182 FIGURATIVE LANGUAGES USED IN WILLIAM WORDSWORTH POEMS
Andini Dwi Putri1, La Sunra2*, Abdullah3
1,2,3Universitas Negeri Makassar
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
*corresponding author Abstract
The purpose of this study is to find out the types of figurative language used in William Wordsworth's poem by using theories from several experts, namely Leech (1969), Perrine (1969), and Kennedy (1995), and to find the meaning contained in the poem. The researchers use qualitative research to describe the types of figurative language found in William Wordsworth's poems and the meaning contained in each of William Wordsworth’s poems. By using the theory of Leech (1969), Perrine (1969), and Kennedy (1995), The researchers will classify the various types of figurative language in William Wordsworth's poems. According to the findings of this research, there are six types of figurative language used in William Wordsworth's poem: personification, simile, metaphor, paradox, hyperbole, and allusion. Personification is a figurative language that is quite widely used in literary works, including in poems, because the literary work or poem will look more attractive, lively, and aesthetic. Similes are often used in poems depending on what the poet wants to convey to the reader. Similes can be used to describe something. Metaphor is one type of figurative language used by William Wordsworth in his poem because this type of figurative language is often used in various literary works that aim to express meaning with an emphasis on the impression the poet wants to convey. In addition, the use of metaphors in a poem can make the words look more alive and interesting to read. A paradox is a type of figurative language that is unique because it can make the reader feel a little confused. This figurative language is used by the poet to express something he does not like or as a subtle rebuke. Hyperbole is one of the most frequently used figures of speech in a literary work, including a poem.
The use of this figurative language to compose a sentence by exaggerating something to give the impression that is more than the original. The allusion is a type of figurative language used by William Wordsworth in his poem, its use is to make it easier for readers to understand the meaning of the sentences written by the poet. In addition, its use is to create a reference to suggest the similarity of something through direct reference to commonly known symbols, whether from events, characters, or places. The researchers discovered the meaning contained in the poem after analyzing all of the poems and discovering the types of figurative language used in William Wordsworth's poems. According to the findings of this research, researchers can identify the types of figurative language used in William Wordsworth's poems as well as the meanings contained in each poem.
Keywords— Figurative Language, Poem, Semantic
INTRODUCTION
Literature is human expressions in the form of written or spoken works that express thoughts, ideas, experiences, and feelings in an imaginative form, a glimpse of reality covered in beautiful packaging through language media. The author will write the result in a form of literary works. Literary work is a picture of the world and human life, with the main criteria being ‘truth’ or everything that the author wishes to depict. The reader of their literary work will be able to catch the author’s characterization in relation to the world around him/her as a result of this process (Pradopo, 1994). Poems, dramas, novels, songs, and prose are all examples of literary works. A poem is an art form in which skillful choice and wording achieve the desired emotional effect. Percy Bysshe Shelly defined a poem as “an expression of the imagination”. In addition, Robert Frost says that “a poem formed when an emotion has found its mind and thoughts have founds its words”. A poem is composed of words where the word is the unit of meaning that determines the main linguistic structure of literary works.
Figurative language can be found in literature, particularly in poems where writers appeal to the reader’s senses. Writers typically use figurative language to express something other than the literal meaning of a phrase or word. Figurative language is sometimes used in poems to present a comparison in an interesting way. When writers want to provide readers with a detailed understanding of the subject matter of their work, they must use this type of language.
The researchers selected several poems by William Wordsworth for analysis in this research, including, My Heart Leaps Up, Lines Writing In Early Spring, Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways, and The World is Too Much With Us.
Many scholars have examined the poetry of William Wordsworth as the object of their research. The first analysis was written by Atika Rose Rahayu (2018) in her thesis entitled“The Element Of Nature In William Wordsworth’s Selected Poems: A Semantic Study”. The main purpose of this study is to identify and interpret the symbols and meanings of three selected poems: London, 1802, The World Is Too Much With Us and I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud. Nova Nurma Raflesia (2019) wrote the following analysis in her thesis entitled “The Meaning
of Symbol in William Wordsworth’s Selected Poetries”. The purpose of this study is to find out what symbols can be found in selected poems of William Wordsworth.
The researcher developed several problem formulations based on the research background described above, including the following:
1. What figurative language do William Wordsworth’s poems employ?
2. What is the meaning contained in William Wordsworth’s poems?
Related to the explanation above, there are several reviews of related literature about this research as follows:
LITERATURE REVIEW
POEM
“A poem is a fictional, verbally inventive moral statement in which it is the author, rather than the printer or word processor, who decides where the lines should end. This dreary- sounding definition, unpoetic to a fault, may well turn out to be the best we can do”, (Terry Eagleton, 2007: 25).
The poem is both a universal form of human expression and one of the most important written forms for describing the experience. From antiquity to the present, all
184 known civilizations have produced poems. The poem has been written to cover a wide range of historical topics, including love, war, social issues, nature's beauty, and love for God. The poem conveys meaning by incorporating elements that not only entice the reader but also improve the work's oral delivery.
Elements of Poem
A good poem will always contain certain fundamental elements that will help you achieve a higher level of expression perfection. The poem's basic elements are arranged to create an interesting poem. These elements' primary function is to provide the easy-to-read flow, synchronized expression, and meaning required for a composition.
Theme
To provide a suitable theme for the poem, several ideas and expressions are combined. The theme can be thought of as the poem's soul. This is what the poet wishes to convey with his words. They can be ideas, feelings, observations, stories, or personal stories.
Symbolism
The poem employs symbolism to express one’s thoughts gracefully and gently. It is an artistic reflection of the poet’s emotions written to keep readers engaged as they travel inside
the complex mind of a poet. We humans have a difficult time expressing how we truly feel with words. This is because the language we use is incapable of interpreting our thoughts in a way that others can understand. Poets, on the other hand, use symbols to give their words the needed impact.
Meter
A poem’s basic structure is its meter. It was conceived immediately after the poem’stheme and symbolism was finalized. The poem takes on a completely different structure than prose at this point. This basic structure should be present in every line of the poem.
Rhythm
Rhythm is used in all languages, and the poem uses this rhythm to create additional meaning. Rhythm generally is “a series of alternations of build-up and release, movement and counter-movement, tending toward regularity but complicated by constant variations and local inflections”, (Attridge, 1995).
Rhyme
A rhyme may or may not exist in a poem. The free verse form of the poem does not follow this pattern. There are many variations of the pattern, including aa, bb, cc (the first line rhymes with the second, the third with the fourth, and so on) and ab, ab (the first line rhymes with the third, and the second with the fourth). Rhyme is important because it adds rhythm and flow to the poem, which helps to keep the reader's attention.
Types of Poem
Based on Stefani Lethbridge & Jarmila Mildorf (2004), there are several types of poems: Lyric poems, Narrative poems, and Descriptive and Didactic poems.
Lyric Poem
“A lyric poem is a comparatively short, non-narrative poem in which a single speaker describes a state of mind or an emotional state. The lyric poem retains some of the elements of the song which is said to be its origin: for Greek writers, the lyric was a song accompanied by the lyre”, (Stefani Lethbridge & Jarmila Mildorf, 2004 p.144). Lyric poem subcategories include elegy, ode, sonnet, dramatic monologue, and the most occasional poem.
Narrative Poem
The main purpose of a narrative poem is to tell a story. A narrative poem is a verbal representation of a series of events that propel characters through a story in verse.
Narrative poems frequently use rhyme, meter, repetition, and a captivating and dramatic story to pique the reader's interest. Narrative poem subcategories include epic, mock-epic, and ballad.
Descriptive and Didactic Poem
Lyric and narrative poems can both contain lengthy and detailed (descriptive poems) or direct speech scenes (dramatic poems). Stefani Lethbridge & Jarmila Mildorf (2004) states that “A didactic poem's primary goal is to teach something. This can be in the form of detailed instructions, such as how to catch a fish or write good poetry. However, it can also be interpreted broadly as instructive. Until the twentieth century, all literature was expected to serve a didactic function in general knowledge; Horace famously demanded that poetry combine prodesse (learning) and delectare (enjoyment) (pleasure). The twentieth century was more hesitant to openly proclaim literature as a teaching tool”.
Figurative Language
Figurative language uses words or phrases that have a different meaning than the literal meaning. Figurative language is used in everyday conversation and in literary works such as prose, short stories, novels, poems, etc. According to M.H Abrams (1999: 96)
“figurative language is a conspicuous departure from what users of language apprehend as the standard meaning of words, or else the standard order of words, to achieve some special meaning or effect.”
Types of Figurative Language
There are various types of figurative language, and different linguists have different perspectives on how to classify them. The researchers decided to use types of figurative language based on several experts, namely Leech (1969), Perrine (1969), and Kennedy (1995).
Synecdoche
According to Leech (1969: 150) “The traditional figure of synecdoche is identified with a rule applies the term for the part to the whole”. For example, The White House ( signifies the U.S. president or executive branch).
Metaphor
Based on Kennedy (1995) “A metaphor is a statement that one thing is something else, which, in a literal sense, it is not”. A metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two unrelated things. As a literary device, a metaphor creates an implicit comparison without using the words "as" or "like". A metaphor emphasizes that two things are the same rather than similar.
186 Metonymy
Metonymy is a figure of speech in which one object or idea replaces another that is closely related to it. A "name change" is defined as metonymy. It is a literary device that, rather than stating what is meant, replaces an object or idea with something related to it.
According to Leech (1969: 152), the definition of the figure “metonymy is often broad enough to include the preceding two tropes synecdoche and metaphor”.
Simile
According to Kennedy (1995) “simile is a comparison of two things, indicated by someconnective, usually like, as, than, or a verb such as resembles”. A simile is a literary device used to assert similarity using the language constructs like or as, which establish equivalency. A simile is a literary device used to establish equivalency by asserting similarity using the language constructs like or as. A proper simile explicitly compares two things that are so dissimilar that their comparability appears unlikely.
Hyperbole
Hyperbole is a literary device and figure of speech that uses deliberate exaggeration to create a heightened effect. A claim or statement that is boldly exaggerated without being intended to be true or exaggerated to add emphasis is defined as hyperbole. According to Leech (1969, p.167) “exaggeration in colloquial talk is often incredible because at variance with known facts. 'He's got acres and acres of the garden' is an overstatement if we happen to know that the plot indicated is no more than one acre in extent”.
Litotes
Litotes is a figure of speech and understatement that ironically expresses feelings by denying the opposite feeling. "The figure of understatement, litotes, is by no means as prominent in literature as hyperbole: perhaps because it has none of the potential absurdity of the other tropes," writes Leech (1969: 168).
Irony
The irony is a literary device in which contradictory statements or situations are used treveal a reality that is not what it appears to be. There are various types of irony in literature.
The reader's expectations and understanding of the disparity between what "should" happen and what "actually" happens in a literary work determine the effectiveness
Personification
Personification is a figure of speech in gives an idea or object human attributes or emotions or speaks like a human. Personification is a metaphor in which non-human entities are endowed with human characteristics. This enables writers to imbue inanimate objects, animals, and even abstract ideas with recognizable human behaviors and emotions, giving them life and motion.
Paradox
“The paradox occurs in a statement that at first strikes us as self-contradictory but that on reflection makes some sense,” (Kennedy, 1995 ,88).
Allusion
According to Kennedy (1995, p.632), “an allusion is indirect to any person, place,
or thing—fictitious, historical, or actual. Sometimes, to understand an allusion in a poem, we have to find out something we didn’t know before.”
Semantic
The study of meaning is known as semantics. Linguistic semantics studies language use and acquisition in its entirety, rather than just grammar and meaning. There are various methods for studying meaning. Linguistic semantics tries to explain the linguistic skills of speakers so that they can convey facts, feelings, intentions, and imaginary products to other speakers and understand what they are telling them.
Yule (2010: 112), states that “semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences”. In semantic analysis, there is always an attempt to focus on what the words conventionally mean on a given occasion. This approach prioritizes objective or general meaning over subjective or local meaning. According to Leech (1981:9), there are seven types of meaning in semantics:
Conceptual Meaning
It is also referred to as logical or cognitive meaning. The primary dictionary definition corresponds to the basic propositional meaning. In other words, it refers to the dictionary definition that defines the concepts.
Connotative Meaning
It refers to the emotional suggestions associated with a specific word or the associations associated with that word. A word's connotative and denotative meanings coexist. To put it another way, it is more than the dictionary definition.
Social Meaning
Language is used to form and maintain social relationships and roles. This is also known as social communication or phatic communication. The social meaning of an expression is the meaning it conveys about the contexts or social circumstances in which it is used. It is the expression's formality.
Affective Meaning
It refers to the emotional associations or effects elicited in the reader or listener by words. Language is used in affective meaning to express personal feelings and attitudes towards the listener or the object of speech. Such feelings and attitudes are usually negative or dishonest. They are usually expressed verbally as insults, flattery, hyperbole, or sarcasm.
Reflected Meaning
When a word has multiple conceptual meanings or more than one conceptual meaning, this occurs. In other words, it refers to terms with multiple meanings that appear concurrently, causing ambiguity.
Collocative Meaning
It is most frequently linked to the use of specific words in the same context.
Collocative meaning refers to the meaning of a word produced in a specific context.
Because of collocation conventions, a word's meaning changes when it is combined with other words.
Thematic Meaning
The meaning communicated is determined by how the speaker or writer organizes it
188 in terms of order, focus, and emphasis. It is concerned with how the order of words spoken affects their meaning.
METHODS
The researchers conduct qualitative research and are concerned with both the process and the outcome. Collecting and analyzing non-numeric data (text, video, audio, etc.) to better understand concepts, opinions, or experiences is what qualitative research entails. It can be used to learn more about a problem or generate new research ideas. The opposite of qualitative research is quantitative research. Quantitative research, on the other hand, collects and analyzes numerical data for statistical analysis. According to Arikunto (2010, p. 22), "The data sources for qualitative research are the views formed from the spoken and written language observed by researchers, and the objects observed from the meanings contained in documents and objects."
The researchers divide the data in this research into two categories: primary data and secondary data. In this research, the primary data or main data are five poems by William Wordsworth chosen from among his many poems. My Heart Leaps Up, Lines Written In Early Spring, Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways, and The
World is Too Much With Us are among the poems chosen by the researcher for this research. Meanwhile, secondary data are research references and information obtained from other sources, such as books, the internet, theses, articles, journals, and other sources relevant to this research.
For the data analysis process used in this research using the steps described in the theory of Miles and Huberman (2014), there are three steps used: Data Reduction, Data Display, and Drawing Conclusions.
Data Reduction
According to Miles & Huberman (2014), “data condensation refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data that appear in written- up field notes or transcriptions”. As data collection progresses, there will be more episodes of data reduction (summarizing, coding, creating themes, creating clusters, creating partitions, and creating notes). The analysis includes data reduction. Researchers can use data reduction to
eliminate redundant information and organize data so that conclusions can be drawn and verified.
Data Display
“A display is an organized, compressed assembly of information that permits conclusion drawing and action”, (Miles&Huberman, 2014). They believe that better data display, which includes various types of matrices, graphics, networks, and charts, is the primary means for valid qualitative analysis. Everything is designed to bring together information that is coherent and easily accessible. As a result, an analyst can see what's going on and decide whether to draw the correct conclusions or continue with the analysis based on the presentation's suggestions as potentially useful.
Conclusion Drawing/ Verification
According to Miles & Huberman (2014), “the conclusion is only half of a Gemini configuration. The conclusion is also verified as the analyst proceeds. When amid data collection, researchers had a brief conclusion”. Of course, this cannot be done haphazardly;
you must return to verify the data. In order to be truly accountable, the final 20 conclusions must not only be formed during the data collection process but must also be verified.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
In order to address the research issues raised in the previous chapter, the researchers present the research findings and discussions related to the research problem. This research looks at the figurative language in William Wordsworth's poem as well as the poem's meaning.
Findings
Figurative Language Used in Poems
The researcher selects five poems from William Wordsworth's collection of poems as the object of the research and then translates each line of each poem. The researcher then analyzes the figurative language used in the poem as well as the figurative meaning of each poem based on each meaning in each poem's line.
Poe m
Types of figurative language
∑
My Heart Leaps Up Personification 1
Parado x
1 Line Written in Early
Spring
Personification 4
Hyperbol e
1
Composed Upon Westminster
Brid ge
Paradox 1
Personification 4
Simile 1
Hyperbole 3
She Dwelt Among the
Untrodden Ways
Allusion 2
Simile 1
Metaphor 1
The World is Too Much With
U s
Allusion 1
Metaphor 1
Personification 1
Simile 1
paradox 1
190 Meaning Contained in William Wordsworth’s Poems
In a poem, meaning is the purpose made by the poet through elements such as word choice, formation of lines, or stanzas. Meaning can be the content and message of the poem. It is through this meaning that the poet's mission is conveyed. While in language, meaning has a relationship with one another.
My Heart Leaps Up
William Wordsworth recalls his childhood experiences and attempts to give meaning to his emotions and feelings in the poem "My Heart Leaps Up". He praised nature's beauty and desired to die with nature's glory. Human life, he believes, is fleeting and ephemeral, whereas the beauty of nature is eternal. When he saw the rainbow, Wordsworth's heart began to dance. Rainbows existed when Wordsworth was a child, and rainbows still exist in the sky now that he is an adult. Wordsworth will age and die, but the rainbow will last forever. Wordsworth also wishes for his days to be filled with the splendor and beauty of nature. Because everything is
the result of the past, Wordsworth says, "The child is the father of the Man." Maturity starts in childhood. Childhood comes first, and it serves as the foundation for maturity. The maturity state is the result of childhood, the past.
William Wordsworth adores nature. Because his human pleasure can only be obtained through nature. In this poem, he demonstrates how endless natural processes such as rainbows exist in the past, present, and future. The rainbow represents nature's purity and immortality. It also represents the continuation of nature and life. Human life, like a rainbow, is colorful, but only for a brief moment.
Lines Written In Early Spring
William Wordsworth wrote the beautiful poem "Lines Written In Early Spring", nature's most famous poet, in which he discusses the relationship between man and nature.
Poets rejoice in the sights and sounds of nature while lamenting what man has made of man.
In the poem, we see the poet sitting in the woods under a tree, contemplating the changes in society around him. As the poet contemplates nature, its beauty, and its constant presence, his mind quickly turns to the despair of humans, and the suffering they cause one another.
Composed Upon Westminster Bridge
William Wordsworth's poem "Composed Upon the Westminster Bridge"
describes London as a beautiful city lit up by the morning sun with its ships, towers, domes, theaters, temples, and the river Tames. Wordsworth wrote this poem while crossing the Westminster Bridge with his sister Dorothy on a trip to France. The stillness and silence of the morning scenery impressed him greatly and that was the source of his poem.
For Wordsworth, Earth has never shown anyone more beautiful than that which the poet saw as he crossed the Westminster Bridge. The city of London is beautifully decorated with the
first rays of the morning sun. Everything was quiet and empty as everyone was asleep and resting and the city's commercial activities had not yet begun. Ships, towers, domes, theaters, and churches are open to the poet's view in the center of the field and sky.
Everything was bright and sparkling like in the morning the air was smoky. So the visibility is clear. Valleys and rocks and hills become full of splendor with the help of sunlight. He thanked God for allowing him to enjoy the beauty of nature. As a result, the title describes the situation in which he received God's blessing to enjoy the beauty of London, which is
surrounded by beautiful nature. It also established Wordsworth as a true lover of nature.
She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
"She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways" is a life-and-death elegy. The poem is about the late speaker's lover. It describes how his death caused him unending pain. This brief poem explores the tragedy of death and its effects on human life. The poet takes us to the location where his lover once lived. He claimed to live in a magnificent setting.
Unfortunately, no one
compliments or loves her incredible beauty. He compared them to lovely natural objects like violets with mossy stones and bright stars, demonstrating that women were the pinnacle of beauty. Despite his extraordinary appearance, he was killed. The beautiful woman died, leaving the poet in despair, and her death left her with a great sense of loss.
What remains in the poet's mind, however, is the manner in which he expressed his extraordinary love for his late lover.
The World is Too Much With Us
Wordsworth's dissatisfaction with the loss of nature caused by the human race's desire for material comfort is expressed in the poem. He claims that humanity's materialism has made people irrational. He went on to say that humans are oblivious to their loss because they are obsessed with money, power, and possessions and fail to recognize nature's beauty. By discussing the pure glories of natural objects, he demonstrates that people are deprived of this
pleasure in the artificial race. He vowed that he'd rather be a poor pagan in touch with nature than a wealthy man estranged from his happiness. To feel less sad, he wished to see and hear the Greek gods.
Discussions
Figurative Language Used in Poems
In this research, there were 10 types of figurative language that the researcher describes including simile, personification, metaphor, allusion, paradox, litotes, irony, hyperbole, metonymy, and synecdoche. However, after analyzing all of the poems, the researcher discovered only six types of figurative language: personification, paradox, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, and allusion.
My Heart Leaps Up
Based on the extracts obtained in the findings, in this poem, the researchers found 2 extracts. 1 extract personification, and 1 extract paradox. The researcher discovered one line of the poem that uses personification after analyzing it. According to Perrine (1969),
“personification is inanimate things that are given the attributes of a human being”. In this poem, the poet personifies his "heart" leaps up to describe his feeling of being very happy when he sees a rainbow.
In this poem, the researchers found 1 line that uses paradox. “The paradox occurs in a statement that at first strikes us as self-contradictory but that on reflection makes some sense”, (Kennedy, 1995 p.688). “The Child is father of the Man;” this line is an example of a paradox—a contradictory statement.
Lines Written In Early Spring
Based on the extracts obtained in the findings, in this poem, the researchers found 5 extracts, 4 extracts of personification, and 1 extract of hyperbole. Here we can see, that
192 Wordsworth uses a lot of personification in this poem. The researchers found 4 extracts of personification in this poem. The first extract is the fifth and sixth lines in the second stanza, the second extract is lines 11 and 12 in the third stanza, the third extract is lines 17 and 18 in the fifth stanza and the last extract is lines 22 in the sixth stanza. In this poem, Wordsworth several times personifies nature, besides that Wordsworth also personifies flowers and budding twigs. In this poem, Wordsworth uses personification to build an imaginative impression on the readers so that they feel invited to imagine something.
In addition to personification, the poet also uses hyperbole in this poem. The researchers discovered one hyperbole extract, which was found in the first line of the first stanza. In this line, the poet writes "I heard a thousand blended notes" but he does not hear a thousand notes, but he hears sounds simultaneous such as birdsong, rustling leaves, and many others in a perfect combination that pleases the ear. The poet employs hyperbole in this line so that what is conveyed appears to have a strong impression that the reader can easily understand.
Composed Upon Westminster Bridge
Based on the extracts obtained in findings, in this poem, the researchers found 9 extracts,4 extracts of personification, 1 extract of paradox, 1 extract of simile, and 3 extracts of hyperbole. In this poem, Wordsworth also uses hyperbole. The researchers found several lines of the poem that used hyperbole. In the first line, Wordsworth writes "Earth has not any thing to show more fair.", we can see this line uses hyperbole because Wordsworth exaggerates the beauty of the city of London. Furthermore, in the ninth line, Wordsworth wrote "Never did sun more beautifully steep", this line also uses hyperbole because Wordsworth praises that the sun never rises so beautifully. Wordsworth's final use of hyperbole is in the eleventh line, where he writes, "Ne'er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep!"
Despite the fact that London is a large and crowded city, this line describes how the city makes him feel calm.
Of the five poems analyzed, almost all of the poems use personification, one of which is "Composed Upon Westminster Bridge". The researchers discovered four lines in this poem that used personification. In the fourth line, the poet writes "This city now doth, like a garment, wear", we can see in this line the poet personifies "the city", the poet describes London as wearing the beauty of that morning-like clothes. The poet uses personification to describe a river that flows naturally and is not disturbed by humans in the twelfth line, "The river glideth at his own sweet will:" The poet writes in the thirteenth line,
"Dear God! the very houses seem asleep," and "the houses" are personified as sleeping people because the city is quiet and calm. The poet writes in the fourteenth line, "And all that mighty heart is lying still!" In this line, "the city" is personified as a person with a heart.
The heart appears to be "lying still," possibly because the city, like its houses, appears to be sleeping. The poet uses personification in this poem to give a distinct impression to the reader. The use of personification also provides a clearer picture of the situation described in the poem.
Wordsworth employs figurative language in his poem, including similes. The researchers discovered one line in this poem that uses simile. The poet writes in the fourth line, "This City now doth, like a garment, wear." The beauty of the morning is compared to
"garment" in this line by using the word "like". In this poem, the poet employs similes to express something through parables.
In addition to personification, simile, and hyperbole, Wordsworth also uses paradox in this poem. In the third line, the poet writes "A sight so touching in its majesty", in this line "touching in its majesty" is a paradox.
She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways
Based on the extracts obtained in the findings, in this poem, the researchers found 4 extracts, 1 extract of simile, 1 extract of metaphor, and 2 extracts of allusion. A simile describes a similarity. The poet writes in the seventh line of the second stanza, "Fair as a star, when only one", in this line the poet compares him to a shining star in the second stanza by using the word "as".
In addition to simile, Wordsworth also uses metaphor in his poems. The researchers find the use of metaphor in the fifth and sixth stanzas of this poem. Only one metaphor is used in the second stanza, in the fifth and sixth lines, where he compares her to a violet.
Wordsworth attempts to demonstrate the uniqueness of her beauty in these lines.
Wordsworth employs metaphors such as "violet" covered in mossy stone to convey the idea that she is something hidden and overlooked by most people, but is very beautiful.
There are several lines in this poem that use allusion. Sometimes, in order to understand an allusion in a poem, we must learn something new. In the second line of the first stanza, the poet writes "Besides the springs of Dove," in this line the poet most likely alludes to the Dove River in England. The poet compares her to a lonely star, all alone in the sky, in the seventh and eighth lines of the second stanza, which is the brightest of all in the night sky. He tries to give her a sense of solitude and unique beauty.
The World is Too Much With Us
Based on the extracts obtained in findings, in this poem, the researchers found 5 extracts, 1 extract of personification, 1 extract of simile, 1 extract of metaphor, 1 extract of allusion, and 1 of extract paradox. Almost all of William's poems use personification. In this poem, the researchers finds three lines of a poem that use personification. The fifth line to the seventh line of William uses personification, all of these lines make nature have a human- like quality. The sea "bares her bosom to the moon," implying a close relationship between the moon and the sea. Human emotions are given wind when the wind "howls." Flowers
"sleeping" provide these aspects of human nature, allowing the reader to feel a connection to nature. It depicts nature and helps the reader realize what he is missing out on by being preoccupied with worldly possessions and greed.
Based on Kennedy (1995), “a simile is a comparison of two things, indicated by some connective, usually like, as, than, or a verb such as resembles”. A simile expresses a similarity. The poet writes in the seventh line, "And are up-gathered now like sleeping flowers;" The poet uses the word "like" to compare the wind to a sleeping flower. This figurative language is used to describe something in contrast to something seemingly unrelated. Furthermore, the use of figurative language enhances the reader's interest in the poem.
According to Kennedy (1995), “A metaphor is a statement that one thing is something else, which, in a literal sense, it is not”. In this poem, there is only one line that uses metaphor. The poet writes in the eighth line, "For this, for everything, we are out of tune;" the poet uses the word "tone" to emphasize that people do not follow the rhythm;
this rhythm is the relationship that people are expected to have with nature, which does not exist. The use of metaphors in this poem can indeed make the words in this poem look more alive and interesting to read. By using metaphors, it can make readers not only able to enjoy the literary works they read but also can gain new knowledge about writing sentences in the poem.
In this poem, there is one line that uses a paradox. In the fourth line, the poet writes
"We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon!", in this line "sordid boon" is a paradox because “sordid” describes something that someone's done as immoral and dishonorable, and a “boon” as something beneficial. The use of paradox in this poem is useful to give a
194 dramatic impression to the readers.
According to Kennedy (1995, p.632), “an allusion is indirect to any person, place, or thing—fictitious, historical, or actual”. Sometimes, in order to understand an allusion in a poem, we must learn something new. The thirteenth and fourteenth lines are lines that use allusion. This line contains an allusion to Greek mythology.
Following an explanation of all the different types of figurative language obtained, the researchers will explain some of the previous studies so that we can see how this research differs from previous studies. Atika Rose Rahayu (2018) from the University of Mataram in her thesis entitled "The Element Of Nature In William Wordsworth’s Selected Poems: A Semantic Study". She studied the poems London, 1802, The World Is Too Much with Us, and I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud. The researcher discovers some natural elements in William Wordsworth's chosen poems. To begin with, the natural elements in "London, 1802" are: fen, stagnant water, star, sea, and heaven. Second, "The World is Too Much with Us" is made up of the sea, moon, wind, sleeping flower, and lea. In the final poem, "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud," there are clouds, golden daffodils, a lake, trees, a breeze, stars, the Milky Way, and waves. Next, Nova Nurma Raflesia from the State Islamic University Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi (2019) in her thesis entitled "The Meaning of Symbols in William Wordsworth's Selected Poetries". The author examines five of William Wordsworth's poems, including "I Wondered As a Cloud," "Composed Upon Westminster Bridge," "A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal," "My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold," and "The World Is Too Much With Us.". In the findings section, the author explains the types of symbols and kinds of meanings. After analyzing all the poems, the author found 18 symbols, 16 conventional symbols, and 2 private symbols. After analyzing the types of symbols contained in William Wordsworth's poem, the author also analyzes the meaning of symbols contained in the poem of William Wordsworth. Meanings of symbols are Denotative and Connotative, denotative 11 symbols, and connotative 7 symbols.
Based on the previous studies above, they have the same object of study, namely the poems of William Wordsworth, but they have different findings, as well as this study. The first author examined the elements of nature in William Wordsworth's poems, the second researcher examined the symbols in William Wordsworth's poems, and the researchers in this research examined the figurative language and meanings in the poems. Figurative language can be used in all aspects, both orally and in writing. As we can see, in everyday conversation sometimes we also use figurative language, as well as in poems, short stories, song lyrics, or novels. This is what distinguishes this research from the previous studies above.
CONCLUSION
1. Based on their findings and discussions, the researchers identified six types of figurative language used in some of William Wordsworth's poems.
Personification, paradox, hyperbole, simile, metaphor, and allusion are the sixth types of figurative language discovered based on data from William's poems.
2. According to the data, personification is the most commonly used figurative language in William Wordsworth's poems.
3. Of the six types of figurative language used in the poem, there is a meaning that can be taken from the poems.
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