PDF THE FUNDAMENTALS OF FUNGI - Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Airlangga

THE FUNDAMENTALS OF FUNGI

SRI CHUSNIATI, M.Kes.,Drh.

ORGANISM CLASIFICATION

1. Plantae:

Seed plants, “paku-pakuan”, moss 2. Animalia:

vertebrata & invertebrata 3. Protista (procaryotic):

ricketsia, bacteria, virus (eucaryotic):

algae, fungi, protozoa

Algae : chlorophyl + autotrophic

• Fungi : chlorophyl - heterotrophic

parasite, saprophyte

Mycology  Mycetes

myces = fungi

FUNGI / MUSHROOM

*MACROFUNGI/ MACROMYCETES - mushroom

*MICROFUNGI/ MICROMYCETES - yeast

- mould

Growth & developed on skin, hair, nail, mucous membrane, tissue  animal + human

# As an agent of caused to infection mycosis

# It was produced of toxic metabolite 

Mycotoxicosis Poison symptomatically

Purpose of classifications

FUNGI

A. Schizomycetes

a. Actinomyces (anaerobe) Pseudomycetes b. Nocardia (aerobe) (false fungi) B. Mycomycetes (mucous fungus)

C. Eumycetes (true fungi)

1. Phycomycetes (Zygomycetes & Oomycetes) hyphae non septate

*2. Ascomycetes

*3. Basidiomycetes

*4. Deuteromycetes (fungi imperfecti) asexual spore, sexual spore ? Pathogenic generally

*

hyphae septate

MORPHOLOGY :

Difference with plant : - chlorophyll –

- the composition of the cell wall was different (chitin, glucan, cellulose, mannan)

- developed by spore

- trunk, branch, root, & leaves –

- function sharing of each part –

Fungi micro organism chemoheterotroph Nutrition Sources :

• Carbon from organic materials

• Nitrogen - organic (pepton)

- an organic (ammonium & nitrate)

• Mineral (P, K, Mg) macro element

Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo  micro element from substrate

• Vitamin synthesis on their bioactivities / not  from substrate ex/ thiamine & biotin

• Water

Physical / Area Condition

1. Aeration :

Kapang  aerob

Khamir  aerob & facult. anaerobe anaerobe  lab

CO

₂

 inhibit of growth

some fungi dimorphic  morphogenesis and performing :

macroconidia Trichophyton

blastoconidia  Histoplasma capsulatum

2. Light

as a chemoheterotroph 

without light still growth - influence Spore perform

(asexual & sexual) 3. Temperature

optimum 25-30

^o

C

psicrophilic mesophilic thermophilic

4. pH

“Kapang” was optimum developed on acid pH  pH 6-6,8 ; approximatelly at ranging : pH 2-8,5 Khamir was developed at pH 4-4,5

5. water activity (a

_w

)

Kapang < khamir < bacteria

The Fungi was distinction on 2 groups :

KHAMIR KAPANG

• Mono/ unicelluler

• Pseudohyphae / not

• Aerob / anaerobe

• The colony was pasta performed

• Multicelluler

• Hyphae septate / not

• Aerob

• Cotton form / fibre

• Rhizoid / not

place of rhizoid

KAPANG

MORPHOLOGY

Micellium +  easy to be seen the growing white (at first)  color

according to the types of Kapang

SPORE

ASEXUAL SEXUAL

• Sporangiospore

• conidiospore

• Arthrospore/oidospore

• Klamidospore

• Ascospore

• Basidiospore

• Zygospore

• Oospore

REPRODUCTION SYSTEM

Asexual/vegetative : fission, budding, production of spore

Sexual/generative : fusion of 2 nucleic

PHYSIOLOGY

• Water necessity (a

_w

) to grow:

kapang < khamir < bacteria

• Temperature: mesophilic optimum 25

^o

C - 30

^o

C

• Oxygen necessity & pH

aerobic, pH 2,0 – 8,5  good acid pH

• Nutrition: simple to complex

amylase, pectinase, proteinase, & lipase enzyme production

• Component inhibit: antibiotic

Its to be slowest to growth, but already fast to

growth if the inhibit component not active

The lucky “KAPANG”

• Aspergillus oryzae: tape, soy sauce, tauco

• Aspergillus niger: cytric acid, gluconat acid, amylase enzyme

• Aspergillus wentii: pectinase enzyme

• Auricularia polytricha: kuping mushroom

• Mucor rouxii: saccarification process  pati

• Neurospora sitophila: red oncom

• Penicillium notatum: penicillin

• P. camemberti, P. roqueforti: cheese fragrant

• Rhizopus oryzae, R. oligosporus: tempe, black oncom

• Volvariella volvacea: merang mushroom

The unfortunately of KAPANG

• Actinomyces israelii: Actinomycosis (teeth & tonsil)

• Aspergillus niger: Otomycosis (tr. ear)

– A. flavus: Aflatoxin

– A. fumigatus: Aspergillosis (human & animal lung)

• Blastomyces dermatitidis, B. brasiliensis: Blastomycosis

• Candida albicans: Candidiasis (tr. Respiratorius,

• tr. digestivus, tractus genitalia)

• Coccidioides immitis: Coccidioidomycosis

• Cryptococcus neoformans: Cryptococcosis

• Histoplasma capsulatum: Histoplasmosis

• Mucor mucedo: Food damaging

• Nocardia astroides: Nocardiosis (human lung)

• Trichopyton mentagrophytus: Tinea pedis (foot jaro)

MICOTOXIN

*Aflatoxin (A.flavus): peas, corn, cereal

*Eslanditoxin (Penicillium islandicum): rice

*Patulin (A.clavatus): apple & apple products

*Sterigmatosistin (A.versicolor, A.flavus):

milk, grain, coffee, cheese

*Tricotesen (Fusarium tricinchum): corn, cereal Toxin  Symptom illness

sometimes - fatal

- carcinogenic - hallucinogenic

KHAMIR

MORPHOLOGY

• Macroscopic: like-bacteria colony

• Size at ranging : length 1-5m  to 20-50 m wide 1-10 m

• Types of perform: circle, oval, cylinder, triangular, bottle, lemon, pseudohiphae, etc.

• Cell formation: pseudohiphae/not

CYTOLOGY

Microstructure consists of capsule, cell wall

bane, cytoplasm membrane, nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria, globule lipid, volutin/poliphosphat

& cytoplasm

e

1. CAPSULE

• Had by several khamir

• Extra cellular component, mucous, cover up the outer part of cell wall bane

• Polysaccharide and heteropolysacharide

• Hydrophobic

2. CELL WALL BANE

Thin layer at immature cell  at mature cell to be thicker generation time 1-6 hours

- glucan/Cellulose 3-35%

- mannan 0-30%

- protein 6-8%

- variated chitin 0-2%

- lipid < 8-13,5%

3. CITOPLASMA MEMBRANE

• + 8 um thick

• Consists of protein, ribonucleic acid & lipid

• Nutrition transport & dismissal of metabolism product to outside

4. NUCLEUS

• Surround by nucleus membrane (porous)

• At fission/budding  chromosome divided to 2

5. VACUOLA

• Pocket contains translucent & aqueous fluid

• > 1, size various

6. MITOCHONDRIA

• P 0,4-0,6 um diameter 0,2-0,3 um

• Respiration process

7. GLOBULA LIPID

• Amount and various size

8.SITOPLASMA

• Contains glycogen

• Ribonucleic acid & protein (esp. in ribosome)

REPRODUCTION SYSTEM

Some ways :1. budding 2. fission

3. bud fission vegetative reproduction 4. sporulation 

- asexual spore

- sexual spore called generative reproduction

1. Cell budding

duct formed from vacuole near nucleus  cell wall bane.

cell wall bane thinning  protoplasm protruding goes out, and bigger (component is nucleus + cytoplasm)  growth forming with new cells

if size is almost = with the host  goes separated or stay sticking & forming new bud

Categories of budding:

• Multilateral: bud appear surround the tip of the cell at cylinder & oval formed cell

• At all cell surface  circle formed cell

• Polar: just at one tip & Bipolar: at two tips lemon formed cell

• Trigonopsis: bud at three tips of the cell (triangular form)

• Pseudomicelium: if the bud don't liberated from

its mother and continue budding

2. Cell fission

firstly, ‘bengkak/memanjang’  nucleus

separated into 2 septa formed (2 layer)  separated or formed into chain like mycelium 3. bud fission

firstly, bud formed (where it sticks >)  septa is formed  separated

4. Production of asexual spore:

arthrospore, blastospore, and klamidospore 5. Production of sexual spore:

basidiospore and ascospore

PHYSIOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS

• Grow well in enough water condition

• Grow in medium with intense sugar or salt

• a_w 0,88-0,94 (osmophylic 0,62-0,65)

A_w rice & cereal < 14%

• Optimal temperature 25^oC – 30^oC, max. temperature 35^oC – 47^oC some can grow at 0^oC

• pH 4,0 – 4,5

CLASSIFICATION & IDENTIFICATION

a. Morphology characteristics 1. vegetative reproduction

2. vegetative cell form, size, colour b. Culture characteristics:

growing characteristics in liquid media, dense media c. Physiology characteristics

d. Sexual reproduction

Khamir differ to 3 main classes:

• Ascomycetes class: spore grow inside ascus

• Basidiomycetes class: spore formed inside bacidium

• Deuteromycetes class: not produce sexual spore  called Fungi Imperfecti

THE USAGE OF KHAMIR IN INDUSTRY

Sacharomyces, Hansenula, Candida on making tape, brem Sach. Cerevisae on making bread, beer, and wine

• Dimorphic Fungi:

fungi which has 2 phase that seen if grown at different temperature

a. khamir phase at 37

^o

C

b. kapang phase at 24-28

^o

C ex/ Sporothrix schenckii

Histoplasma capsulatum

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Coccidioides immitis

1. Sporangiospore

• Spore formed because cell protoplasm divide itself, formed small

groups in sporangium pocket that placed on

the tip of sporangiophore on hyphae has non

septate.

• Ex/ Rhizopus sp.

Mucor sp.

2. CONIDIOSPORE

-Spore formed because the tips of hyphae split.

-Conidia formed at the tip of hyphae.

-Pillar hyphae called Conidiophore.

Ex/ Penicillium sp.

Aspergillus sp.

3. ARTHROSPORE

• Spore formed

because a part of hyphae is broken &

the wall thicken but not expand.

ex/ Geotrichum

Coccidioides

Trichosporon

4. CLAMIDOSPORE

• Spore formed because part of hyphae expand &

create thick wall.

• Rest phase

• Many found at old hyphae.

ex/ Candida albicans Epidermophyton

5. BLASTOSPORE

• Spore which created from budding on yeast cell & the bud not

liberated from its mother

ex/ Rhodotorula sp.

Blastomyces

dermatitidis

1. ASCOSPORE

• One-cell spore formed inside a pocket called ascus

ex/ Saccharomyces

2. BASIDIOSPORE

• Spore producted by basidia. Basidium

exist on the tip of hyphae expanding that formed like vase/club

ex/ Cryptococcus neoformans

3. ZYGOSPORE

• Big thick-walled spore that formed if the tip of two swollen hyphae

(gametangia) fuse (merged)

ex/ Rhizopus

Mucor

4. OOSPORE

• Spore that formed inside oogonium because

female gamet (oospher) fertilized by male gamet (antheredium)  oospore

• Inside each oogonium

exist > 1 oospher

GOODLUCK TO LEARN

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