SYSTEM
By
Agata Natania Hartono 1 1112 001
BACHELOR’S DEGREE in
Mechanical Engineering – Mechatronics Concentration Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY EduTown BSD City
Tangerang 15339 Indonesia
August 2016
Agata Natania Hartono STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due to acknowledgment is made the thesis.
Agata Natania Hartono
Student (Date)
Approved by:
Erikson F. Sinaga, ST, M.Kom
Thesis Advisor (Date)
Yunita Umniyati, S.Si., M.Sc., Ph.D
Thesis Co-Advisor (Date)
Dr. Ir. Gembong Baskoro. M.Sc
Dean (Date)
Agata Natania Hartono ABSTRACT
DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTING A MAGNETIC LEVITATION TRAIN SYSTEM
By
Agata Natania Hartono
Erikson F. Sinaga, ST, M.Kom, Advisor Yunita Umniyati, S.Si, M.Sc, Ph.D, Co-Advisor
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY
This thesis is purposely created to show a prototype of magnetic levitation train. The methodology used in this thesis is experimental research. The body of the train is a simple train design that will be levitated by electromagnets. The stability of the train will be maintained by a controller that will give a loop feedback to the system if there is an error in reading the distance in regard to the unbalanced movement. The errors will be fixed by ultrasonic sensors that are connected to Arduino. The mechanism of the maglev train is concerned for reference.
Keywords: Magnetic Levitation, Ultrasonic Sensor, Object Detection, Object Suspension, Train System, Maglev Train, Electromagnet, Magnetic Field Strength, Levitating, Detecting.
Agata Natania Hartono
© Copyright 2016 by Agata Natania Hartono
All rights reserved
Agata Natania Hartono DEDICATION
I dedicate this works to God, Jesus Christ, my parents, university and all of my friends.
Agata Natania Hartono ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my deepest thanks to The Almighty God for His bless and giving me the strength to finish this thesis. Secondly, I would like to thank my parents to also be there for me and for their mental and financial support.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor, Erikson F. Sinaga, ST, M.Kom and my Co-advisor Yunita Umniyati, S.Si, M.Sc, Ph.D, for their support, time, ideas, and advisory. They gave me lots of valuable lessons, guidance, criticism and correction to this thesis from the beginning up to the end of the writing.
Many thanks to my colleagues Albertus Nagaputra Rumawas and Emely for their encouragement help, support, and ideas during this thesis work. I also thank Yohanes Fredi for the support, time, and help in making the train construction.
I wish to thank the entire classmates in Mechatronics Engineering Batch 2012 for their help and support during the four years of studying at SGU. Special thanks to Randy Susanto for giving me a lot of support, patience, help, and courage during the thesis project.
Without all those listed above, this thesis would not have been completed on time.
Agata Natania Hartono TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR……….. 2
ABSTRACT………. 3
DEDICATION………. 5
ACKNOWLEDMENTS……….. 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS………. 7
LIST OF FIGURES………. 10
LIST OF TABLES………... 12
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION……….. 13
1.1 Background………... 13
1.2 Thesis Objectives……….. 14
1.3 Thesis Problem………..14
1.4 Thesis Scope………. 14
1.5 Thesis Limitations………. 15
1.6 Thesis Organisation……….. 15
CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW………16
2.1 General Description of Maglev Trains………. 16
2.2 Relationship between Force, Current, and Inductance………. 18
2.3 Relationship between Voltage, Current, and Inductance……….. 20
2.4 Coil Resistance and the Number of Turns in a Coil………. 21
2.5 Magnetic Field on A Solenoid……….. 25
2.6 Pulse Width Modulation………... 25
2.7 Previous Magnetic Levitation Project………... 25
2.7.1 Magnetic Levitation Methods & Modeling in Maglev Trains…. 25 2.7.2 Magnetic Levitation Transportation System……… 26
2.7.3 Designing and Constructing A Levitation System……….. 28
2.8 Concluding Remarks………. 30
CHAPTER 3 – METHODOLOGY………. 32
3.1 Introduction………... 32
3.2 System Design Overview……….. 32
3.3 Mechanical Design………34
3.3.1 Maglev Train‟s Weight Calculation – First Development…….. 35
3.3.2 Mechanical Design Overview – First Development……… 38
3.3.2.1 Arduino Uno ATMEGA 328………... 40
3.3.2.2 Electromagnetic Coils……….. 41
3.3.2.3 Electrical Circuit (PCB)………... 41
3.3.2.4 Ultrasonic Sensor………. 42
3.3.2.5 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)………. 43
3.3.2.6 Source Supply……….. 43
Agata Natania Hartono
3.3.4 Maglev Track – Second Development………. 45
3.4 Electrical Design……….. 46
3.4.1 Electrical Design Overview – First Development………... 46
3.4.2 Electrical Design Overview – Second Development………….. 48
3.4.3 Electromagnet……….. 50
3.4.4 Source Supply……….. 53
3.4.5 Microcontroller……… 54
3.4.6 Ultrasonic Sensor………. 55
3.4.7 Liquid Crystal Display………. 56
3.5 Software and Programming Design……….. 57
3.5.1 Software Overview……….. 57
3.5.2 Ultrasonic Sensor Programming……….. 58
3.5.3 LCD Programming………...60
CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS………... 61
4.1 Overview………... 61
4.2 Train Body Manufacturing Results………... 61
4.2.1 Manufacture Process……… 61
4.2.2 Train Body Components – Arduino Uno……… 62
4.2.3 Train Body Components – Electromagnetic Coils……….. 63
4.2.4 Train Body Components – Electrical Circuit……….. 63
4.2.5 Train Body Components – Ultrasonic Sensor………. 64
4.2.6 Train Body Components – LCD……….. 66
4.2.7 Train Body Components – Battery……….. 67
4.3 Electrical Design Testing Results………. 67
4.3.1 Preliminary Electrical Circuit Testing Result………. 67
4.3.2 Electromagnet Testing Result……….. 69
4.3.3 Magnetic Field Testing Result………. 70
4.4 Programming Testing Result……… 73
4.4.1 Ultrasonic Sensor Testing Result………. 73
4.4.2 LCD Testing Result………. 79
4.5 Electrical Circuit, Ultrasonic, and Electromagnet Testing Result…… 80
4.6 First Train Model and Track Testing Result………. 83
4.7 Second Train Body and Track Testing Result……….. 84
4.8 Final Train Body and Track Testing Result……….. 86
CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS……… 88
5.1 Conclusion……… 88
5.2 Recommendation and Further Development……… 89
GLOSSARY………. 90
REFERENCES……….... 91
APPENDIX A – TECHNICAL DRAWING……… 92
A.1 Train Body Design – Top View……… 92
Agata Natania Hartono
A.2 Train Body Design – Bottom View………... 93
A.3 Train Body Design – Right View……….. 94
A.4 Train Body Design – Front View……….. 95
A.5 Train Body Design – Back View……….. 96
APPENDIX B – PROGRAMMING CODE……… 97
B.1 Ultrasonic Sensor Basic Program………. 97
B.2 LCD Basic Program……….. 98
B.3 Electromagnet and Ultrasonic Sensor Combination Program………. 99
APPENDIX C – DATA SHEET……….. 101
C.1 Transistor TIP 31C……… 101
C.2 Transistor TIP 2955………... 104
C.3 LCD LMB162AFC………... 106
C.4 Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04………. 110
APPENDIX D – BILLS OF MATERIALS………. 112
CURRICULUM VITAE……….. 113
