PDF BI 5103 FISIOLOGI TERINTEGRASI (Integrative Physiology)

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BI 5103

FISIOLOGI TERINTEGRASI (Integrative Physiology)

Core Principle 5: Structure/Function Relationships

(Konsep Inti 5 : Hubungan antara Struktur dan Fungsi)

Semester I 2013/2014 tjandraanggraeni 1

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Why Structure/Function Relationships

 Understanding the behavior of an

organism requires understanding the relationship between structure and function (at each and every level of organization).

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To understand the behavior of the organism requires understanding the relationship between the structure and function of the organism.

The structure of the organism both

enables particular functions (makes them possible and determines the magnitude of what happens) and constrains functions (limits what can happen and the

magnitude of what happens).

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Sub Topics

A. The three-dimensional structure of cells and tissues is a determinant of the functions of the cell and tissue

B. Surface area is a determinant of the movement of all substances; hence, the surface area (and the surfaceto-volume ratio) is a determinant of

function.

C. All physical objects (cells, tissues, and organs) exhibit elastic recoil, which contributes to determining function.

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A. The three-dimensional structure of cells and tissues is a determinant of the functions of the cell and tissue

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 An animal cell

Plasma membrane Golgi

apparatus Ribosomes Nucleus

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough

endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondrion Not in most

plant cells

Cytoskeleton

Flagellum Lysosome Centriole

Peroxisome

Microtubule Intermediate filament

Microfilament

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Figure 20.4

Stratified squamous epithelium

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple squamous epithelium

Basal lamina

Underlying tissue

Apical surface of epithelium

Cell nuclei

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Figure 20.5

Cell nucleus Collagen fiber Elastic fibers

Loose connective tissue (under the skin)

Cell nucleus Collagen fibers

Fibrous connective

tissue (forming a tendon) Fat

droplets

Adipose tissue

White blood cells

Red blood cell

Plasma Blood

Central canal

Matrix

Bone

Bone- forming cells

Cartilage- forming cells Matrix Cartilage

(at the end

of a bone)

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Figure 20.6

Unit of muscle

contraction

Muscle fiber (cell)

Nuclei

Skeletal muscle

Muscle fiber Nucleus

Junction between two cells

Cardiac muscle

Muscle fiber

Smooth muscle

Nucleus

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Figure 20.8

Small intestine

Lumen Epithelial tissue

(columnar epithelium)

Connective tissue

Smooth muscle tissue (two layers)

Connective tissue

Epithelial tissue

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Nucleus

Golgi apparatus

Not in animal cells

Central vacuole Chloroplast Cell wall

Mitochondrion Peroxisome

Plasma membrane

Rough

endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Cytoskeleton Microtubule

Intermediate filament

Microfilament

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Figure 31.3

Terminal bud

Shoot system

Root system

Leaf

Blade Petiole

Axillary bud Stem

Taproot

Flower

Node

Internode

Epidermal cell

Root hair

Root hairs

Root

hairs

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B. Surface area is a determinant of the movement of all substances;

hence, the surface area (and the surfaceto-volume ratio) is a

determinant of function.

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30 µm

30 µm 10 µm

10 µm

Surface area

of one large cube

= 5,400 µm

²

Total surface area of 27 small cubes

= 16,200 µm

²

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C. All physical objects (cells, tissues, and organs) exhibit elastic recoil,

which contributes to determining function.

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Esophageal sphincter (contracted)

Bolus of food

Muscles contract,

constricting passageway and pushing bolus down

Stomach Bolus of

food Muscles relax,

allowing passageway

to open

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CONTEXT WITHIN PHYSIOLOGY

This “core principle” is, on one level, a fairly abstract statement of the obvious interaction between the way in which the pieces of a mechanism are assembled into a system and the functions that the

system can carry out.

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 However, it also describes several very specific examples of commonalities that extend across many different physiological systems.

 For example, when two systems carry out similar functions, certain features of their structure can be expected to be similar.

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EXAMPLE

Gas exchange in the lungs and absorption of the products of digestion in the small

intestine occur (in the latter case, only in part) by the process of passive diffusion.

To maximize the flux of material across a membrane, there must be a large surface area available, and the thickness of the

barrier to diffusion must be minimized. In both examples cited, these conditions are present as a result of the structure of the respective systems.

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Muscle layers Large

circular folds Villi

Lumen

Nutrient absorption

Intestinal wall

Lymph vessel Blood capillaries

Villi Nutrient

absorption

Epithelial cells

Lumen of intestine Vein

with blood en route to the liver

Lumen of intestine Nutrient absorption into epithelial cells Microvilli

Amino acids sugars and

Fats

Blood Fatty acids glycerol and

Epithelial cells lining villus

Lymph

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Nasal cavity

Pharynx

Larynx (Esophagus)

Trachea Right lung

Bronchus

Bronchiole

Diaphragm

(Heart)

Blood capillaries

Bronchiole

Alveoli CO₂ O₂

Oxygen-poor blood

From the heart To the

heart

Oxygen-rich blood

Left lung

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Epithelial Tissue

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Stratified squamous epithelium

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple squamous epithelium

Basal lamina

Underlying tissue

Apical surface of epithelium

Cell nuclei

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Connective Tissue

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Cell nucleus Collagen fiber Elastic fibers

Loose connective tissue (under the skin)

Cell nucleus Collagen fibers

Fibrous connective

tissue (forming a tendon) Fat

droplets

Adipose tissue

White blood cells

Red blood cell

Plasma Blood

Central canal

Matrix

Bone

Bone- forming cells

Cartilage- forming cells Matrix Cartilage

(at the end of a bone)

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Muscle Tissue

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Unit of muscle

contraction

Muscle fiber (cell)

Nuclei

Skeletal muscle

Muscle fiber Nucleus

Junction between two cells

Cardiac muscle

Muscle fiber

Smooth muscle

Nucleus

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Small intestine

Lumen Epithelial tissue

(columnar epithelium)

Connective tissue

Smooth muscle tissue (two layers)

Connective tissue Epithelial tissue

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Respiratory Surface

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Cross section of the respiratory surface (the outer skin)

Capillaries CO

₂

O

₂

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Water flow between lamellae

Lamella

Blood flow through capillaries in a lamella Oxygen-rich

blood Blood vessels

Gill arch Operculum

(gill cover)

Gill filaments

Diffusion of O₂ from water to blood

Countercurrent exchange Water flow, showing % O₂

Blood flow in simplified capillary, showing % O₂ 100 70 40 15

80 60 30 5 Water

flow

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Air sacs

Tracheoles

Tracheae

Opening for air

Air sac

Body cell Tracheole

Trachea

Body wall CO

₂

O

₂

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Nasal cavity

Pharynx

Larynx (Esophagus)

Trachea Right lung

Bronchus

Bronchiole

Diaphragm

(Heart)

Blood capillaries

Bronchiole

Alveoli CO₂ O₂

From the heart To the

heart

Oxygen-rich blood

Left lung

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Morphology

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 The explanation relates to hairs, called setae, on the gecko’s toes

– They are arranged in rows

– Each seta ends in many split ends called spatulae, which have

rounded tips

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Seal

Shark

Penguin

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Dermal tissue system Ground tissue system Vascular tissue system Endodermis

Cortex Epidermis

Central core of cells Vascular

cylinder

Phloem Xylem

Monocot root Eudicot root

Phloem Xylem Vascular cylinder

Endodermis Cortex Epidermis

Epidermis Epidermis

Pith Cortex

Vascular

bundle Vascular

bundle

Eudicot stem Monocot stem

Sheath Stoma Guard

cells Vein

Phloem Xylem

Eudicot leaf Cuticle

Upper epidermis

Lower epidermis Mesophyll

Key

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Dermal tissue system Ground tissue system Vascular tissue system Key

Sheath Stoma

Guard cells Vein

Phloem Xylem Eudicot leaf

Cuticle Upper epidermis

Lower epidermis Mesophyll

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Secondary cell wall

Fiber cells

Primary cell wall Pits

Fiber

Secondary cell wall

Primary cell wall

Pits Sclereid

Sclereid cells

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Openings in end wall

Pits

Vessel element Tracheids

Pits

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Sieve-tube element Sieve plate

Companion cell

Primary cell wall

Cytoplasm

15 m

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Vascular cylinder Root hair

Cellulose fibers

Root cap

Cortex

Epidermis

Zone of

differentiation

Zone of elongation

Zone of cell division (including apical meristem)

Key

Dermal

tissue system

Ground

tissue system

Vascular

tissue system

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Vascular tissue system Ground tissue system Dermal tissue system Key

Secondary xylem (2 years’ growth) Year 2

Late Summer

Bark Cork

Cork cambium Secondary phloem

Shed epidermis

Vascular cambium Secondary xylem (wood) Year 1

Late Summer Year 1

Early Spring

Primary xylem

Vascular cambium

Primary phloem

Cortex

Epidermis