8 JAMES AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY [g?feUREAnOP HNOLOOy largely due to mined habits, customs, or other features of culture, the place was confined to a single period, ending with the final expulsion of the red man 140 years ago.. and it seems that the artistic remains do not represent any local cultural development. The following are the results of a careful examination of the drained area ])y the James and Potomacrivers in Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia.
GOOCHLAND COUNTY
CUMBERLAND COUNTY
FLUVANNA COUNTY
On a hill near Br Gay'sr (\sidence, 5 miles north-west of the column, a large number of heads and some celts or caps have been found. Three skeletons have been exhumed at this place; it is understood that they were buried 8 or 10 meters away, lying 30 paces below the surface.
BUCKINGHAM COUNTY
It appears to have been a workshop, as chips, etc., are very plentiful; but no traces of fire-beds, pottery, burnt stones, or other evidence of former habitation have ever been discovered.
NELSON COUNTY
Similar sites exist opposite the Greenway and near Gladstone; Arrowheads and pottery are found, but no bones. Bowlders, some as large as a freight car, rise above the surface; slabs 10 feet longer are drawn.
ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY
Pieces of soapstone weighing 2 to 50 pounds cover the surface; Very few indicate that they have been edited, and they may just be blocks that have been broken off relative to the projection points.
16 JAMES AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY [ BOREAO OP ETHNOLOGY
BOTETOURT COUNTY
The next skeleton, about 2 feet east of the first, was that of an adult, lying in the same position, with the head towards the south. Just east of the child's skeleton was that of a woman who had apparently died in childbirth.
FOWK E J HUMAN REMAINS FROM GALA 21 bones of a quadiupe<l were loiiiid near it, but no otLer trace of liunian
Fragments of 2 other skeletons were found near the first; of one only part of the skull remained; of the other there was no trace of the skull. A little side of the middle near the top were traces of human bones, completely decayed.
BATH COUNTY
On the south side of the mound they extended to the edge of the plowed land, while on the north side they did not reach more than half way from the top to the edge of the base. Wherever single skeletons were found, or no more than 2 together, large stones were piled upon them; .. this was not the case when some were buried in a small area. Perhaps the stone-covered remains were buried in fl"sli. and this was a deterrent against wild animals digging after them.
HIGHLAND COUNTY
32 JAME8 AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY BUREAU ETHNOLOGY OF bowlders and others piled above tlieni. Graves and barbecue boles
The largest are on top of the ridge, where a few have a depth of up to 3 feet with a diameter of 20 to 30 feet. Spankies and chips abound in the face of the embankment around the spring, but it cannot be determined except by excavation how far it extends. So far it can be learned that the space covered by this workshop is too limited to be used for more than a small part of the peeling.
THE PIEDMONT COUNTRY
Over a considerable area on the north side and on the lower side of the ridge the earth had been much dug by the original inhabitants for the purpose of obtaining the flint. Part of the hill that is not wooded has a heavy blue turf, and the ground is only visible in a few small spots where animals have burrowed. At the base of the spurate is its northwestern terminus, around which these indications of manufacture abound; and it is.
ORANGE COUNTY
One of the deepest pits had its bottom and . charcoal coated sides; none of the others had had this evi- . dence of care respect. When all the soil indicating their position had been removed, a basin to the extent and depth above showed that it remained, with only a few small spots of yellow sandy subsoil rising above its bottom. In its construction this mound corresponds closely with that opened by Jefierson a few miles above (Jharlottesville on the low land of IJivanna, except that no mention was made of graves lying beneath the original surface; but these may have been overlooked in the excavation method followed.
MADISON COUNTY
That no stated intervals elapsed between successive deposits is shown by the varying position and size between the opaque bone beds, and by the overlapping of many of the graves beneath. The contents were such "as on the whole to give the idea of bones promiscuously emptied from a sack or basket and covered with earth, without any attention to their order."^ As in them described above, "were the bones near the top in a nmch better state of preservation than those in regard to tlie.
CULPEPER COUNTY
37 shore is about 10 feet hij;h; the other side being on the hillside shows no height.
SHENANDOAH AND UPPER POTOMAC VALLEYS
KOCKINGIIAM BOUNTY
On the west side of this, high above the bottom of the mound, were the remains of an infant with a large number of shell beads. Right in the middle of the face was a hole G inches deep; in the lower part a skeleton, doubled, with :i lotof Mavfiindla shells between .. bones of the head and neck. These were all at the bottom of the bed and impossible to trace.
PAGE COUNTY
In others — especially in bone be«lsand in 2 or 3 smaller deposits somewhat similar — bones seem to have been laid or thrown on the surface of the mouth and covered with earth. The mound had been excavated several times before, in a vicious fashion, yielding fragmentary skulls to anyone who chose to continue the excavation. FOWKB J FIREBED« ON DRAGON PLACE 45a point on the bottom; and chips of qumtzite, remains of mica and.
FOWKB J FIRE BED« ON KITE PLACE 45 one point on tlie bottom; and chips of qumtzite, scraps of mica, and
On the north side is a depression 15 by 30 feet, 2 feet deep, and the slope is continuous from the base to the top of the mound. Apparently, a corpse had been deposited at the bottom of the grave with the associated articles laid stones over it until they reached the top. East of north of the center was a fourth pit, 6 feet in diameter and 30 inches deep, extending to the firm gravel.
52 JAMES AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY [^,^
In the middle of the mound, the stones lay at the bottom of a grave5 2 feet and a depth, trending near southeast and north-. About 100 yards to the north-east of the great mound, at the bottom of the alluvial level, a number of graves were found, arranged roughly in a line trendinge.istandwest. Noitheni, near the edge of the mound, was (shallow juite and extent 1 by 5 f^etin).
58 JAMKS AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY [^ BUREAU HNOLOGY OF
SHENANDOAH COUNTY
A mound a mile north of the town on ground overlooking the river, and another a mile south-east of the town in a narrow bottom on the east side of Smitli creek, were completely destroyed. A mile south of Woodstock, on the farm of E. M. Bushong, is a small hill on top of a ridge commanding an extensive view in every direction. Fifteen feet northeast of the center on the original surface under a . l)iel of limestone coming out of some gorge in the . in the vicinity - there was none in [) side nearer than a quarter of a mile .. away - some fragments of bones appeared to be of a person about 14 years old.
WARREN COUNTY
On the Jenkins farm, near Buckton, is about 28 feet in diameter and 2 feet high; it was partially opened with no results. A foot from the top of the hill were the fragmentary bones of 2 adults and a child of 12 or 14 years, . much broken and Seven leagues above the border, on Captain Simpsou's farm, opposite Gooneyrun, were four cairns, one of which was twenty by twenty feet, the other. There were several cairns on Dr.'s farm. Ilaynie, 15 kilometers below Front Royal; Many relics, mainly arrowheads and spearheads, have been found in the nearby bottomlands. On one side lay in confusion the bones of a child about fourteen years old; opposite them the pelvic bones of an adult. 64 JAMES AND THE POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY [EthnolOLOGY OF THE POTOMAS [EthnolOLOGYOF] In some points of the hill above the spring, in the cracks formed by the iine(]ual erosion of the almost vertical layers, human bones have been found on the natural surface, covered with large stones sometimes up to theamo.of several wagon loads. JEFFERSON COUNTY, WEST VIRGINIA ALLEGANY COUNTY, MARYLAND An Indian town stood at this point when the whites first entered the valley, and... The then inhabitants continued to occupy it for a number of years after the first settlers had taken land, as is evident from the character of some of the relics found. Persons well versed in the history of the region claim that the Indians who occupied this city were a branch of the Seneca. There used to be many stone mounds along the base of the hill. at the back of this village, but they have all now been removed. They lay along the hillside, a few yards above the edge of the flat ground; others were at the same level, but nowhere more than oEo CO feet. The other mound was previously three feet above the surrounding level, but the soil around it had been washed away by refreshments until the stop was three feet above the present surface. They were angled at different angles as if placed over a peg or other covering of the body. A small cairn on a hilltop, just above Captain Pugh's residence, four miles south of Cacapon Bridge, has also been opened; and two others across the river, half a mile distant, have been removed. On the eastern edge of the town of Petersburg was a small earthen mound, now completely destroyed. Xoone could remember if anything was found in it, but Hint implements abound about . his website. On the Cunningham place, in the river bottom, a mile below Peters-l)urg, was an earthen mound, but it has been destroyed by years of cultivation and no record of its contents is now obtainable at the resi-. Half a mile north of the city, on a hill, is an undisturbed heap of earth and stone, about 40 feet in diameter and 4 feet high; andnearit .. the remains of a stone mound about 30 meters in diameter, now mostly pulled away. There is a frost on the Randolph place, near the junction of the South branch and the South fork; another on the Newman place, 2 miles south of Moorfield, and two others are probably on the Inkermann farm, near the latter. Nothing was found under them; if they marked the position of the graves, there was no other evidence of the fact. 34;^^f^wkeT mounds in the grant of COUNTIES 69 . a finger; the stones formed a solid mass to the bottom in a space 5 feet in diameter. A cup weighing about 5 pounds, containing several indentations, .. was one of the stones forming the mound. Near the boundary of Hampshire county, on a small ridge or plain formed by Frye's run, on the right side of the river Cacapon, are 3 cairns; and in the bed of the river, a mile from the mouth of this stream, is another. Since the Tuskarora (or Monacan) were one of the Six Nations, and since the Powhatan also kept the bones of their dead, while the Manahoac, who were next to both, might be expected to have similar customs, it is very it is likely that such remains in the Piedmont region are due to the tribes that occupied that area during the last three centuries. Senedo, who occupied the north fork of the Shenandoah until 1732. when they were exterminated by hostile tribes from the south. In 1744 one of the leaders of the Six Nations, at the treaty of Lan. Caster, Pennsylvania, asserted that all the country west of the Blueridge belonged to his people by right of conjugation, and that a clear title to it could be obtained only from the an.” Fallingspring,Remainsat 24 Firebed, Occurrence of, near grill .. Fire, Occurrence of near Gala IS FlREPL.\CE, Remains of in Buckingham. 80 JAMES AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY [BUREAU ETHNOLOGY OK ADVERTISEMENTCLARKE COUNTY
WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND
HAMPSHIRE COUNTY, WEST VIRGINIA
MINERAL COUNTY, WEST VIRGINIA
GRANT COUNTY, WEST VIRGINIA
HARDY COUNTY, WEST VIRGINIA
PENDLETON COUNTY, WEST VIRGINIA
CONCLUSIONS
INDEX
