconom
US dard icts Iraq
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Defence System
h in were d or the . tion will new onal will onal 3 atic mic cide more rder mply aw.
ceto egy the the US war The with ope wth.
mic
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n the fields, arge have tr ding prote hicles, seem ore lethal IED
m with Solution
his also co forts to syn nstraints, esp stem of tr mmune to cu
IED ambush xplosive F MRAAP I an
w the ex MRAAP ( ncluded and entagon. The lution for lutions. B mplications
ganization, t ve to be cons he first indica S constitutio
the “st emocratic’s Hendarmin;20
cond indica curity perce forts of milit stoms, the D e Departmen hich there is
d order per ease refer to
the operation ried to solve ection in ms inadequate
D ambush.
n
orrelates wit nchronize ap pecially to th ransportation rrent and fu h or new thr Formed P nd II are alre xamination
(M-ATV) d all of thes ese contracts the midterm Before in of the st there are tw sidered.
ator is the co onal model h
tandard” A 007) and this ator which eption that tary, immigra Department o
nt of Hom the function rformed by
figure 7 and
n commande e this proble their Hum e due to mor
th the Pen ppropriate s he purchase n that is uture threats,
reats devices Penetrator.
ady underwa of the sm has just se handled b s are the str m and long
nterpreting tructure to wo indicator
onstitution m has a resemb
Architecture Consti s implicates is of na includes of ation, intellig of Foreign A me affairs (w
n of local se the police figure 8 bel
ers-in- em by mmers
re and
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s that
model.
blance e of
itution to the ational f joint gence, Affairs, within ecurity ) etc.
ow.
The Defen previ Hunti
interpretatio nse Organ
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Figur
on of a nization is
m thinkin 957, Ranad
re 7. Democrati (source:Hen
Figure 8. US
complete U based fr ng structur direksa; 20
ic Architecture ndarmin Ranadi
National Secur
US.
rom res, 007,
Cl De dra
Constitution Sc ireksa, 2007)
rity Perception
ausewitz; 1 efense Defe
awn as below
cheme
874 and the ense, which w.
e website o h then coul
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The betwe The const divid milita prepa the n funct divid marti law Huma 3.2.
This what
picture fea een military
civil domai tant nature, des into civil ary chief o are their basi national law tions as flo ded into a un ial. They obe
of war anitarian Law
Benchmar Structure is also to a
is the st
atures separ domain and in functions
the Pentag department of staff the ic unit. They ws. The m ow and tem ified combat ey to the com
including w.
rking of answer the tructure tha
F
Figure 9.
(sourc
rated functio d civil doma as stock a gon (US Do to develop a e branches y would obey military dom mporary natu
tant and a co mmand and Internatio
RI Defen 1st question at creates t
igure 10. Ri-St
US Defense Or ce: Muhammad
ons ain.
and oD) and to y to main ure, ourt the onal
nse on this
ph of no 3/2 Int Str dat fin Sy De Di are at for Op Fig
trategic- Operat
rganization d;2010)
henomenon. T UU 34/20 .7/2008, De 2009, State terviews Pr rategic Produ
ta's from bo ndings on I ystems Thin efense Syste issemination e facts show the Depa rmulated to perational
gure 10.
tion Manageme
This research 004, Preside fense Minis e Defense rimary Data
ucts. In addi ooks and in Indonesian nking Inter
m using the by Jürgen ing that a St artment of o TNI Hea
Managemen
ent
h is based on ential Regu
ter Regulati Strategy a's and RI
ition to seco nternet. From
Defense Sy rpretation o e model of V
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Defense t adquarters in nt domain.
n Law ulation on no 2007, DoD ondary m the ystem, of RI
Visual there ulated to be
n the See
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rol, Evaluate rates the m constraint
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re 12 below n by implem cted to re untability an
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.
w shows tha menting burea
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Figure 11. RI D
a phenomen control subduing hallow politi although it
at the action aucratic refo blems of ncy bureaucra
Figure 12. RI
onesia’s ma would result
is a lan,
Æ nse ate, 11 ia’s
De con civ po env Ma int
Defense System
non by the ical is
n is orm
the acy
an po wi loo no Ex con op Re Bu
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acro in
str ma
efense Syste nstraints, th vilian contro litics with vironment t acro econo ternal constr
m with Problem
d the bureau sitively with ill create an op. Howev t enough, b xecutive Pol ntrolling b posite of th eform, name ureaucracy.
vilian Control
rong econom acro econom
em with f he politics ol phenome h embargo
that also inc omics cond
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ucracy is ex h the bureauc n intended b ver, the bure because there
litical Contr bureaucracy.
he spirit of ly to the mi
my. Even th my proven to
four branche with subj enon and fo
problem.
cludes Indon dition. Then sult of integ
xpected to co cratic reform balanced fee eaucracy sol e is a reinfo rol dominati
This wil the Bureau itigate Probl
hough Indon survive the g
es of ective oreign The nesian n the gration
omply m. This dback lely is orcing
ng or ll be ucratic
em of
nesia’s global
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3,900 such with 52,00 probl comp expor while Singa billio billio the r renew rely expor Such probl are tw The f of m case secon increa small is e Indon impo
omic crisis /capita is st 0, compared
as Thailand US$ 8,700 00 respectiv lem of Indo paring of e
rt in 2008 w e Malays apore’s was on, US$ 17 on. Indones raw natural wable natura
heavily on rts and servic macroecono lem of limit
wo alternativ first alternati military expe raising it on nd one is t
ase the milit l percentage.
embargo. E nesian milita
sed by EU
in 2007- till small, i to other ASE d, Malaysia 0, US $ 15
ely. This m nesia can al export valu was only US sia’s, Tha s respectivel 74.9 billion, sian export resources al resources
value adde ces.
omics condi ted defense ves to solve ve is to raise nditure, in nly by 0.8 % to raise GD tary expendit . Another po Embargo ph ary import h and US und
Figure
8, Indonesi .p. only US EAN Countr
and Singap ,700 and U macroeconom lso be seen ue. Indonesi
S$ 141 billi ailand’s a ly, US$ 19 , US $ 23 emphasizes especially s, while oth
d or indust
ition leads to funding. Th e that proble e the percenta the Indones
% of GDP. T DP, which w ture despite olitical probl henomenon
happened 19 der the Leah
13. RI’s Archit (source: Hen
ia’s S $
ies, pore US$
mics by ia’s ion, and 95.7 5.8 on un- hers trial
o a here
em.
age sian The will the lem to 999 hy’s
La Tim wi qu con Op alr Ind gu the Th con con sys tra an sev op an org cor con nat con arc dis Se res is r
ecture Constitu ndarmin Ranad
aw following mor as the pi ith Human R uickly cripple
ntributed to peration. Ev ready ended donesia, the uarantees tha
e future.
he next fund nstraint n nstrain. It stem does n ansportation, d medical vere logistic
erations. F alysis, the ganization rrelation nstitution a tional secu nstitution is chitecture o stinctions wi ecurity sect sponsibility
responsible f
ution Scheme of direksa;2007)
g Santa Cruz innacle of In Rights violati ed the capab o the limi ven though d the 6 y
e problem t embargo w
damental pr namely int
means that not possess
telecommu systems. T and mainte From the s
implications could be theories and its im urity percep different fr of constituti
ithin RI’s C tor where for national for the nation
f RI now
z incidents in ndonesian pro ion. This em
bility of TN itation of
US already ear embarg
is there i will not reoc
oblem is in tegrated s the RI De standard we nication, log This could
enance probl systems thi s to the de
determine of demo mplication to ption of RI rom the uni ion. One o Constitution
POLRI security and nal defense.
n East oblem mbargo NI and
TNI’s y has go on is no cur in
nternal ystem efense eapon, gistics create em in inking efense with ocratic o the
I. RI versal of the
is the holds d TNI
The doma the c fundi mech imple under Presid
3.3.
The S RI D Visua could the Visio
organization ain; while the civilian dom ing and polic hanism of c ementation.
r the direc dential.
RI Model S Systems Thin Defense Sys
al Dissemina d be seen in F
Strategic M on has been
n of TNI i e Departmen main. The D cies to TNI control by This is beca ct control
Solution nking Interp stem using ation by Jürg Figure 3.11 Management, added and 2
Figure 14. RI
is the milit nt of Defense DoD gives
but there is DoD in th ause the TNI of Indones
Figure 15.
(sourc
pretation of n the model gen Strohhec
showing tha , A Strate 2 consequen
National Secur
tary e is the no heir I is sian
Th com fun adm Ch Co Th fea
RI’s Defense O ce: Muhammad
new of cker t in egic nces
hav Na Th Te Ind the nat
rity Perception
he feature mmand of nctions unde
ministrative hief of Staff ommand fun he pyramidal
ature.
Organization d,2010)
ve been a ational Goals he Vision is errain from
donesian ma e suitable Vi turally the M
of TNI i combat an er the Pangl
function h f of all bran nction of hi
l structure is
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s based on Sun Tzu’
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fense Vision fective Effici e Superiority
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f the Natio een declared
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n is formulat ough Planni ting in he executor Plan is in main. The cy ic Plan Æ ration Æ
igure 17. RI.Ne
p and Defe bute to Cont
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ational Manage
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ational Sec apability Gap e Execute S ommand Hea ystem Reform
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ion
trategic Man aluating, then be executed
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p and De k to the Ex anced Loop on of the Str mmand will ration to mi p and De m Gap will an at the U
to make a eration. This tactical pro
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blems
omain w Plan eration
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agement dom egic problem
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advantage o to have sho ideration to r mentary solut could ex rding obstac
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Secretary G egic solution.
n the B1 onal Security he Desired O he Threats rity Stabilit onal Securi egy to crea Operation
Figu
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pability Gap rol, and Eva cing Loop.
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cycle starti y Stability Æ Operation Æ
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hreats that ecurity Stabil
op or B1.
hen the cyc ational Secur tegrated De eform Progra ontrol Æ the the Operati he National lanced feedb he National
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ogram. Thi jective civili e subjective c e Operation dangered nat he next fig hinking In ubjective Con he solution
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rder that umanitarian ommandant i
termine if th not legal to
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is accompani he target of be attacked b ion, the Min an interventio
at his Dep
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start from y Æ the Na Æ the Po Objective Ci e Civilian C Threats Æ ba ability. This
. This mean Stability wi onal Integ
Political R introductio hat could mi trol which di e the threat ty stability.
ows the S of Ci uel P. Huntin e subjective
ke a negativ Transparen xecutive Po
ngton
the Interna Their ied by a law
operation is by military f nister of De on in the car
partment be ational
dback
m The ational olitical ivilian ontrol ack to is the ns that ill be grated Reform on of
itigate sturbs s that
ystem ivilian ngton.
e into ve link ncy of
olitical
ational Field wyer to s legal forces.
efense reer of ecause
there career is regulate by existing law. The Minister only provides them with a Political Policy based on the budget he has from the Parliament, but cannot the internal arrangements at his Department. The structural function should be the Minister as a Variable and the Department as a Constant.
The Objective Civilian Control could receive help and assistance from International Cooperation to strengthen the democracy and the Objective Civilian Control also triggers other fields of International Cooperation this will create a balance loop 3a (B3a). The Vision will strengthen National Security Stability and start the main feedback loop 4 or B4. This is intended to mitigate the environmental obstacles with regard Politics, International Embargo and Macroeconomy. The B4 cycle start from The National Security Stability Æ the National Integrated Development Æ the Diplomatic Campaign Æ the International Agenda Æ the International Cooperation – the Compliance to IHL Æ the Defense Cooperation Æ the Operation Æ the Threats Æ back to The National Security Stability.
This is the balanced feedback loop 4.
This explains that the provision of a conducive environment for national security stability will need specific arrangement for national integrated development to create a diplomatic campaign, and then this will followed with international agendas and from there to make better international cooperation, which will lead to compliance to IHL by Indonesia defense. This point will make better and closer defense cooperation to mitigate the embargo problem as an obstacle for the operation to mitigate threats endangering national security stability.
Objective civilian control also contributes to international cooperation to be more appealing to invite Foreign Direct Investments to come. This is because good bureaucracy will create better certainty of law and in the end make investment easier.
The B4a cycle start from National Security Stability Æ the National Integrated Development Æ the Diplomatic Campaign Æ the International Agenda Æ The
International Cooperation Æ the Foreign Direct Investment Æ the Industrial Growth Æ the Macro Economy Æ the Environment Æ the Operation Æ the Threats Æ back to The National Security Stability. This creates another balanced feedback loop. National integrated development creates the diplomatic campaign, will be participate in international agenda and then make better international cooperation. Because the Bureaucracy is better it will become easier to invite Foreign Direct Investment. This will trigger the industrial growth which is very good for the macroeconomy as the environment of the Operation to mitigate the threats that endanger to national security stability.
The Vision will strengthen national security stability and start the outer balanced feedback loop 5 or B5. This is intended to mitigate environment obstacles of the environment, especially for the macroeconomy. The B5 cycle start from The National Security Stability Æ the National Integrated Development Æ the Economic Development Æ the Foreign Direct Investment Æ the Industrial Growth Æ the Macro Economy Æ the Environment Æ the Operation Æ the Threats Æ back to The National Security Stability. This creates Balanced feedback loop 5. National integrated development will creates the Economic Development, which will lead to better International Cooperation (B4a) Foreign Direct Investment have must be invited to finance industrial growth which is constructive for macroeconomy as the environment of operation to mitigate threats endangering national security stability.
Then there is positive mutualism of educational development and industrial growth and vice versa, creating another reinforced feedback loops R2. It means that industrial growth could be sustained by educational development in terms of human resources and research, then educational development could be sustained by funding and projects for industrial research and development. With this holistic solution, it is hopefully that internal, external, short, medium term and long term problems can be solved systematically. But this restructuring
proce same to ma not, used suitab To i holist eleme
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S Defense w gure 20 below
arliament an cil).
ense y the Minis osition. The ment of Defe
managemen ible for de iament. The ed Comman
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military b is to ffs at
Military Branches. Mainly Joint Chief of Staff will prepare the military basic units of each branch.
3. The Commands.
These are the military user in Operation Management, directly under the Highest Chief. The Commands are divided into two groups:
3a. The Unified Command
When all branches join forces, they form a Unified Command and will be responsible for specific area. This is the core of military function. The Commandant of Unified Command could be from any of the branches as long as he / she has quality and capability to be a Commandant of Unified Command. The Unified Combatant could be an ad hoc or permanent Command, depend on the needs of the State. The academic theory on this originate from Von Clausewits Theory Order of Battle.
3b. The Specialized Commands
These are the Commands of specific functions that must exist permanently in the defense system.
• The Transport Command
This Command is responsible for sea-air-land transportation of military personnel, weapon and system anywhere and anytime.
• The Space Command
This Command is responsible for aerospace surveillance to support air superiority. This Command can scramble the fighter to the
nearest threats position to intercept. Another function of the Space Command is to control military telecommunications and surveillances satellites.
• The Special Operation Command This Command is responsible for Special Forces outside the jurisdiction of the Unified Command. The Special Operation Command is also the home for Peacekeeping Operation of the Republic of Indonesia and the heavy user of the Special Forces from all military branches.
4. The Military Judicial
It is directly operated under the Highest Commander independent from the interest of the Unified Command Commander or Specialized Command Commander and the Joint Chief of Staff.
It is responsible for criminal acts in the operation and violation of the National Military Law.
5. The National Security Council
This is a hybrid institution that has the function to assist the Highest Commander in making decisions. The Council consist of the Joint Chief of Staff, the Head of Intelligence, the Minister of Foreign affairs, the Secretary of States and other appointed expert staff.
B) Benchmarking the New Defense System Organization with Present Defense System Organization
Table 1. Benchmarking the Present and New Defense System
Components Present Def.Syst New Def.Syst Notes President As the Head of
Government
As the Head of State
Minister of DoD
-Policy and Budget -DoD civil institution
Administrative and Strategic P-CE -DoD hybrid institution
Present reality: a civilian Inst., but all strategic posts are occupied by military personnel
Secretary General of DoD
-Appointed by the Pres -Top of Civil-Mil Bureaucrats
-Independent Career -Top of Civil Bureaucrats
Present : the Secretary General is a military personnel
New: Career regulate by law
Continue (Table 1. Benchmarking the Present and New Defense System)
Components Present Def.Syst New Def.Syst Notes Directorate
General of DoD
-Mostly by Military Personnel
- 5 years of Orientation at most
-Civilian personnel -Administrative core and strategic thinkers - medium-long term orientation
New: besides job of administration, also formulate the strategic trends, doctrines , systems development and defense R&D
Joint Chief of Staff
-Military Personnel -Held by Panglima TNI -Top of all military
-Military personnel -Top of military Bureaucrats -Focus on Mil.Buraucracy
New:focus on the coordination Chief of Staffs of military branch into integrated administration
Unified Command
-Komando Mandala (ad hoc)
-no Unified Command
-Ad Hoc and Permanent depend
-Integration of all branches -the Commander could be from any of branch
Present: the Permanent Operation only held by each branch separately. Kodam by Army CoS, Koarmada by Navy CoS, Koopsau by AF CoS
Chiefs of Staff -Military Personnel -Command &
Administrative
-Military Personnel - Administrative
New:focus on the preparationof the basic units of their branches
Military Transport
-Separated under Kolinlamil of each branch
-Integrated Command, from all branch transport system -the Commander could be from any of branches
Present: Except the fleet of Navy in the Unified Command
Special Operation Command
- not Integrated -Integrated Special Forces, from all branch Special Forces -the Commander could be from any of branches -Peace Keeping center of ops
Presents: Special Forces are separated in each branch and respond to the command of their own CoS
Military Judicial
-Under the HQ of TNI -in case of Human Rights violation the trial will be held in the Connect-city Courts
-Independent Operation, just answer to the President - the Commandant from any branch and expert on Law -Member of Military Judge Advocate Generals could be appointed from Civilian who has been given special military ranks
Present : possibility of vested interest from TNI and the use of top down mechanism abolished the case/s
Nat. Security Council
- not Present -Hybrid Institution
-Assist and Advice President on National Security
Present: Law no 34/2004 instruction but not yet realized
C) SWOT analysis of the new organization of RI Defense System:
Strength
• Suitable with the system thinking structures of RI new Strategic – Operation Management and RI new Defense system.
• Providing the overall solution to Strategic-Operation problems.
• The full career possibility to the Staff path career and Combat path career
• An empirically robust system.
Weaknesses
• Lack of understanding and knowledge from the Parliament members as the law maker.
• Requiring holistically approaches, including political reforms and when appropriate constitutional amendment.
• Unprepared mentality of TNI high ranking officers and politician.
• The National Police position in national security.
Opportunity
• Democratic Era.
• International Agenda on
Democratization, willingness to help.
• Strengthen on Civil Society.
Threats
• The Old paradigm of military domination.
• Unwillingness of the politicians (in the scenario might be collaborating with the high ranking military officer).
• Democracy fail and back to the authoritarian system.
D) The Implications of the Benchmarking Analysis
Table 2. Implication of the Benchmarking Analysis
Issues Present Def. Syst. New Def. Syst. Notes Generals
position
-the Panglima (****) highest rank Adm- Command -the Chief of Staff (****) Adm- Command -the
PangKostrad/Kopassus /Armada/Koopsau (***)Command -the Kodam (**)Command
Administration -Joint Chief of Staff (****)
-Chief of Staff (****)
Command
Unified Command (****) Specialized Command (****)
Military Judicial (****)
Present: Command is the lower than Administration
New: Full General could be attained in the Command career
Integration Not integrated in the systems
Fully integrated system in the Command
New: an Integrated System designed by DoD
Military Domain
TNI -the Command and
Military Judicial -half part of the DoD under Joint Chief of Staff
Continue (Table 2. Implication of the Benchmarking Analysis)
Issues Present Def. Syst. New Def. Syst. Notes Mission -See end notes -To win Sea – Air – Land
Battle
-to Safeguarding the Democracy
- Defend
NationalTerritory Operation
area
TNI The Command and
Military Judicial
PACE TNI -P-CE: Department of
Defense
-A: the Command and Military Judicial
Planning, Actuating, Controlling, Evaluating
Strategic area
Department of Defense
Department of Defense Present: DoD is not in control of the implementation of the Defense Strategy Vision (long and complex) Maritime Defense Vision New: Emphasis on
strategic competitive advantage
4. Conclusion and Recommendation 4.1. Problem of RI Defense System In RI current model there is a problem in controlling gap and resources, hence the Dephan – TNI creates a strategy to overcome that and to gaining control of the situation. Nevertheless, the “unseen”
reinforcing loop of the problem which is beyond the control of Dephan – TNI still exist to create an “out of control” situation and matches in the archetype no 2 of out of control (Wolstenholme;2003). The current constitution also contributes to the fundamental flaws of the defense system due to the implication of separated functions national security by the Police and national defense by the military.
4.2. Holistically solution fr RI Defense System
In the new RI model there wills be a control of the problem, starting with the State Vision, which could create much wider, interrelated and holistic problem solving to the root of defense sector problem. In order to do so, the Constitution has to be reforme referring to Democratic Constitution Scheme (Ranadireksa;2007). The implication of the wider national security could be the best atmosphere for the new system to work better than the previously narrow understanding of national security by the Police.
Acknowledgement
Highest appreciation and gratitude to : Dr. Ir. Muhammad Tasrif, M.Eng, as Mentor that assist and guide this research.
Sri Hartati, as colleague and good cooperation in this journal.
Ir. Hendarmin Ranadireksa, for mentoring on the government system.
Dedicated to : Dr. Anggi Aulina Harahap, Dipl. Soz, the most beautiful and kind hearted woman in my life.
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