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PERJALANAN HIDUP DAN UPAYA MEMBANGKITKAN KEMBALI SENI OPERA BATAK TILHANG SERINDO

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PERJALANAN HIDUP DAN UPAYA MEMBANGKITKAN KEMBALI SENI OPERA BATAK TILHANG SERINDO

Esra Parmian Talenta Siburian Abstrak

Suatu fenomena menarik yang ada di tanah Batak Sumatera Utara, yaitu keberadaan kesenian tradisional Opera Batak yang pernah mengalami kejayaannya dan kini hampir mengalami kepunahan. Kesenian ini mengalami masa surutnya, bahkan jarang terdengar sejak tahun 1980-an. Kesenian Tradisional Batak ini muncul pada tahun 1925 yang saat kejayaaannya sering dipentaskan secara berkeliling dari desa ke desa bahkan dari kota ke kota. Masyarakat Batak pada masa itu selalu mengharapkan kehadiran Opera ini untuk dipentaskan di desanya

Opera Batak adalah salah satu jenis kesenian rakyat yang terdapat dalam masyarakat Batak yang mempunyai nilai-nilai tradisi dan memiliki unsur seni musik, tari, vokal dan drama. Kondisi masyarakat Batak pada saat itu tidak memiliki seni pertunjukan, kecuali yang menyatu dalam upacara dan yang mempunyai fungsi tertentu dalam masyarakatnya.

Opera adalah karya musik panggung yang besar yang didasarkan sesuatu cerita drama, atau suatu drama yang dimusikkan. Opera Batak Tilhang Serindo memiliki hubungan erat dengan masyarakat Batak itu sendiri, yaitu masyarakat yang kokoh memegang adat dan kepercayaan nenek moyang. Pertunjukan seni Opera Batak sangat digemari oleh pendukungnya, pertumbuhannya tidak hanya subur di daerah asalnya namun merambah ke daerah-daerah sekitarnya serta sering mengadakan pertunjukan keliling ke berbagai daerah antara lain Tapanuli, Sumatera Timur, perbatasan Aceh, bahkan pernah diundang ke Istana Negara pada masa Presiden Soekarno, dan tidak jarang Opera ini di tampilkan pada pertemuan-pertemuan berskala internasional.

Namun sekitar tahun 1970-an pertunjukan Opera Batak ini mengalami kemunduran yang drastis. Munculnya industri-industri rekaman, siaran radio, dan televisi yang menyuguhkan cerita-cerita menarik yang mampu menyerap daya tarik penonton sehingga Opera Batak ini kehilangan para pendukungnya. Marsius Sihotang sebagai pengarah lakon Opera Batak Dosroha tidak pernah lagi melakukan pertunjukan sejak tahun 1981.

Kata Kunci : Opera Batak, Tilhang Serindo, Revitasisasi.

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Upaya revivalisasi yang dilakukan melalui program inovasi belum membawa hasil optimal dan baru lebih dirasakan sebagai sarana memenuhi kebutuhan nostalgia akan seni Opera Batak yang pernah ada.

Daftar Pustaka

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Dieter Evers, Sharon Sidique, Religious Revivalism in Southeast Asia dalam Sojourn, Social Issues in South east Asia no.1. Febuary, 2:

Institut of Southeast Asian Studies, (Chicago : 1979), 20 Edy Sedyawati, Perkembangan Sen

iPertunjukan, (Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1981), 26

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masyarakat,(Jakarta : Sinar Harapan, 1986), 18

Zulhizah, 1996. Islam dan Kesenian relevansi Islam dan Seni Budaya.

Jakarta: Pustaka Kanisius

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