A T O L L RESEARCH B U L L E T I N N O * 2 8 0
A P R E L I M I N A R Y SURVEY OF THE VERTEBRATES OF C A B A R I T A I S L A N D , S T . MARY P A R I S H , J A M A I C A
BY
RONALD I * CROMBIE, DAVID W . STEADMAN
ANDJOHN C * BARBER
THE S M I T H S O N I A N I N S T I T U T I O N WASHINGTON, D. C., U . S . A .
DECEMBER 1 9 8 3
Yip. 1. C u t l i ~ e I n p cf C ~ b s r i t a I z l e n d . C o n t o u r 1 i r . e ~ = r ~ y r o x i m a t e l y 25'
.
A P R E L I M I N A R Y S U R V E Y OF T H E V E R T E B R A T E S OF C A B A R I T A I S L A N D , S T . MARY P A R I S H , J A M A I C A
BY
RONALD I CROMBIE, DAVID STEADMAN
ANDJOHN C. BARBER *
I n t r o d u c t i o n
J a r e i c a i s u n u s u a l m c n g C r e e t e r A n t i l l e m I s l a n d s f o r i t s p a u c i t y o f o f f s h o r e c e y s and i s l e t s . The P e d r o anc! Y o r e n t cay^ a r e 5C-1QC k r o f f t h e c o c t h c o a s t a n d c o n s e q c e n t l y t o c f e r c f f s h o r e t o show s t r o n g J s m a i c a r . i n f l u e n c e s . T h e i r f z u ~ a s , w h i l e r : o o r l y k n o m , a p p e e r d e ~ a u p e r a t e a n d c c n s i e t o f w a i f s p e c i e s , b c t h Cuben a n d Jarnaicar, i n o r i g i n . C l o s e r i n s h o r e t h e r e e r e a n u s b e r o f o t h e r low c a y s a l c n g t h e s c u t . h c o a s t , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n P o r t l a n d F i p h t . m d o f f t h e P a l i s z d o e s P e ~ i n ~ . u l a ( t h e F o r t F o y a l c a y s ) .
S e v e r a l of t h e s e islet^ v e r e d i s c u s s d 2nd t h e i r v e ~ e t e t , i o n e m s p ~ e d t:y ? , t e e r ~ ( 1 5 d @ ) , S t e e r s
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e t a l . ( l 9 . @ ) , e n d b s p r e y 2nd F ~ c b b i n s ( 1 9 5 5 ) ; t h e i r f a u n a s h a v e n e v e r beer. d c c u m e n t e d . Fven more p c r l y known a r e t h e two n o r t h s h o r e i s l e t s , Lzvy I s l e n d , c f f F o r t k n t c n i o( ~ c r t l a n d ~ ~ ? r i s h ) a n d C a l x r i t a I s l s n d , c f f P o r t Y a r i e ( s t . I ' a r y p e r i s h ) . 4.s i t s m m e i n d i c a t e s , t h e f ~ r c e r i s o c c u p i e d by a tlavy i n s t a l l a t i o n a n d t h e n a t u r a l h a b i t a t s a r e c c n s i d e r a b l y a l t e r e d . C a b s r i t e I s l a n d , h c n e v e r , i s a s t e e p s i d e d s p e c k o f l e n d o f no s r e c i a l c o m m e r c i a l i m p o r t a c e , d e s ~ i t e i t s p r c x i r n i t y t o t h e c i t y o f P o r t I . k r i a .
F;:lz:ewhere i n t h e A n t i l l e s , s a t e l l i t e i c l m d s a r e well I.:r.07,;n a s c e r . t e r s of endernism o r a s r e f u p i a from r ~ . i n l a n d h a b i t a t d e s t r u c t i ~ n
( s e e l i s t s i n 1;aclean e t a l . 1 9 7 7 , I i c n e g c e r 1 9 P 1 , 1 , a z e l l 1C,67,
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~ c : h . i . ~ ~ r t z 1 9 7 ~ ) . \ : i t h t h i s i n mind, u e s p e n t 23 k , c u r s survey in^ th,e f a u n 2 o f C e b a r i t a I s l a n d . f i l t h c u g b k:e d o n o t t c u t t h i ~ l i s t a s b e i n c s b s ~ l v t e l y c o m p l e t e , we n c n e t h e l e e s f e e l i t v a l u a b l e t o d o c c c e n t t k e e e p r e l i n i c a r y d a t a , p ~ r t i c u l a r l y con eider in^ t k e r ~ p i d i t y with. which s m n l l i n s u l e r f z u n a s c?r. be c h z n p e d o r d e s t r o y e d .
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D e p a r t m e n t o f V e r t e b r a t e Z o o l o g y , N a t i o n a l Museum o f N a t u r a l H i s t o r y S m i t h s o n i a n I n s t i t u t i o n , W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . 20560
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P r e s e n t a d d r e s s : 8 0 3 G l e n A l l e n D r i v e , B a l t i m o r e , M a r y l a n d 21229Materials & Methods
\lo l e f t F a p p e e F e a c h , P o r t I k i r i e i n a f i s h i n g din@:hy or?. 1 6 P . p r i l l @ 7 E s t ~ p ~ r o x i m a t e l y 1 CCC h c u r s . Lie c i r c u m r . ~ . v i g e t e d
C e b a r i t a I s l a r d , u h i c h i s a p ~ r o x i r n t e l y 0.6, 1:s n o r t h c f F c r t , K a r i a , a n d l a c d e d a t t h e oFe ~ ~ c e n d a b l e s l c p e on t h e s c u t h w e s t end c f t h e i s l a n d , d i r e c t l y o p p c s i t e t h e b e e c h . Le s e t c p c a r p cn t h e n o r t h , t ~ i n d w a r d s i d e i n e s e m i - c r e n a r e a bet1:een t h e e d g e o f t h e t;oods ar.d t h e s e a c l i f f . Ir. c l e o r i n g t h e camF a r e a lie e a c h c a r e f u l l y s o r t e d t h r o u g h t h e l e e f ' l i t t e r or, h a n d s a n d k n e e s , c o l l e c t i n g a n y
o r g e n i s m s f o u n d . 1-/e t h e n d i d a g e n e r a l ~ a 1 k i r . g s u r v e y o f t h e i s l a n d ; r o c k s , l o g s , a n d o t h e r grour,d c o v e r were t u r n e d , d e a d p l m f r o n d s a n d b a r k were s t r i p p e d f r c m t r e e z , c u l t i v a t e d p , l a r . t s were examined a n d t r e e h c l e s were i n e p e c t e d . T h r e e n i s t c e t s t ; e r e s e t
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t c t a l n e t h o u r s ) , two ir, t h e s c c d l m d and one e t t k e e c c t o n e betbreen t h e g ~ r d e nriot
a n d t h e f o r e s t . I . a t e r i r . t h e e f t e r n o o n ties p e n t a ~ p r o x i m a t e l y f o u r n m - h c u r c c e r e f u l l y s e ~ r c ~ i n y a d d i t i o n s 1 l i t t e r p l o t s ( 1 x 1 rn) i n a n u n d i s t u r b e d E r e a c f t h e f o r e z t a b o u t 5-1C m w e s t o f cemF. I! few h o u r s k f ' o r e d e r k vie waded 2nd swan a r c u n d t k e b a s e o f t h e i s l a n d , c o l l e c t i r g c n t h e a c c e e e i b l e s l o p s a n d s e t t i n g m i s t n e t s a t ttio s m l l s e a c e v e e n t r a n c e s . 4. l e r g e c a v e ( ~ i ~ . 6 ) was a l s o c x c r i n e d b u t n o t r e c e e o f b a t s w e r e seer. o r s c e l l e d . S e v e r a l parma1 s n e p t r a p s w e r e a l s o s e t , on h o r i z c n t a l t r e e t r u n k s i n t h e f o r e s t a n d on t b e p o u n d i n t h e ~ e r d e n . ! . f t e r d e r k , v e r e - m l k e d t h e e n t i r e p l a t e a u u s i n g h e a d l a x p t c c e e r c h f o r n o c t u r n e 1 o r g a n i s e s .
\!e r e t u r n e d t o t h e m ~ i n l e n d a t a p p r o x i a a t e l y C900 h r s on 1 7 J . p r i 1 . C o l l e c t i o n s f o r c o m p e r a t i v e m a t e r i a l on t h e m e i n l s n d w e r e mede 11-12 and 1 5 A p r i l a n d z d d i t i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n a l r e c o r d s f o r t h e z r e a were t a k e n f r o m t h e l i t e r e t u r e . Fsur.al s?,mrjles frcrr!
t h e f o u r m z j o r h a b i t a t s on C a b z r i t a ( f o r e s t , n a t u r a l c l e a r i n g s , g e r d e n , z l o r e s ) \;ere k e ~ t s e p a r a t e . P . 1 1 v e r t e b r e t e s p e c i r e r s w r e
i d e n t i f i e d a n d d e p o s i t e d a t t h e l : a t i c r , a l t ~ s e u n l o f T l a t c r a l I l i s t o r y ( U S N P I ) . I n v e r t e b r e t e m a t e r i a l was a l s o c o l l e c t e d a n d d e ~ o s i t e d a t t h e F l o r i d a S t e t e P l u s e m , U n i v e r s i t y o f F l o r i d a .
I n t h e f o l l o w i q s ~ e c i e s a c c o u n t s , we u s e c u r r e n t l y a c c e p t e d s y s t e m a t i c s : S c h w a r t z & 'I'homs ( 1 ~ 7 5 ) f o r a m p h i b i a n s s n d r e ~ t i l e s , Bond (1980) f o r m o s t b i r d s , a n d Varona ( 1 9 7 4 ) f o r n a n m a l s . S i n c e common m m e s f o r a m p h i b i a n s a n d r e p t i l e s a r e n o t s t a n d a r d i z e d , w e h a v e u s e d t h e J a m a i c a n l o c a l t e r n f i r s t f o r e a c h s p e c i e s , t h e n e n F ' n g l i s h common name i n p a r e n t h e s e s , i f one e x i s t s .
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C s b a r i t a I s l a n d ( ~ i g . 1 ) i s shown a c " C c r n l P e e f - - C u a t e r n e r y l ' on t h e 1:25@,OCC C e o l o p i c a l f:ap of J a m s i c a ( ~ e o l . S u r v e y Dept. o f J a c a i c a 1 9 5 9 ) . I t i s a s t e e p - s i d e d p l a t e a u ( ~ ' i p . 2 ) , r o u g h l y C . C 1 km
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n; a b c v e s e a l e v e l . The s o u t h w e a t s i d e o f t h e i s l a n d i s sandy and s l i g h t l y l e s s s t e e p , a f f o r d i n g a c c e s s t c t h e p l s t e a u . The v e g e t a t i o n cn t h e s l o p e c o n s i s t s o f s e a g r a p e , p a l m e t t o , f e r n s , and s c r u b b y v e g e t a t i o n . A t t h e t o p o f t h e t r a i l , t h e n a t u r a l v e g e t a t i o n h.ad been c l e a r e d and a e e r d e n had been p l a n t e d ( ~ i ~ . 3 ) . P c t i v e c l e a r i n g and b ~ r n i n g wa.s s t i l l g o i n g on and most o f t h e d e s t r u c t i c n d i d n o t l o o k more t h e n a y e a r o l d . The 1 2 y e r o f s o i l was t h i n er.d d i s t r i b u t e d i n ~ o c k e t s b u t b e a n s , c o r n , and p l a n t a i n had beer! p l a r . t e d v ~ h e r e v e r p o z s i b l e .Eeyond t h e c l e o r e d e r e a thle r e s t o f t h e p l a t e a u i s c c v e r e d m a i ~ l y w i t h a c a n o p i e d ( 8 - 1 0 ' ) hardtrocd f o r e s t ( ~ i g . 4 ) . T h i s xoodland i s )re11 shsded 2nd oFen w i t h v e r y l i t t l e u r . d e r p o v t h e x c e p t a t t h e e c o t o n e . Lea.f l i t t e r i s t h i c k , p e r t i c u l 2 r l y i n
s o l u t i o n h o l e s . Tke f c r e s t t h i n s on t k e n o r t h e a ~ t e i d e wl-.ere I t i s r e p l a c e d by a t h i c k g r c w t h o f 2 low, c;indblown, s h r u b w i t h
c c c a s i c n a l s t u ~ t e d pelmc (14ig. 5 ) . T h e r e i s a s m a l l bay or, t h i s s i d e w i t h e n o f f s h o r e p r o n c ~ t c r y , c o m e c t e d t o t h e i s l a n d by e b a r e l y i n u n d a t e d r e e f . The n o r t h and w e s t s i d e s a r e v e r t i c e l c l i f f s f o r I@-15 m , w i t h e l i g k , t l y l e s s p r e c i p i t o u s l o v e r s l c p e s t h a t s u p p c r t = p a r s e g r o w t h s o f p a l ~ s .
O c r s u r v e y o f t h e i s l a n d y i e l d e d r e c o r d s f e r t x e c t y - t w c s p e c i e s o f v e r t e b r a t e ( 2 rnarmals, 1 3 b i r d s , 5 r e p t i l e s , 2
~ r n ~ h i b i a n s ) , o s o u t l i n e d below.
AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES
Bufo rnarinus ( ~ i n n a e u s , 1 7 5 ~ ) - - ~ u l l f r o g ( K a r i n e Toad)
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C.lthough no t o a d s were found by d a y , a t l e a s t f o u r i n d i v i d u a l s ( 2 a d u l t m a l e s , 2 e d u l t f e m a l e s ) were s e e n a f t e r d e r k . A11 were i n t h e g a r d e n a r e a o r i n t h e f o r e s t i ~ m e d i a t e l y a d j e c e n t t o it b u t one i n d i v i d u a l a p p e a r e d a t o u r c a q a t a b c ~ t C4CG h o u r s on 1 7 A p r i l , i n d i c a t i n g m o b i l i t y z c r o s s t h e whole ~ l e t e a u .T h e s e t o a d s a r e n o t n a t i v e t o m a i n l a n d J a m i c a , h a v i n g been i r t r o d u c e d i n lI4rj. ( ~ c s s e It?51:425-431)
.
Undoubtedly t h e C a b a r i t e p o p u l a t . i o n was a l s o i n t e n t i o n a l l y i n t r o d u c e d , p r o b a b l y by t h eF e r s o n who p l a n t e d t h e g a r d e n . The m o t i v a t i o n f c r t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n i s unknown, b u t t h e t o a d s ' e f f i c i e n c y i n c o n t r o l l i c g i n s e c t p e s t s i s w e l l d o c w . e n t e d . T h e r e i s a l s o c o n s i d e r a b l e b e l i e f i n J e c a i c a t h a t
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E. m a r i n u s c a n c o n t r o l r a t p o p u l a t i o n s ( ~ o s s e 1851 : 4 3 1 ).
K o n e t h e l e s s . t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n c e n n o t s u s t ~ i n i t s e l f s i n c e
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F,.m a r i n u s r e q c i r e s s t e n d i n g water t o b r e e d . C a b a r i t a h a s no f r e s h
~ u r f a c e w t c r a n d a l t h o u p h s i n k h o l e s c o u l d a c c u m u l a t e p o o l s d u r i n g heevy r a i n , t h i s w a t e r wocld p e r c o l a t e away b e f o r e s e t a m o r p h c s i s c o u l d be a c h i e v e d (ZC-60 d e y s ; Zjug & Zcg 1 3 7 3 : l l )
.
Ke c o l l e c t e d one s p e c i c e n (UST,:I: 233$27), a w i c o l o r ,
k e r a t i n i z e d r a l e w i t h r . u p t i a l p a d s a c d e n l e r g e d t e s t e s . The o t h e r male e l s o had v e l l - d e v e l o ~ e d n u p t i a l p a d s b u t n e i t h e r c f t h e
f e m a l e s ~ 1 2 s o b v i o u s l y c r e v i d ( i . e . , n c s u b s t a n t i a l e g g m z s s e s were pe l F a b l e )
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E l e u t h e r o d a c y t l u s c . c u n d a l l i l'cnn, 1926--Toad
Cf t h e f o u r s p F c i e s o f F l e u t h e r c d a c t y l u s on t h e a d j a c e n t
m a i n l a n d ,
g .
c c n d a l l i m e l e a s t e x p e c t e d on C a b a r i t e . Iiowever, one c a l l of t h i s s p e c i e s was h e a r d a n h o u r a f t e r d u s k a s we c h e c k e d t h e r?et a t t h e p a r d e n l f o r e s t borcier. Po a d d i t i o n a l c a l l s were h e a r d b u t E. c u n d a l l i i s n o t a n e x t r e m e l y v o c a l s p e c i e s . The q u i e t , t w i t t e r i n g , i n s e c t - l i k e c e l l i s t y p i c a l of f r o g s o f t h e r i c o r d i i F r o u p ( ~ c h w a r t z 195P., C r c e k i e 13yr(') and o f t e n i s n o t a u d i b l e a t any d i s t a n c e .L a t e r i n t h e e v e n i n g , a 2 2 . 7 rrm z d u l t male (USI!I'~ 2]i3072) w e c o l l e c t e d a s i t s e t s i l e n t l y on a dead palm f r o n d a t t h e e d ~ e of t h e f o r e s t or! t h e w e s t s i d e , from v e r y n e a r where b;e e s t i m a t e d t h e c 2 1 1 had c o r e e a r l i e r . T h i s i s a t y p i c a l c s l l i n p , s i t e b u t t h e h a b i t a t i a sorriewhet c n u s u a l . I ' l e u t h e r o d a c t y l u s
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c . c u ~ d a l l i i s a s e r i - p r b o r e s l f r o g t h a t i s most a b u n d a n t and w i d e l y d i s t r i b c t e d i n t h e wet l i c e ~ t o n e f o r e s t ( t e r m i n o l o g y o f Asprey and P o b b i n s 135:) o f w e s t e r n and c e n t r a l J a ~ a i c e ( ~ c h w a r t z 8 F ' c s l e r 1 3 7 3 , S t e w a r t 1 3 7 7 ) . I t i s ~ o o r l y a d a p t e d t o h o t , d r y condition^ ( ~ o u g h- -
e t 2 1 . 1 9 7 7 ) , b u t i t i s f o u n d i c some C O Z S ~ E ~ Erms of d r y l i s e s t o n e s c r u b f o r e s t . . T h i s i s a p e r i p h e r a l k b i t a t , however, ar?d t h e s p e c i e s i s n o t a s ?bundar?t t h e r e .I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t e s i n g l e f r o g o r p e r h a p s s e v e r a l
i n d i v i d u a l s n e r e u ~ i n t e n t . i o n a l l y i n t r o d u c e d c n ~ l a n t s i n t h e f-arden b u t o n l y a f e v ~ m a l l banana t r e e s b:ere n o t grown fron! s e e d .
E l e u t h e r c d a c t y l u e c c n d o l l i d o e s o c c a s i o n a l l y u s e banana a x i l s f o r a d i u r n a l r e t r e a t ( S c h w a r t z & r ' c u l e r 1373 :'/3; C r o n b i e
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grahami Gray, 1134.5-Tree L i z c r d ( ~ r a h a m ' s h o l e ) F i - ~ e specimens rrere c o l l e c t e d ( 3 m a l e s and 2 f e m a l e s , USNM 233888-92), p r i m a r i l y around t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l a r e a , where i t k a s nuch more comnon t h a n A . l i n e a t o p u s merope. Only a few f e m a l e s were s e e n i n t h e f c r e z x e dart
of t h e i s l a n d .Underwood and I ! i l l i a m s ( 1 9 5 ~ : 2 9 ) corment t h a t C a b a r i t a I s l a n d g r a h a n i w r e s l i g h t l y mcre y e l l c ~ g r e e n d o r s a l l y t h a n t y p i c a l f o r t h e n o c i n a t e s u b s p e c i e s and o u r c b ~ e r v a t i o n s confirm t h i s . F o t h f e n a l e s tiere b r i g h t lemon yellobi v e n t r a l l y w i t h d u l l orange i n t h e dewlap a r e a . Cewl2ps o f c a l e s were b r i ~ h t orange w i t h f a d e d yellow s c a l e s .
T n t e r g r e d n t i o n w i t h
k .
@. aquarum o c c u r s c a . 6-7 lm e a s t o f C a b a r i t a cn t h e mainland.A n o l i s l i n e a t o u s merope Underwood L i ! i l l i a m s , 1959--Tree L,izard ( h o l e
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~ h k e a d u l t males and f i v e f e m a l e s (USF!IO! 233893-900) were c o l l e c t e d i r . t h e f o r e s t e d s e c t i o n o f t h e i s l a n d . They rrere much l e s s comnon at t h e edge o f t h e woods afid a l ~ o e t a b ~ e n t from t h e p o r t i o n t h a t had been c l e a r e d f o ? a g a r d e n .
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6 . l i n e a t o p u s was r e p l a c e d by A . grakami a t t h e e c o t o n e and mcre exposed a r e a s .Underwozd & K i l l i a s s (1959) r e p o r t e d
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A .-
1. merope from C a b a r i t t a ( s i c ) I s l a n d and commented t h a t meles from t h e i s l a n d heve "a s t r o n g orange c e n t e r t o t h e t h r o a t f a n i n c o n t r a s t t c t h e n o r e icestern specimens."
I n o u r t h r e e m a l e s , b o t h USKK 233893 and 233885 had v e r y r a l e y e l l o w dewlaps w i t h a c o n c e n t r a t e d b r i g h t yellcw-orange c e n t r p l b l o t c h . UShp: 2:.3894, however, hed a f a i n t , d i f f u s e smudge of orange i n t h e n i d d l e of t h e dewlap. Females had b r i q h t orange c h i n s and u n d e r s i d e s of t a i l s .A n o l i s 1.
--
merope o c c u r e a l o n g t h e n o r t h c o a s t of Jamaica frcm Fanover ~ a r i T h t o ~ a s t e r n S a i n t !~!cry p a r i s h , a l m o s t i ~ v a r i a b l y i n c o a s t a l z r e e s b u t e x t e n d i n g i n l a n d a l o n g t h e Bag k a t e r F i v e r d r a i n a g e .IJnderwood 8. I i i l l i a m s (15:5~):57) f e l t t h a t t h i s s p e c i e s was c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of exposed d r y c o a s t a l a r e a s b u t t h e C a b a r i t a I s l a n d
~ c p u l a t i o n d e f i n i t e l y p r e f e r r e d t h e shaded, i n t e r i o r of t h e i s l a n d . A r i s t e l l i g e r p r a e s i g n i s (l!allowell, 1856)--croaking L i z a r d
These l a r g e geckos viere found p r i m a r i l y i n t h e f o r e s t e d p a r t c f t h e i ~ l a n d . Cne l a r g e a d d t a a l e , f o u r f e m a l e s , one s u b a d u l t and one j u v e n i l e were c o l l e c t e d (USKF 2 3 3 ~ 7 3 - 7 9 ) ; two of t h e
f e m a l e s were g r z v i d b u t nc e g g s were found. Yost i n d i v i d u a l s were fcund u n d e r berk on dead t r e e s b u t t h e one l a r g e male was found u n d e r a l a r g e f l a t l i n e s t o n e s l a b i n an open a r e a a t t h e t o p of t h e bay s l o p e on t h e s o u t h e a s t . promontory.
Althcugh k . p r a e s i g n i s i s normally a v e r y v o c a l s p e c i e s , w e h e a r d no c a l l s - a t dusk o r a f t e r d a r k . S e v e r a l i n d i v i d u a l s were observed emerging from t r e e h c l e s a t dusk b u t t h e y moved toward t h e t c p s o f t h e t r e e s ~ i t h o u t v o c a l i z i n g .
S p h a e r o d a c t y l u s a r g u s a r g u s Gosse, 1850--Pawli L i z a r d
T h i s s p e c i e s waz o n l y s e e n on t h e s t e e p s l o p e s o f t h e i s l a n d , vrhere two i n d i v i d u a l s (USE..!'! 233660-8.1) were c o l l e c t e d u n d e r
l i m e s t o n e r u b b l e and palm t r a s h . Eoth were s t r o n g l y s p o t t e d w i t h
t h e o c e l l i i r r e g u l a r l y z r r a n g e d ( s e e 'i'hones, 1 9 7 5 ) . C e v e r a l h a t c h e d e g g s h e l l s were f o u n d b u t n e i t h e r o f o u r s p e c i ~ e n s was r e p r o d u c t i v e l y e c t i v e .
A l t h o u g h E. e r @ s i s e n e c o l o y i c a l g e n e r a l i s t and i s e b u n d a n t i n v i r t u a l l y a i l a v a i l a b l e h a b i t e t s on t h e m a i n l e n d , it was e b s e n t from t h e p l a t e a u o f C a b a r i t a . E x t e n s i v e c o l l e c t i n g i n t h e f o r e s t and tk-;e c l e a r e d a r e a s y i e l d e d o n l y S ~ h a e r o d e c t y l u s SF.
S p h a e r o d a c t y l u s s p .--Pawli L i z e r d
' T h i s i s a new s p e c i e s o f t h e g o n i o r h y n c h u s g r o u p , c u r r e n t l y u n d e r stud.y by R i c h a r d Thomes. I t i s a b u ~ d a n t i n t h e f o r e s t e d p e r t o f t h e i s l a n d , b u t i s a p p z r e n t l y a b s e n t from d i s t u r b e d a r e a s a n d t h e d r y , s t e e p s l o p e s . kie c o l l e c t e d 6 s p e c i m e n s (usKI*: 233882-87).
They k;ere a c t i v e i r , t h e l e a f l i t t e r d u r i n g t k e day end c o u l d a l s o b e f c u n d u n d e r s m a l l r o c k s i n l e a f l i t t e r . One i n d i v i d u a l was s e e n u n d e r a l a r g e r o c k n e a r t h e e d g e o f t h e f o r e s t b u t it e s c a p e d down a l a n d c r a b h o l e , c l o s e l y f c l l o n e d by t h e c r a b . S e v e r a l c o n r u n a l n e s t s (30-40 h a t c h e d e g g s h e l l s ) were f o u n d i n s i d e r o t t e n l o g s b u t no v i a b l e e g g s were s e e n , n o r w r e e c y o f t h e c o l l e c t e d s p e c i m e n s g r a v i d .
Or. t k e m a i n l a ~ d , t h i s s p e c i e s i s k;idely d i s t r i b u t e d i n
p r i m a r i l y c o a s t a l e r e a s . A l t h o u g h most o f t h e l o c a l i t i e s where i t h a s Ceec c o l l e c t e d 2 r e x e r i c , t h e l i z a r d s occupy t h e most m o i s t m i c r o h a b i t e t s w i t h i n t h e a r e a .
EIRDS
P h a e t h o n l e p t u r u s Daudin, 1P02--G!hite-teiled T r c p i c b i r d
One i n d i v i d u a l was seer. a t 11CC -on 1 6 A p r i l , f l y i n g on t h e s o u t h and blest s i d e s o f t h e i s l a n d .
F r e g a t a m a g n i f i c e n s i - k t h e w s , 1914--Mzgnif i c e n t F r i g a t e b i r d
Cne e d u l t male k:as s e e n s t 0900 on 1 7 A ~ r i l , s o a r i n g d i r e c t l y o v e r tGe i s l a n d .
N y c t a n a s s a v i o l a c e a ( L i n n n e u s , 17513)--yellow-crowned I l i g h t Heron F i f t e e n i n d i v i d u a l s , a t l e a s t tb:elve of which were e d u l t s , r o c s t e d d u r i n g t h e d a y i n t h e t r e e s on t h e s t e e p s l o p e s o f t h e s o u t h w e s t c o r n e r o f t h e i s l a n d . They were h e a r d o f t e n t h r o u g h o u t t h e n i g h t on 16-17 d p r i l .
C a t h a r t e s
-
a u r a ( L i m a e u s , 1 7 5 ~ ) - - T u r k e y V u l t u r eGne t o f i v e i n d i v i d u a l s were u s u a l l y i n e v i d e n c e b o t h d a y s , s o a r i n p a b o v e t h e i s l a n d t h r o u g h o u t t h e d a y . On 1 7 A p r i l C r c o b i e f o u n d a n e s t w i t h a c l u t c h o f two e p g s b e i n g i n c u b a t e d by a n a d u l t . The n e s t , a t a n e l e v a t i o n o f 8 r n , was on t b e soutk-. s i d e o f t h e i s l a n d , on a p r o t e c t e d l e d g e o f tk.e s t e e p s l c p e . I t was a c i r c u l a r d e p r e s s i o n ( 2 5 crn i n d i a n e t e r ) i n l e a f l i t t e r , c o n t a i n i n g no
f o r e i g n r a t e r i a l o t h e r t h e n s e v e r a l o f t h e a d u l t s ' f e a t h e r s . The a d u l t r e m a i n e d n e a r b y d u r i n g t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e n e s t , which was p h o t o g r a p h e d by E a r b e r .
F a l c o p e r e g r i n u s Y u n s t ? l l , 1771 --Peret;rine bolcor.
(:re i n d i v i d u ~ l I.;RE s e e n f1yir.g b e t t ~ e e n tk e i s l a n c ? 2nd t h e
~ z i n l z n d e t l I c O on 16 A p r i l . Frcm i t s s i z e and c o l o r c f t h e b a c k , i t t.:as p r o b s b l y e n a d u l t c a l e .
S t e r n a maxima r o d d a e r t , 1733--Rcynl l e r n
--
Cjne i n d i v i d u e l was seer! f l y i n g between t h e i s l a n d and t h e o a i n l a n d a t W C C on 17 j p r i l .Colurnba l e u c o c e p h a l a L i n n a e u s , I75F--I!bi te-crowned Pigeon
Tvc i n d i v i d u a l z were s e e n f l y i n p a c r o s s t t e z . p r i c u l t u r a 1 e r e a t h e rnorninty o f 1 7 A p r i l . Yc v o c , ? l i z a t i o r . s were h a r d .
Zenaida n a c r o u r a ( ~ ~ i n n a e c s , 1 7 5 ~ ) - - ! ' o c r r . i n p Dove
Three d i f f e r e n t i r d i v i d u a l s were c a l l i n p s i m u l t e n e ~ u s l y on k c t h d:ys, one n e e r t k e e e c t - n o r t h e a e t s i d e o f t h e i s l a n d , one n e e r t h e went e d ~ e o f t h e i s l a n d , and cne i n t h e c e n t r a l o r s o u t h
c e n t r ~ l p r t of t h e i ~ l s n d . The f o r n e r t v o v e r e i n t k e cenoE;y of u n d i s t u r b e d f o r e s t , ol-.ere22 t h e l e t t e r r a y have been i n o r n e a r t h e
~ i l r i c u l t u r ~ l e r e a
.
L a c k ( 1 ~;'76,: 21 9 ) r ~ c c r d s t h i e s p e c i e s i n Jamzica o n l y from t h e r e l a t i v e l y s r i d s o u t h e r n c o a s t n l a r e e . k,e d i d n e t f i n d-
7,. rnecrou-a anywhere e l s e cn t k e n ~ r t h e r n c c e s t o f J m ~ i c a . Zenaida a u r i t a ( ~ e r x i n c k , 1 EI '2)- enai aide r c v eTwc d i f f e r e n t i n d i v i d u a l s were c a l l i n g ~ i r r , u l t s n e o u s l y cn b o t k d a y s , one n e a r t k e e a s t edge and t h e o t h e r n e a r t h e s o u t h w e s t edge
0 1 t h e i ~ l a n d . I:oth m r e i n o r n e a r t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l a r e a . TKC i n d i v i d u a l s were s e e n i n t k e a g r i c u l t u r a l a r e a a t C7jC on 1 7 4 . p r i l . Hirundo r u s t i c a LAnnaecs, 1755--Parn Ewelloa
Twc i n d i v i d u a l s a t 1200 on 16 A p r i l and t h r e e i n d i v i d u a l s on Ir{ A p r i l \:ere s e e n f l y i n g o v e r t h e i s l a n d . Tn b o t h c a s e s t h e y \;ere feedin[: b:ith l a r g e r n u n b e r e o f 1:irundo f u l v a .
Hirundo f u l v a V i e l l c t
,
1 UC7--Ceve Swa l l o t iL y p r o x i r a t . e l y 5 C i n d i v i d u a l s r o c s t e d a ~ d ~ e s t e d i n a s e a c a v e cn t h e s o u t h w e s t s i d e o f t h e i n l a n d ( r i g .
c ) ) .
The c s v e ' s o p e n i n g1.:es L! rc kiyl-,, 2nd z ~ ~ r c x i r c a t e l y
6.
m bzide, w i t h e maximum d e p t h o f e b c u t6
rr. ;.'eny c u p l i k e svd n e s t s were a t t a c h e d t o t h e c e i l i n g enc! b ~ e l l s . P l t h o u g h two n e s t s a t l c ~ e r h e i g h t s i n t h e c a v ec o n t a i n e d nc e g g s o r y c u ~ g k i r d s , o u r p r e s e n c e i n t k c a v e f l u s h e d a b o u t 25 i n d i v i d u e l s f r c a t h e i r n e s t s , s u c g e s t i n g n e s t i n g a c t i v i t y . Ccve ,C'b:allor:s f o r ~ g e d 2bou+, t h e i s l a n d and s u r r o u n d i n g r5:ater
t h - o u g h o u t b o t h d a y s .
V i r e o a l t i l o q u G s ( ~ i e l l c t , I ~ C C ) - - P . l a c k - w h i s k e r e d V i r e o
h e i n d i v i d u a l tras h e a r c s i n y i n ~ , b u t w s n o t s e e n , on ti-.e r o r t h e s ~ t z i d e o f t h e i s l a n d a t 13CO c c 16, 4 , p r i l a d e t 0720 on 1 7 ! . p r i l .
K n i o t i l t a v a r i a ( ~ i n n c e c s
,
1766)- lack-end-llni t e I l a r b l e rCnc i n d i v i d u a l was t a k e n i n e m i s t n e t i n t h e f o r e s t n e z r t h e c e n t e r o f t h e i e l e n d a t O 9 C O on 1 7 L p r i l . i t was p r e s e r v e d a s a s k e l e t o n , UStT! 553107, m l e , n o t q u i t e i n f u l l
breed in^
plcmage, l e f t t e s t i s 5x3 m , f n t m o d e m t e .MANPIALS
Glossophaga s o r i c i n a a n t i l l a r u m Fehn, 1902--1;ectar F e e d i n g E a t S i x p r e g n a n t f e a a l e s ( W f Y 534F.67-92) t:ere n e t t e d , f i v e a t t h e e d g e o f t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l e r e s , and t h e o t h e r w i t h i n t h e f o r e s t . R a t t u s c f . r a t t u s ( L i n n e e u s , 175e)- lack Re t
F a t s were e x t r e n e l y e b u n d a n t on t k e i s l a n d , b u t we Mere u n s u c c e s s f u l i n t r z p p i n g m y . k t t r a p s , e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e s e t on t r e e l i n b s o r o r h o r i ~ o n t a l t r u n k s , were s p r u n g d u r i n g t h e e v e n i n g b u t t h e r o d e n t s e s c a p e d , o f t e n l e a v i n ~ t u f t s o f h a i r .
K o c t u r n a l s u r v e y s r e v e a l e d d o z e n s o f . r e t s , u s u a l l y i n t h e canopy o f t h e f o r e s t b u t s e v e r a l were s e e n n e a r t h e c o r d e n
c lot.
Throughout t h e n i g h t , o u r b o d i e s and g e a r were s u b j e c t e d t o i c t e ~ s e i ~ v e s t i g 2 . t i o n by a d u l t a n d j u v e n i l e r a t s .
D I S C U S S I O N AKD SUMFIARY
L'ith t h e p o s s i b l e e x c e p t i o n s c f P n o l i s
8.
~ r a h s m i and Z e n z i d e m a c r o c r a , t h e v e r t e b r a t e f a u n a o f C a t a r i t e I s l a n d i s a d e p a u r e r a t c s c b s e t o f t h a t found on t h e i m m e d i a t e l y a d j s c e n t m a i n l a ~ d , ti i t h no i n d i c a t i o n s o f endemism o r d i f f e r e n t i s t i o ~ . k o l i e g r a h a ~ i o n C a b a r i t a differ^. s l i g h t l y ir? c o l o r a t i o n from t h o s e on t h e a d j a c e n t p a i n l a n d , b u t t h i ~ i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y d c e t o e v o l u t i c n i n s i t u ( s e e b e l o w ) . 7 e n a i d a ti-.acroura i s k n c m o n l y from t h e a r i d p o r t i o r s o f s o u t h e r n J a m a i c a b u t it may be becominp c o r e w i d e s p r e e d a s h a b i t a t s a r e opened up.The f a u n z of C a b a r i t a I s l a n d c o n s i s t s of form= t h a t a r r i v e d by n a t u r a l means and zone t h a t r e c e i v e d kumen e s s i s t a n c e , i n t e n t i o n a l o r o t h e r w i s e . The t o a d s and r a t s a r e u n d o c b t e d l y t h e r e s u l t o f human i n t r o d u c t i o n . The r a t s ney have been a c c i d e n t a l l y b r o u g h t t o t h e i s l a n d on s h i p s t h a t docked i c P o r t K e r i a h a r b o c r , e i t h e r
r e c e n t l y o r w i t h e a r l y ) n t i l l e a n e x p l o r e r s . The t o a d s , however, a r e a r e c e n t , i n t e n t i o n e l i n t r o d u c t i o n . The o t h e r f r c g ( ~ l e u t h - e r c d o c t y l u s c u n d a l l i ) may a l s o have been a n i n t r o d u c t i c n ; i f s o , it was a c c i d e n t a l l y b r o u g h t c v e r from t h e m a i n l a n d , p r o b s b l y on a g r i c u l t u r a l r a t e r i a l . S i n c e E l e u t h e r o d a c t y l u s a r e t o o s m a l l t o b e o f commercial i m p o r t a n c e , most i ~ t e n ~ i o n a l K e s t I n d i a n i n t r o -
d u c t i o n s o f t h e g e n u s i n v o l v e s s p e c i e s w i t h a n a e s t h e t i c a l l y
p l e s s i n g c a l l . These " w h i s t l i n g
frees" ,
"bo p e e p s t ' , o r " c o q ~ i ~ "have been t r a n s p o r t e d t o s e v e r a l A n t i l l e a n island^ here t h e y s r e n o t n a t i v e . F l e u t h e r o d a c t y l u s c u n d e l l i h a s a q u i e t , i n s e c t - l i k e c a l l t k z t few p e o p l e would f i n d a e s t h e t i c a n d , c o n s i d e r i n g t h a t nobody r e s i d e s on C a b e r i t a ,
g.
c u n d a l l i i s a n u n l i k e l y c a n d i d a t e f o r i n t e n t i o n e l i n t r o d u c t i o n .E l i m i n a t i n g t h e s e " n o n - n a t u r a l " e l e m e n t s o f t h e f a u n z , t h e prchlem r e m a i n s a s t o hob: t h e o t h e r 19-20 s p e c i e s a r r i v e d on t h e i e l a n d . T h i s i s s i m p l y e x p k i n e d f o r t h e v c l a n t f o r m s ( b i r d s and b a t s ) , g i v e n t h e s k o r t d i s t a n c e ( a p ~ r o x i m e t e l y C.6 km) t o t h e m a i n l a n d . I n f a c t , r a n y o f t h e b i r d s and t h e b a t r a y c o t be
permanent r e s i d e n t s on t h e i s l a n d . I t s s m a l l s i z e and l i m i t e d f o o d r e s o u r c e s v o u l d make it d i f f i c u l t f o r C a l x r i t a t o s u p p o r t a n y t k i n g
more t h a n v e r y m z l l p o p u l a t i o n s . was) ~ c m e w h a t d i f f i c u l t of a c c e s s , from h u n a n - r e l a t e d d i s t u r b a n c e s on t h e h e r c n r o o s t and v u l t c r e n e s t .
l!o s p e c i e s o f b i r d endemic t o
However, s i n c e t h e i s l a n d i s ( o r it may have o f f e r e d e r e f u g e t h e mainland, t h e r e b y e x p l a i n i n g J a r a i c a wes found cn C a b a r i t a ; t h e t h i r t e e n s p e c i e s ve r e c o r d e d a r e a 1 1 widespread i n t h e ~ r e a t e r A n t i l l e a n r e g i o n . Two s p e c i e s ( ~ a t h a r t e s aurti a n a Hirundo f u l v a ) d e f i n i t e l y n e s t on C a b a r i t a and f o u r s p e c i e s d e f i n i t e l y do n o t ( ~ a l c o p e r e g r i n u s , F i r u n d o r u s t i c a , ) h i o t i l t a v a r i a a r e m i g r a n t s ; s u i t a b l e h a b i t a t i s l a c k i n g f o r S t e r n a maxima). Ve found no n e s t s of Kyctanassa v i o l a c e a b u t t h e i r - r o o s t i n g a r e a c o n t a i n e d p o s s i b l e n e s t i n g s i t e s . Pk.aethon l e p t c r u s n e s t s on c l i f f s f a c i n g t h e s e a and F r e g a t a m a g n i f i c e n s on low t r e e s n e a r t h e w a t e r ' s e d g e ,
h a b i t a t s found i n abundance on C a b e r i t a .
-
F. m a g n i f i c e n s u s u ~ l l y n e s t s i n c o n s ~ i c u o u s c o l o n i e s and. h-e found no t r a c e s of them. The remaining f o u r s p e c i e s ( ~ o l m b a l e u c c c e p h a l a , Zenaida macroura,I,.
a u r i t a , Vireo a l t i l o q u u s ' > ~ l l " l a n d birds1'-fined by Lack, 1976) and l i m i t e d s u i t a b l e h a b i t a t f o r e a c h i s p r e s e n t on C a b e r i t a . I t i s n o t ~ c r p r i s i n g t h a t t h i s group c o n t a i n s t h r e e s p e c i e s o f cclumbids, which a r e kr,own t o be wanderers and good c o l o n i z e r s . The c l e a r e d a g r i c u l t u r a l e r e a may be p a r t i a l l y o r wholly
r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e two e r a l l e r c o l u c b i d s , Zenaida n e c r o u r a and
-
Z.a c r i t a , which f e e d s o l e l y on t h e ground ( ~ e c k 1 ~ 7 6 : - m i r e o a l t i l o q u u s o c c u r s i n a wide v a r i e t y of h a b i t z t s . The p r e s e n c e of Nirundo f u l v a i s e x p l a i n e d by t h e e x i s t e n c e of t h e cave and i s l a r g e l y o r c o m p l e t e l y i n d e p e n d e n t of t h e i s l a n d ' s f l o r a .
C o l o n i z a t i o n of t h e i s l a n d by n o n v o l e n t forms i s somewhat more p r o b l e m a t i c a l , s i n c e t h e dominant wind and c u r r e n t p a t t e r n s a r e from t h e n o r t h e a s t ( i . e . , from t h e i s l a n d towards t h e m a i n l a n d ) , making r a f t i n g d i f f i c c l t u n d e r normal c o n d i t i o n s . Storms c o u l d have b r o u g h t t h e o r i g i n a l p r o p a g u l e s t o t h e i s l a n d s i n c e many s t o r n t r a c k s i n r e c o r d e d t i m e s have been from t h e s o u t h e a s t towards t h e n o r t h w e s t . H u r r i c a n e s ~ r c c e e d i n g a c r o s s t h e i s l a n d ir. t h a t
d i r e c t i o n could e a s i l y have d r i v e n t r e e s , l o g s o r d r i f t w o o d c o n t a i n i n g a d u l t s e n d / o r e g g s of any o f t h e l i z a r d s a c r o s s t h e narrow c h a n n e l from t h e mainland t o C a b a r i t a . An e q u e l l y s i n i l a r s c e n a r i o c o u l d r e e u l t i n c o l c n i z a t i o n from f a r t h e r e a s t - ( i . e . , P o r t l a n d p a r i s h ) . Storms w o u l d s w e l l t h e s t r e a m s i n t h e E l c e I,'cuntains, c a u s i n g a r i s e i n t h e l e v e l of t h e many r i v e r s t h a t d r a i r . t h e n o r t h e a s t c o e d ( p i c Crande, Wee b!&ter, S s i f t , S p a n i s h , and Puff Fay ~ i v e r s )
.
F l o a t i n g i s l a n d s of v e g e t ~ t i o n o f t e n r e s u l t u n d e r s u c h c o n d i t i o n sst in^
1962) and v e r t e b r a t e s can be c a r r i e d a l o n g on t h e s e r a f t s . Upon r e a c h i n g t h e c o a s t , current.^ ~ o u l d c a r r y t h e i s l a n d s t i e s t o r n o r t h w e s t and t h o s e t h a t were pushed c l o s e t o t h e c o a s t would be c a u g h t i n t h e n a t c r a l t r a p of P o r t Y a r i a Pay and C a b e r i t a I s l a n d . Thie could e x 2 l ~ i n t h e a p p a r e n t( s l i g h t ) t r e n d o f C a b a r i t a k n o l i s p r e h a n i t o u e r d s t h e e a s t e r n s u b s p e c i e s ,
A. E .
aquarvm, h7hen t h e ~ l d j z c e n t mainland i , r p u r eP_.
&.p r a hami.
S.phaerodactylus SF., A r i s t e l l i g e r p r a e s i g n i s , and b o t h s p e c i e s o f A n o l i s a p p e a r t o have been r e s i d e n t on C a b a r i t a f o r some t i n e ,
~ i n c e t k e y occupy t h e more " n a t u r a l " h a b i t a t s and have r e l a t i v e l y
d e n s e p o p u l z t i o n s . S. a r g u s , however, seer.: t o be a r e c e n t , a n d p r o b a b l y n a t u r a l , a r k v a l . I t s p e r i p h e r a l , s p a r s e d i s t r i b u t i o n on t h e s l o p e s o f C a b a r i t a and t h e l a c k o f even s l i g h t d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n from m a i n l a n d p o p u l a t i o n s makes it a v e r y l i k e l y r e c e n t a d v e n t i v e . S i n c e
2.
a r g u e h a s a c s l c a r e o u s egg t h a t i s r e l e t i v e l y i m p e r v i o u s t o Eea ~ q e t e r and i t i s found commonly i n d r i f t w o o d o f t h e s u p r a - t i d e 1 z o ~ e i n P o r t P I a r i s , i t i s h a r d t o i m a g i n e t h a t t h e s p e c i e s would riot h v e reacher? t h e i s l a n d .-
Although a g r e e t d e a l o f d i s t r i b u t i o n a l d a t a on F e s t I n d i c n v e r t e b r a t e s h a s been a c c u m u l a t e d i n r e c e n t y e a r s , much s t i l l n e e d s t o b e done and l i t t l e t i n e r e m a i n s t o do i t . The b u r g e c n i n g humzn p o p u l a t i o n s of Kest I n d i a n i s l a n d s and t h e i r e f f o r t s t o become e c o n o r . i c a l l y s e l f - s u f f i c i e ~ t have p u t a p i n e i m p o r t a n c e on z p a c e f o r d e v e l o p m e n t . E n t i r e i s l a n d s 2nd t h e i r f a u n a s can b e e r a s e d i n a s p a n o f months; t h e Eogue I s l a n d s o f f Piorhego Eay a r e a good example. S i n c e e v e r y p i e c e o f t h e p u z z l e i s i m . p o r t a n t i n
d e t e r m i n i n g t h e o v e r a l l i f i t i l l e m z o o g e o g r e ~ h i c ~ i c t u r e , we c a n n o t a f f o r d t o l o s e even m a l l p i e c e s l i k e C a h a r i t a I s l e n d w i t h o u t documenting i t s f z u n a .
I
ACKROWLEDGMENTSI
T h i s p e p e r i s p a r t c f a l e r g e r p r o j e c t on t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n c f f o s s i l a n d e x t s n t h t i l l e a n v e r t e b r z t e s . Funding f c r e a r l y
e x p l o r a t c r y work was p r o v i d e d by an Arnerican P h i l o s o p h i c a l S c c i e t y C-rapt ( n c .
6027,
P e n r o s e ~ ' u n d ) t c PIC. Cur v o r k on t h e J a r a i c a n c o a s t , e s t u a r i e s and o f f s h c r e c a y s was f a c i l i t a t e d by f u n d s from E p r e l i m i n a r y s u r v e y c f K e s t I n d i a n m a n a t e e s , c o o r d i n a t e d by t h e l s t e kT. tJ. C m p b e l l of t h e U . S . F i s h ~ n d l i i l d l i f e S e r v i c e . Ongoing s u p p o r t wee prcvidec! by a F n i t h ~ o n i z n S c h o l a r l y S t u d i e s F e l l o w s h i p ( t c ~ L Z ) a r d t h e E l e x a n d e r L e t n o r e E'urid of t h e I h t i o n a l k s e v m of k t u r a l P i e t o r y ( f r o m Fea L'etmore, t h r o u p k P. L. ~ l e o n ).
P ~ t r i c k F ' a i r b a i r n was i n s t r u m e n t a l i n a r r a n ~ i n g f o r o u r p e r p i t s from t h e J a c a i w n government. F i c h a r d F'renz kelyec! w i t h t h e f i e l d v o r k and coordinn+.ed t h e i n v e r t e b r a t e s u r v e y s . L i n d a % . Cordon v e r i f i e d c u r b e t i d e n t i f i c a t i o n znd p r o v i e e d f ~ o r n d i c m o r z l s c p p c r t . Penny G i f t t y ~ e d t h e nenuscri1:t and o f f e r e d v s l u a k l e e d i t o r i a l a d v i c e . V. R. Eeyer and G . R . Zup k i n d l y r e v i e w e d t h e m n u s c r i p t .
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(Hirundo f u l v a )
