Design and Construction of a Magnetic Propulsion System for Teaching Aid Purposes

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FOR TEACHING AID PURPOSES

By

Galuh Candra Kirana 11112071

BACHELOR’S DEGREE in

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING – MECHATRONICS CONCENTRATION FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY EduTown BSD City

Tangerang 15339 Indonesia

August 2016

Revision after the Thesis Defense on 26^th July 2016

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Galuh Candra Kirana STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.

Galuh Candra Kirana

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Student Date

Approved by:

Erikson Ferry Sinaga, S.T., M.Kom.

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Thesis Advisor Date

Yunita Umniyati, S.Si., M.Sc., Ph.D.

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Thesis Co-Advisor Date

Dr. Ir. Gembong Baskoro, M.Sc.

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Dean Date

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Galuh Candra Kirana ABSTRACT

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A MAGNETIC PROPULSION SYSTEM FOR TEACHING AID PURPOSES

By

Galuh Candra Kirana

Erikson Ferry Sinaga, S.T., M.Kom.

Yunita Umniyati, S.Si., M.Sc., PhD

SWISS GERMAN UNIVERISTY

The purpose of the project is to study, design, and construct a magnetic propulsion system to be used for teaching aid purposes. The approach used to design the system is based on the Lorentz Law. The Lorentz Force acts as the driving force of the propulsion. Elements from the design of the magnetic levitation train and the rail gun are incorporated. The model construction mainly consists of the object of propulsion and the track along which the object is propelled. Permanent magnets are used for levitation as well as to generate the required magnetic field for propulsion. Relatively low magnitudes of current are used in the interest of safety. Electrical sensors are incorporated to measure the appropriate variables.

Keywords: Lorentz Law, Lorentz Force, Magnetic Propulsion, Magnetic Field, Current Measurement.

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Galuh Candra Kirana

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Galuh Candra Kirana DEDICATION

I dedicate this work to my family.

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Galuh Candra Kirana ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to thank God for the opportunity that makes this work possible. I would also like to thank my father for all his assistance, without which this project would not have come to fruition, my mother for her faithful prayers, and my brother for his unrelenting support and companionship.

My sincere gratitude goes towards my advisor, Erikson Ferry Sinaga, S.T., M.Kom.

His guidance and directions in the electrical engineering fraction of the work were monumentally helpful. I would also like to express gratitude to my co-advisor, Yunita Umniyati, S.Si., M.Sc., Ph.D. for helping me in understanding the physical laws that the project dealt with.

I also wish to thank the friends who stayed by my side throughout the course of my study. Your camaraderie did not go amiss.

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Galuh Candra Kirana TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR ... 2

ABSTRACT ... 3

DEDICATION ... 5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... 6

LIST OF FIGURES ... 9

LIST OF TABLES ... 12

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ... 13

1.1 Background ... 13

1.2 Thesis Objectives ... 14

1.3 Thesis Problem Statements ... 14

1.4 Thesis Scope ... 14

1.5 Thesis Limitations ... 15

1.6 Thesis Organisation ... 15

CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW ... 16

2.1 Magnetic Levitation Train ... 16

2.2 Electromagnetic Rail Gun ... 17

2.3 Lorentz Law ... 19

2.4 Previous Magnetic Propulsion Projects ... 21

2.4.1 An Investigation of the Static Force Balance of a Model Railgun ... 21

2.4.2 A Look into Rail Gun Physics and Design ... 23

2.5 Concluding Remarks ... 26

CHAPTER 3 - RESEARCH METHODS ... 27

3.1 System Overview ... 27

3.2 System Design ... 28

3.3 Model Construction ... 31

3.3.1 Car... 31

3.3.2 Track ... 33

3.4 Propulsion Magnet ... 35

3.4.1 Magnetic Field ... 35

3.4.2 Handling ... 37

3.5 Power Source ... 38

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Galuh Candra Kirana

3.7 Sensors ... 43

3.7.1 Hall Effect Sensor ... 43

3.7.2 Current Sensor ... 44

3.7.3 Infrared Sensor... 45

3.8 Arduino Program ... 47

CHAPTER 4 - RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 49

4.1 Construction Results ... 49

4.1.1 Car... 49

4.1.2 Track ... 52

4.2 Power Source Test ... 54

4.2.1 Connecting Outputs of Voltage Regulators ... 54

4.2.2 Buck Converter ... 55

4.2.3 Buck Converter with Resistor Arrangement... 56

4.3 Sensors Test ... 58

4.4 Levitation Test ... 64

4.5 Propulsion Test ... 65

4.5.1 First Model ... 65

4.5.2 Second Model ... 67

CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... 71

5.1 Conclusions ... 71

5.2 Recommendations ... 73

GLOSSARY ... 74

REFERENCES ... 75

APPENDICES ... 76

APPENDIX A – Datasheet ... 76

A.1 Arduino Mega 2560 ... 76

A.2 ACS712 ... 81

A.3 DC-DC 10A Buck Converter ... 86

APPENDIX B – Bill of Material ... 87

CURRICULUM VITAE ... 88