Pharmacology for Nurses: A Pathophysiologic Approach, 5/e

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1. Drugs at a Glance 2. Learning Outcomes 3. Local Anesthesia

a. 19.1 Regional Loss of Sensation Using Local Anesthesia

4. Local Anesthetics

a. 19.2 Mechanism of Action of Local Anesthetics b. 19.3 Classification of Local Anesthetics

a. Esters b. Amides

5. General Anesthesia

a. 19.4 Characteristics of General Anesthesia

6. General Anesthetics

a. 19.5 Pharmacotherapy With Intravenous General Anesthetics

a. Inhaled Drugs

b. 19.6 Pharmacotherapy With Inhaled General Anesthetics

a. Gases

b. Volatile Liquids

a. Check Your Understanding 19.1

7. Adjuncts to Anesthesia

a. 19.7 Drugs as Adjuncts to Surgery a. Neuromuscular Blockers

8. Chapter Review a. Key Concepts

(2)

b. Review Questions

c. Patient-Focused Case Study d. Critical Thinking Questions

9. References

10. Selected Bibliography

I. Chapter 20 Drugs for Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System

1. Drugs at a Glance 2. Learning Outcomes 3. Parkinson’s Disease

a. 20.2 Characteristics of Parkinson’s Disease

4. Drugs for Parkinson’s Disease

a. 20.3 Treating Parkinson’s Disease With Dopamine- Enhancing Drugs

a. Anticholinergic Drugs

b. 20.4 Treating Parkinson’s Disease With Anticholinergic Drugs

5. Alzheimer’s Disease

a. 20.5 Characteristics of Alzheimer’s Disease

6. Drugs for Alzheimer’s Disease

a. 20.6 Treating Alzheimer’s Disease With Cholinesterase Inhibitors

7. Multiple Sclerosis

a. 20.7 Characteristics of Multiple Sclerosis

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8. Drugs for Multiple Sclerosis

b. 20.8 Treating Multiple Sclerosis With Disease-Modifying Drugs

9. Chapter Review a. Key Concepts b. Review Questions

10. References

J. Chapter 21 Drugs for Neuromuscular Disorders 1. Drugs at a Glance

2. Learning Outcomes 3. Muscle Spasms

a. 21.1 Causes of Muscle Spasms

b. 21.2 Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Strategies to Treat Muscle Spasms

4. Centrally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

a. 21.3 Treating Muscle Spasms at the Brain and Spinal Cord Levels

5. Spasticity

a. 21.4 Causes and Treatment of Spasticity a. Check Your Understanding 21.1

6. Direct-Acting Antispasmodics

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a. 21.5 Treating Muscle Spasms Directly at the Muscle Tissue

b. 21.6 Blocking the Effect of Acetylcholine at the Receptor

c. Patient-Focused Case Study d. Critical Thinking Questions e. References

f. Selected Bibliography

K. Chapter 22 Substance Abuse 1. Drugs at a Glance

2. Learning Outcomes

3. 22.1 Overview of Substance Use Disorder

4. 22.2 Neurobiologic and Psychosocial Components of Substance Use Disorder

5. 22.3 Physical and Psychological Dependence 6. 22.4 Withdrawal Syndrome

7. 22.5 Tolerance

8. 22.6 Central Nervous System Depressants a. Sedatives and Sedative–Hypnotics b. Opioids

c. Ethyl Alcohol

d. Check Your Understanding 22.1

9. 22.7 Cannabinoids a. Marijuana

10. 22.8 Hallucinogens

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a. LSD

b. Recreational and Club Drugs

11. 22.9 Central Nervous System Stimulants a. Amphetamines and Methylphenidate b. Cocaine

c. Caffeine

12. 22.10 Nicotine

a. Tobacco Use and Nicotine Products

13. 22.11 The Nurse’s Role in Substance Use 14. Chapter Review

a. Key Concepts b. Review Questions

10. Unit 4 The Cardiovascular and Urinary Systems A. Chapter 23 Drugs for Lipid Disorders

1. Drugs at a Glance 2. Learning Outcomes

3. HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) a. 23.5 Pharmacotherapy With Statins

4. Bile Acid Sequestrants

a. 23.6 Bile Acid Sequestrants for Reducing Cholesterol and LDL Levels

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5. Niacin

a. 23.7 Pharmacotherapy With Niacin

6. Fibric Acid Agents

a. 23.8 Pharmacotherapy with Fibric Acid Drugs

7. Miscellaneous Drugs for Dyslipidemia

a. 23.9 Pharmacotherapy With Miscellaneous Drugs for Dyslipidemias

9. References

B. Chapter 24 Diuretic Therapy and Drugs for Renal Failure 1. Drugs at a Glance

2. Learning Outcomes 3. The Kidneys

a. 24.1 Functions of the Kidneys

b. 24.2 Renal Reabsorption and Secretion

4. Renal Failure

a. 24.3 Diagnosis and Pharmacotherapy of Renal Failure

5. Diuretics

a. 24.4 Mechanisms of Action of Diuretics

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a. Loop Diuretics

b. 24.5 Pharmacotherapy With Loop Diuretics a. Thiazide Diuretics

c. 24.6 Pharmacotherapy With Thiazide Diuretics a. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

d. 24.7 Pharmacotherapy With Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

a. Miscellaneous Diuretics

e. 24.8 Miscellaneous Diuretics for Specific Indications a. Check Your Understanding 24.1

7. References

C. Chapter 25 Drugs for Fluid Balance, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Disorders

1. Drugs at a Glance 2. Learning Outcomes 3. Fluid Balance

a. 25.1 Body Fluid Compartments

b. 25.2 Osmolality, Tonicity, and the Movement of Body

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Fluids

c. 25.3 Regulation of Fluid Intake and Output

4. Fluid Replacement Agents

a. 25.4 Intravenous Therapy With Crystalloids and Colloids a. Crystalloids

b. Colloids

5. Electrolytes

a. 25.5 Physiological Role of Electrolytes

b. 25.6 Pharmacotherapy of Sodium Imbalances a. Hypernatremia

b. Hyponatremia

c. 25.7 Pharmacotherapy of Potassium Imbalances a. Hyperkalemia

b. Hypokalemia

6. Acid–Base Imbalance

a. 25.8 Buffers and the Maintenance of Body pH b. 25.9 Pharmacotherapy of Acidosis

c. 25.10 Pharmacotherapy of Alkalosis

8. Reference

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D. Chapter 26 Drugs for Hypertension 1. Drugs at a Glance

2. Learning Outcomes 3. Diuretics

a. 26.6 Treating Hypertension With Diuretics

4. Drugs Affecting the Renin, Angiotensin, and Aldosterone System

a. 26.7 Treating Hypertension With Angiotensin-

Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers

5. Calcium Channel Blockers

a. 26.8 Treating Hypertension With Calcium Channel Blockers

b. Adrenergic Antagonists

a. 26.9 Treating Hypertension with Adrenergic Antagonists

a. Beta-Adrenergic Blockers b. Alpha -Adrenergic Blockers

c. Alpha -Adrenergic Agonists

c. Direct Vasodilators

a. 26.10 Treating Hypertension With Direct Vasodilators a. Check Your Understanding 26.2

1 2

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d. Treatment of Hypertensive Emergencies

E. Chapter 27 Drugs for Heart Failure 1. Drugs at a Glance

2. Learning Outcomes 3. Heart Failure

a. 27.1 The Etiology of Heart Failure

b. 27.2 Cardiovascular Changes in Heart Failure

c. 27.3 Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure

4. ACE inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers a. 27.4 Treatment of Heart Failure With Angiotensin-

Converting Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers

5. Diuretics

a. 27.5 Treatment of Heart Failure With Diuretics

6. Cardiac Glycosides

a. 27.6 Treatment of Heart Failure with Cardiac Glycosides a. Check Your Understanding 27.1

7. Beta-Adrenegic Blockers (Antagonists)

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a. 27.7 Treatment of Heart Failure With Beta-Adrenergic Blockers (Antagonists)

8. Vasodilators

a. 27.8 Treatment of Heart Failure With Vasodilators

9. Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors and Other Inotropic Drugs a. 27.9 Treatment of Heart Failure With Phosphodiesterase

Inhibitors and Other Inotropic Drugs

F. Chapter 28 Drugs for Angina Pectoris and Myocardial Infarction

1. Drugs at a Glance 2. Learning Outcomes 3. Angina Pectoris

a. 28.2 Pathogenesis of Angina Pectoris

b. 28.3 Nonpharmacologic Management of Angina c. 28.4 Pharmacologic Management of Angina

4. Organic Nitrates

a. 28.5 Treating Angina With Organic Nitrates

5. Beta-Adrenergic Blockers (Antagonists)

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a. 28.6 Treating Angina With Beta-Adrenergic Blockers

6. Calcium Channel Blockers

a. 28.7 Treating Angina With Calcium Channel Blockers a. Check Your Understanding 28.1

7. Myocardial Infarction

a. 28.8 Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome

8. Thrombolytics

a. 28.9 Treating Myocardial Infarction With Thrombolytics

9. Adjunct Drugs for Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction a. 28.10 Drugs for Symptoms and Complications of Acute

Myocardial Infarction

a. Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Drugs b. Nitrates

c. Beta-Adrenergic Blockers

d. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors e. Pain Management

11. References

G. Chapter 29 Drugs for Shock

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1. Drugs at a Glance 2. Learning Outcomes 3. Shock

a. 29.1 Characteristics of Shock b. 29.2 Causes of Shock

c. 29.3 Treatment Priorities for a Patient With Shock

4. Fluid Replacement Agents

a. 29.4 Treating Shock With Intravenous Fluid Therapy

5. Vasoconstrictors/Vasopressors

a. 29.5 Treating Shock With Vasoconstrictors/Vasopressors

6. Inotropic Drugs

a. 29.6 Treating Shock With Inotropic Drugs a. Check Your Understanding 29.1

7. Anaphylaxis

a. 29.7 Pharmacotherapy of Anaphylaxis

9. References

H. Chapter 30Drugs for Dysrhythmias 1. Drugs at a Glance

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2. Learning Outcomes 3. Dysrhythmias

a. 30.1 Etiology and Classification of Dysrhythmias b. 30.2 Conduction Pathways in the Myocardium

c. 30.3 The Electrocardiograph

d. 30.4 Nonpharmacologic Therapy of Dysrhythmias e. 30.5 Phases of the Myocardial Action Potential

f. 30.6 Mechanisms and Classification of Antidysrhythmic Drugs

4. Sodium Channel Blockers (Class I)

a. 30.7 Treating Dysrhythmias With Sodium Channel Blockers

5. Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists (Class II)

a. 30.8 Treating Dysrhythmias With Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists

6. Potassium Channel Blockers (Class III)

a. 30.9 Treating Dysrhythmias With Potassium Channel Blockers

7. Calcium Channel Blockers (Class IV)

a. 30.10 Treating Dysrhythmias With Calcium Channel Blockers

8. Miscellaneous Drugs

a. 30.11 Miscellaneous Drugs for Dysrhythmias

9. Chapter Review

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c. Critical Thinking Questions d. References

e. Selected Bibliography

I. Chapter 31Drugs for Coagulation Disorders 1. Drugs at a Glance

3. 31.1 The Process of Hemostasis 4. 31.2 Removal of Blood Clots 5. 31.3 Alterations of Hemostasis

a. Thromboembolic Disorders b. Coagulation Disorders

6. 31.4 Mechanisms of Coagulation Modification a. Anticoagulants

a. 31.5 Pharmacotherapy With Anticoagulants a. Parenteral Anticoagulants

b. Oral Anticoagulants

b. Antiplatelet Drugs

a. 31.6 Pharmacotherapy With Antiplatelet Drugs

c. Thrombolytics

d. 31.7 Pharmacotherapy With Thrombolytics

b. Hemostatics

a. 31.8 Pharmacotherapy With Hemostatics

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c. Clotting Factor Concentrates

a. 31.9 Pharmacotherapy of Hemophilia

c. Critical Thinking Questions

8. References

J. Chapter 32 Drugs for Hematopoietic Disorders 1. Drugs at a Glance

2. Learning Outcomes 3. 32.1 Hematopoiesis

a. Hematopoietic Growth Factors and Enhancers a. 32.2 Pharmacotherapy With Erythropoiesis-

Stimulating Drugs

b. 32.3 Pharmacotherapy With Colony-Stimulating Factors

c. 32.4 Pharmacotherapy With Platelet Enhancers a. Check Your Understanding 32.1

b. Anemias

a. 32.5 Classification of Anemias

c. Antianemic Drugs

d. 32.6 Pharmacotherapy With Vitamin B and Folic Acid e. 32.7 Pharmacotherapy With Iron

12

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5. References

11. Unit 5 The Immune System

A. Chapter 33 Drugs for Inflammation and Fever 1. Drugs at a Glance

2. Learning Outcomes 3. Inflammation

a. 33.1 The Function of Inflammation

b. 33.2 The Role of Chemical Mediators in Inflammation c. 33.3 General Strategies for Treating Inflammation

4. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

a. 33.4 Treating Inflammation With NSAIDS b. Salicylates

c. Ibuprofen and Ibuprofen-Like NSAIDs d. COX-2 Inhibitors

5. Corticosteroids (Glucocorticoids)

a. 33.5 Treating Acute or Severe Inflammation With Corticosteroids

6. Fever

a. 33.6 Treating Fever With Antipyretics a. Check Your Understanding 33.1

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c. References

d. Selected Bibliography

B. Chapter 34 Drugs for Immune System Modulation 1. Drugs at a Glance

3. 34.1 Innate (Nonspecific) Body Defenses and the Immune Response

4. 34.2 Humoral Immune Response and Antibodies 5. Immunization Agents

a. 34.3 Administration of Vaccines

b. 34.4 Cell-Mediated Immunity and Cytokines a. Check Your Understanding 34.1

6. Immunostimulants

a. 34.5 Pharmacotherapy With Biologic Response Modifiers

7. Immunosuppressants

a. 34.6 Immunosuppressants for Preventing Transplant Rejection and for Treating Inflammation

a. Transplantation

b. Acute Inflammatory Disorders

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C. Chapter 35 Drugs for Bacterial Infections 1. Drugs at a Glance

2. Learning Outcomes 3. Antibacterial Drugs

a. Penicillins

a. 35.8 Pharmacotherapy With Penicillins

b. Cephalosporins

a. 35.9 Pharmacotherapy With Cephalosporins

c. Tetracyclines

a. 35.10 Pharmacotherapy With Tetracyclines

d. Macrolides

a. 35.11 Pharmacotherapy With Macrolides a. Check Your Understanding 35.1

e. Aminoglycosides

a. 35.12 Pharmacotherapy With Aminoglycosides

f. Fluoroquinolones

a. 35.13 Pharmacotherapy With Fluoroquinolones

g. Sulfonamides and Urinary Antiseptics

a. 35.14 Pharmacotherapy With Sulfonamides

4. Other Antibacterial Drugs

a. 35.15 Carbapenems and Miscellaneous Antibacterials

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5. Tuberculosis

a. 35.16 Pharmacotherapy of Tuberculosis

D. Chapter 36 Drugs for Fungal, Protozoan, and Helminthic Infections

1. Drugs at a Glance 2. Learning Outcomes 3. Fungal Infections

a. 36.1 Characteristics of Fungi b. 36.2 Classification of Mycoses

c. 36.3 Mechanism of Action of Antifungal Drugs

4. Antifungal Drugs

a. Drugs for Systemic Fungal Infections

a. 36.4 Pharmacotherapy of Systemic Fungal Diseases

b. Azoles

c. 36.5 Pharmacotherapy With the Azole Antifungals d. Drugs for Superficial Fungal Infections

a. 36.6 Pharmacotherapy of Superficial Fungal Infections

5. Protozoan Infections 6. Antiprotozoan Drugs

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a. 36.7 Pharmacotherapy of Malaria

b. 36.8 Pharmacotherapy of Nonmalarial Protozoan Infections

7. Helminthic Infections 8. Antihelminthic Drugs

a. 36.9 Pharmacotherapy of Helminthic Infections

c. Critical Thinking Questions d. Reference

E. Chapter 37 Drugs for Viral Infections 1. Drugs at a Glance

2. Learning Outcomes 3. Viruses

a. 37.1 Characteristics of Viruses

4. HIV-AIDS

a. 37.2 Replication of HIV

b. 37.3 General Principles of HIV Pharmacotherapy

5. Drugs for Treating HIV-AIDS

a. 37.4 Classification of Drugs for HIV-AIDS b. Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

a. 37.5 Pharmacotherapy With Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

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c. Protease Inhibitors

a. 37.6 Pharmacotherapy With Protease Inhibitors

d. Entry Inhibitors and Integrase Inhibitors

a. 37.7 Pharmacotherapy With Entry Inhibitors and Integrase Inhibitors

b. 37.8 Prevention of Perinatal Transmission of HIV c. 37.9 Postexposure Prophylaxis of HIV Infection

Following Occupational Exposure

6. Herpesviruses

a. 37.10 Pharmacotherapy of Herpesvirus Infections

7. Influenza

a. 37.11 Pharmacotherapy of Influenza a. Check Your Understanding 37.1

8. Viral Hepatitis

a. 37.12 Pharmacotherapy of Viral Hepatitis a. Hepatitis A

b. Hepatitis B

c. Hepatitis C and Other Hepatitis Viruses

F. Chapter 38 Drugs for Neoplasia

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1. Drugs at a Glance 2. Learning Outcomes 3. Cancer

a. 38.1 Characteristics of Cancer b. 38.2 Causes of Cancer

c. 38.3 Goals of Cancer Chemotherapy: Cure, Control, and Palliation

d. 38.4 Growth Fraction and Success of Chemotherapy e. 38.5 Achieving a Total Cancer Cure

f. 38.6 Special Chemotherapy Protocols and Strategies a. Combination Chemotherapy

b. Dosing Schedules

g. 38.7 Toxicity of Antineoplastic Drugs

h. 38.8 Classification of Antineoplastic Drugs

4. Alkylating Agents

a. 38.9 Pharmacotherapy With Alkylating Agents

5. Antimetabolites

a. 38.10 Pharmacotherapy With Antimetabolites b. Folic Acid Analogs

c. Purine and Pyrimidine Analogs

6. Antitumor Antibiotics

a. 38.11 Pharmacotherapy With Antitumor Antibiotics

7. Natural Products (Plant Extracts and Alkaloids) a. 38.12 Pharmacotherapy With Natural Products

8. Hormones and Hormone Antagonists

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a. 38.13 Pharmacotherapy With Hormones and Hormone Antagonists

b. Corticosteroids (Glucocorticoids) c. Gonadal Hormones

d. Estrogen Antagonists (Antiestrogens) e. Androgen Antagonists

9. Biologic Response Modifiers and Targeted Therapies a. 38.14 Pharmacotherapy With Biologic Response

Modifiers and Targeted Therapies b. 38.15 Miscellaneous Antineoplastics

12. Unit 6 The Respiratory System

A. Chapter 39 Drugs for Allergic Rhinitis and the Common Cold 1. Drugs at a Glance

3. The Upper Respiratory System

a. 39.1 Physiology of the Upper Respiratory Tract

4. Allergic Rhinitis

a. 39.2 Pharmacotherapy of Allergic Rhinitis

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5. H -Receptor Antagonists (Antihistamines) and Mast Cell Stabilizers

a. 39.3 Pharmacology of Allergic Rhinitis With H -Receptor Antagonists and Mast Cell Stabilizers

6. Intranasal Corticosteroids

a. 39.4 Pharmacotherapy of Allergic Rhinitis With Intranasal Corticosteroids

7. Decongestants

a. 39.5 Pharmacotherapy of Nasal Congestion With Decongestants

8. Common Cold 9. Antitussives

a. 39.6 Pharmacotherapy With Antitussives

10. Expectorants and Mucolytics

a. 39.7 Pharmacotherapy With Expectorants and Mucolytics

B. Chapter 40 Drugs for Asthma and Other Pulmonary Disorders

1

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3. The Lower Respiratory System

a. 40.1 Physiology of the Lower Respiratory Tract b. 40.2 Bronchiolar Smooth Muscle

c. 40.3 Administration of Pulmonary Drugs Via Inhalation

4. Asthma

a. 40.4 Pathophysiology of Asthma

5. Bronchodialators for Treating Asthma a. Beta-Adrenergic Agonists

a. 40.5 Treating Acute Asthma With Beta-Adrenergic Agonists

b. Anticholinergics

a. 40.6 Treating Chronic Asthma With Anticholinergics b. Methylxanthines

a. 40.7 Treating Chronic Asthma With Methylxanthines

c. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs for Treating Asthma a. Corticosteroids

a. 40.8 Prophylaxis of Asthma With Corticosteroids

b. Leukotriene Modifiers

a. 40.9 Prophylaxis of Asthma With Leukotriene Modifiers

c. Mast Cell Stabilizers

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a. 40.10 Prophylaxis of Asthma With Mast Cell Stabilizers

d. Monoclonal Antibodies

a. 40.11 Monoclonal Antibodies for Asthma Prophylaxis

d. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease a. 40.12 Pharmacotherapy of COPD

13. Unit 7 The Gastrointestinal System

A. Chapter 41 Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease 1. Drugs at a Glance

2. Learning Outcomes 3. The Digestive System

a. 41.1 Normal Digestive Processes

b. 41.2 Acid Production by the Stomach

4. Peptic Ulcer Disease and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease a. 41.3 Pathogenesis of Peptic Ulcer Disease

b. 41.4 Pathogenesis of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

5. Drugs for Treating Peptic Ulcer Disease

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a. 41.5 Pharmacotherapy of Peptic Ulcer Disease b. Proton Pump Inhibitors

a. 41.6 Pharmacotherapy With Proton Pump Inhibitors

c. H -Receptor Antagonists

a. 41.7 Pharmacotherapy With H -Receptor Antagonists

d. Antacids

a. 41.8 Pharmacotherapy With Antacids

e. Pharmacotherapy of H. Pylori Infection

a. 41.9 Pharmacotherapy With Combination Antibiotic Therapy

b. 41.10 Miscellaneous Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease

B. Chapter 42 Drugs for Bowel Disorders and Other Gastrointestinal Conditions

3. The Lower Digestive Tract

a. 42.1 Normal Function of the Lower Digestive Tract

2

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4. Constipation

a. 42.2 Pathophysiology of Constipation b. Laxatives

a. 42.3 Pharmacotherapy With Laxatives

5. Diarrhea

a. 42.4 Pathophysiology of Diarrhea b. Antidiarrheals

a. 42.5 Pharmacotherapy With Antidiarrheals a. Check Your Understanding 42.1

6. Irritable Bowel Syndrome

a. 42.6 Pharmacotherapy of Irritable Bowel Syndrome

7. Inflammatory Bowel Disease

a. 42.7 Pharmacotherapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

8. Nausea and Vomiting

a. 42.8 Pathophysiology of Nausea and Vomiting b. Antiemetics

a. 42.9 Pharmacotherapy With Antiemetics a. Serotonin (5-HT ) Antagonists

b. Antihistamines and Anticholinergics

c. Phenothiazine and Phenothiazine-like Drugs d. Corticosteroids

e. Other Antiemetics f. Emetics

9. Pancreatitis

a. 42.10 Pharmacotherapy of Pancreatitis

3

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C. Chapter 43 Drugs for Nutritional Disorders 1. Drugs at a Glance

2. Learning Outcomes 3. Vitamins

a. 43.1 Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Health b. 43.2 Classification of Vitamins

c. 43.3 Recommended Dietary Allowances

d. 43.4 Indications for Vitamin Pharmacotherapy a. Lipid-Soluble Vitamins

e. 43.5 Pharmacotherapy With Lipid-Soluble Vitamins a. Water-Soluble Vitamins

f. 43.6 Pharmacotherapy With Water-Soluble Vitamins a. Check Your Understanding 43.1

4. Minerals

a. 43.7 Indications for Mineral Pharmacotherapy b. 43.8 Pharmacotherapy With Minerals

a. Macrominerals b. Microminerals

5. Nutritional Supplements

a. 43.9 Etiology of Undernutrition

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b. 43.10 Enteral Nutrition c. 43.11 Parenteral Nutrition

6. Obesity

a. 43.12 Etiology of Obesity

7. Drugs for Obesity

a. 43.13 Pharmacotherapy of Obesity

9. References

14. Unit 8 The Endocrine System

A. Chapter 44 Drugs for Pituitary, Thyroid, and Adrenal Disorders 1. Drugs at a Glance

2. Learning Outcomes 3. The Endocrine System

a. 44.1 The Endocrine System and Homeostasis b. 44.2 Indications for Hormone Pharmacotherapy

4. The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

a. 44.3 The Endocrine Structures of the Brain

5. Hypothalamic and Pituitary Drugs

a. 44.4 Pharmacotherapy With Pituitary and Hypothalamic Hormones

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b. Growth Hormone c. Antidiuretic Hormone

6. The Thyroid Gland

a. 44.5 Normal Function of the Thyroid Gland

7. Thyroid Drugs a. Thyroid Agents

a. 44.6 Pharmacotherapy of Hypothyroidism b. Antithyroid Agents

a. 44.7 Pharmacotherapy of Hyperthyroidism a. Check Your Understanding 44.1

b. The Adrenal Glands

a. 44.8 Normal Function of the Adrenal Glands b. Gonadocorticoids

c. Mineralocorticoids d. Glucocorticoids

a. 44.9 Regulation of Corticosteroid Secretion

c. Adrenal Drugs a. Corticosteroids

a. 44.10 Pharmacotherapy With Corticosteroids

d. Antiadrenal Agents

a. 44.11 Pharmacotherapy of Cushing’s Syndrome

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d. References

B. Chapter 45 Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus 1. Drugs at a Glance

2. Learning Outcomes 3. Diabetes Mellitus

a. 45.1 Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels

4. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

a. 45.2 Etiology and Characteristics of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

b. Insulin

a. 45.3 Pharmacotherapy for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

c. Insulin Adjunct

5. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

a. 45.4 Etiology and Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

6. Antidiabetic Drugs for Type 2 Diabetes

a. 45.5 Pharmacotherapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus a. Check Your Understanding 45.1

b. Sulfonylureas c. Biguanides

d. Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors e. Thiazolidinediones

f. Meglitinides

g. Incretin Enhancers and Miscellaneous Drugs

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C. Chapter 46 Drugs for Disorders and Conditions of the Female Reproductive System

3. The Female Reproductive System

a. 46.1 Hypothalamic and Pituitary Regulation of Female Reproductive Function

b. 46.2 Ovarian Control of Female Reproductive Function

4. Hormonal Contraceptives

a. 46.3 Estrogens and Progestins as Oral Contraceptives a. Check Your Understanding 46.1

5. Emergency Contraception and Pharmacologic Abortion a. 46.4 Drugs for Emergency Contraception and

Termination of Early Pregnancy

6. Menopause

a. 46.5 Hormone Replacement Therapy

7. Uterine Abnormalities

a. 46.6 Pharmacotherapy With Progestins

8. Labor and Breast-Feeding

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a. 46.7 Pharmacologic Management of Uterine Contractions

9. Female Infertility

a. 46.8 Pharmacotherapy of Female Fertility

b. 46.9 Pharmacotherapy of Female Sexual Desire Disorder

D. Chapter 47 Drugs for Disorders and Conditions of the Male Reproductive System

3. The Male Reproductive System

a. 47.1 Hypothalamic and Pituitary Regulation of Male Reproductive Function

4. Hypogonadism

a. 47.2 Pharmacotherapy With Androgens

5. Male Infertility

a. 47.3 Pharmacotherapy of Male Infertility

6. Erectile Dysfunction

a. 47.4 Pharmacotherapy of Erectile Dysfunction a. Check Your Understanding 47.1

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7. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

a. 47.5 Pharmacotherapy of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

15. Unit 9 The Integumentary System, Eyes, and Ears A. Chapter 48 Drugs for Bone and Joint Disorders

1. Drugs at a Glance 2. Learning Outcomes 3. Calcium Balance

a. 48.1 Role of Calcium and Vitamin D in Bone Homeostasis b. 48.2 Pharmacotherapy of Hypocalcemia

4. Metabolic Bone diseases

a. 48.3 Pathophysiology of Metabolic Bone Diseases b. 48.4 Pharmacotherapy of Metabolic Bone Diseases

5. Joint Disorders

a. 48.5 Pharmacotherapy of Osteoarthritis

b. 48.6 Pharmacotherapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis c. 48.7 Pharmacotherapy of Gout

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d. References

B. Chapter 49 Drugs for Skin Disorders 1. Drugs at a Glance

2. Learning Outcomes 3. The Skin

a. 49.1 Structure and Function of the Skin b. 49.2 Classification of Skin Disorders

4. Skin Infections

a. 49.3 Pharmacotherapy of Bacterial, Fungal, and Viral Skin Infections

5. Skin Parasites

a. 49.4 Pharmacotherapy With Scabicides and Pediculicides

6. Acne and Rosacea

a. 49.5 Pharmacotherapy of Acne b. 49.6 Pharmacotherapy of Rosacea

7. Dermatitis

a. 49.7 Pharmacotherapy of Dermatitis

8. Psoriasis

9. 49.8 Pharmacotherapy of Psoriasis 10. Sunburn and Minor Burns

a. 49.9 Pharmacotherapy of Sunburn and Minor Skin Irritation

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C. Chapter 50 Drugs for Eye and Ear Disorders 1. Drugs at a Glance

2. Learning Outcomes 3. The Eyes

a. 50.1 Anatomy of the Eye

4. Glaucoma

a. 50.2 Types of Glaucoma

b. 50.3 General Principles of Glaucoma Pharmacotherapy

5. Antiglaucoma Drugs

a. 50.4 Pharmacotherapy of Glaucoma b. Prostaglandin Analogs

c. Autonomic Drugs

d. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors e. Osmotic Diuretics

f. 50.5 Pharmacotherapy for Eye Exams and Minor Eye Conditions

6. Ear Conditions

7. 50.6 Pharmacotherapy With Otic Medications 8. Chapter Review

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16. Appendix A Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) A. ISMP List of Error-Prone Abbreviations, Symbols, and Dose

Designations

17. Appendix B Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) A. ISMP List of High-Alert Medications in Acute Care Settings

18. Appendix C Calculating Dosages

19. Appendix D NANDA-Approved Nursing Diagnoses 2015–2017 20. Index

A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E

F. F G. G H. H I. I J. J K. K

L. L M. M

N. N O. O

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P. P Q. Q R. R S. S T. T U. U V. V W. W

X. X Y. Y Z. Z

21. Community-Oriented Practice

22. Complementary and Alternative Therapies 23. Evidence-Based Practice

24. Lifespan Considerations

25. Nursing Practice Application 26. Patient Safety

27. Pharmacotherapy Illustrated 28. Pharmfacts

29. Prototype Drug

30. Treating the Diverse Patient 31. Answers

A. Chapter 1 Answer to the Patient Safety Question B. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

C. Chapter 2 Answers to Critical Thinking Questions D. Chapter 3 Answers to Review Questions

E. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions F. Chapter 4 Answers to Review Questions G. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions H. Chapter 5 Answers to Review Questions

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I. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions J. Chapter 6 Answers to Review Questions K. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

L. Chapter 7 Answers to Review Questions M. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

N. Chapter 8 Answers to Review Questions O. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

P. Chapter 9 Answers to Review Questions Q. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

R. Chapter 10Answers to Chapter Review Questions S. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

T. Chapter 11 Answer to Check Your Understanding 11.1 U. Answers to Chapter Review Questions

V. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

W. Chapter 12Answer to Check Your Understanding 12.1 X. Answers to Chapter Review Questions

Y. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study Questions Z. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

AA. Chapter 13 Answers to Check Your Understanding 13.1 AB. Answers to Review Questions

AC. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study Questions AD. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

AE. Chapter 14Answer to Check Your Understanding 14.1 AF. Answers to Review Questions

AG. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study AH. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

AI. Chapter 15Answer to Check Your Understanding 15.1 AJ. Answers to Review Questions

AK. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study AL. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

AM. Chapter 16 Answers to Check Your Understanding 16.1

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AN. Answers to Review Questions

AO. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study Questions AP. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

AQ. Chapter 17 Answer to Check Your Understanding 17.1 AR. Answers to Review Questions

AS. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study AT. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

AU. Chapter 18 Answer to Check Your Understanding 18.1 AV. Answers to Review Questions

AW. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study AX. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

AY. Chapter 19 Answer to Check Your Understanding 19.1 AZ. Answers to Review Questions

BA. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study BB. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

BC. Chapter 20 Answer to Check Your Understanding 20.1 BD. Answers to Review Questions

BE. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study BF. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

BG. Chapter 21 Answer to Check Your Understanding 21.1 BH. Answers to Review Questions

BI. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study BJ. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

BK. Chapter 22 Answer to Check Your Understanding 22.1 BL. Answers to Review Questions

BM. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study BN. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

BO. Chapter 23 Answer to Check Your Understanding 23.1 BP. Answers to Review Questions

BQ. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study Questions BR. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

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BS. Chapter 24 Answers Review Questions

BT. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study Questions BU. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

BV. Answer to Check Your Understanding 24.1

BW. Chapter 25 Answer to the Patient Safety Question BX. Answer to Check Your Understanding 25.1

BY. Answers to Review Questions

BZ. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study CA. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

CB. Chapter 26 Answer to Check Your Understanding 26.1 CC. Answer to Check Your Understanding 26.2

CD. Answers to Chapter Review Questions CE. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study CF. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

CG. Chapter 27 Answer to Check Your Understanding 27.1 CH. Answers to Chapter Review Questions

CI. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study CJ. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

CK. Chapter 28 Answer to Check Your Understanding 28.1 CL. Answers to Chapter Review Questions

CM. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study CN. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

CO. Chapter 29 Answer to Check Your Understanding 29.1 CP. Answers to Chapter Review Questions

CQ. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study CR. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

CS. Chapter 30 Answer to Check Your Understanding 30.1 CT. Answers to Review Questions

CU. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study Question CV. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

CW. Chapter 31Answer to Check Your Understanding 31.1

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CX. Answer to the Patient Safety Question CY. Answers to Review Questions

CZ. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study Questions DA. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

DB. Chapter 32 Answer to Check Your Understanding 32.1 DC. Answers to Review Questions

DD. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study DE. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

DF. Chapter 33 Answer to Check Your Understanding 33.1 DG. Answers to Review Questions

DH. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study Questions DI. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

DJ. Chapter 34 Answer to Check Your Understanding 34.1 DK. Answer to the Patient Safety Question

DL. Answers to Review Questions

DM. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study DN. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

DO. Chapter 35 Answer to Check Your Understanding 35.1 DP. Answers to Review Questions

DQ. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study DR. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

DS. Chapter 36 Answer to Check Your Understanding 36.1 DT. Answers to Review Questions

DU. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study DV. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

DW. Chapter 37 Answer to Check Your Understanding 37.1 DX. Answers to Review Questions

DY. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study DZ. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

EA. Chapter 38 Answer to Check Your Understanding 38.1 EB. Answers to Review Questions

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EC. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study ED. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

EE. Chapter 39 Answers to Check Your Understanding 39.1 EF. Answers to Review Questions

EG. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study EH. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

EI. Chapter 40 Answers to Check Your Understanding 40.1 EJ. Answers to Review Questions

EK. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study EL. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

EM. Chapter 41 Answer to Check Your Understanding 41.1 EN. Answers to Review Questions

EO. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study EP. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

EQ. Chapter 42 Answer to Check Your Understanding 42.1 ER. Answers to Review Questions

ES. Answers to the Patient-Focused Case Study ET. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

EU. Chapter 43 Answer to Check Your Understanding 43.1 EV. Answers to Review Questions

EW. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study EX. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

EY. Chapter 44 Answer to Check Your Understanding 44.1 EZ. Answers to Review Questions

FA. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study FB. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

FC. Chapter 45 Answer to Check Your Understanding 45.1 FD. Answers to Review Questions

FE. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study FF. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

FG. Chapter 46 Answers to Check Your Understanding 46.1

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FH. Answers to Review Questions

FI. Answers to the Patient-Focused Case Study FJ. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

FK. Chapter 47 Answer to Check Your Understanding 47.1 FL. Answers to Review Questions

FM. Answer to Patient-Focused Case Study FN. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

FO. Chapter 48Answer to Check Your Understanding 48.1 FP. Answers Review Questions

FQ. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study FR. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

FS. Chapter 49 Answer to Check Your Understanding 49.1 FT. Answers to Review Questions

FU. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study FV. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

FW. Chapter 50 Answer to Check Your Understanding 50.1 FX. Answers to Review Questions

FY. Answers to Patient-Focused Case Study FZ. Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

32. Glossary

List of Illustrations

1. Figure 1.1

2. Figure 2.1 Medication with the USP label (left) and without USP label (right)

3. Figure 2.2 A historical time line of regulatory acts, standards, and organizations

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4. Figure 2.3

5. Figure 3.1 (a) Sublingual drug administration; (b) buccal drug administration Pearson Education, Inc.

6. Figure 3.2 Transdermal patch administration: (a) protective coating removed from patch; (b) patch immediately applied to clean, dry, hairless skin and labeled with date, time, and

initials (a) Pearson Education, Inc.; (b) Ph College/Pearson Education, Inc.

7. Figure 3.3 Instilling an eye ointment into the lower conjunctival sac Pearson Education, Inc.

8. Figure 3.4 Instilling eardrops Andy Crawford/DK Images.

9. Figure 3.5 Nasal drug administration Ph College/Pearson Education, Inc.

10. Figure 3.6 Vaginal drug administration: (a) instilling a vaginal suppository; (b) using an applicator to instill a vaginal cream 11. Figure 3.7 Intradermal drug administration: (a) cross section

of skin showing depth of needle insertion; (b) the

administration site is prepped; (c) the needle is inserted, bevel up at 10–15°; (d) the needle is removed and the puncture site is covered with an adhesive bandage Pearson Education, Inc.

12. Figure 3.8 Subcutaneous drug administration: (a) cross section of skin showing depth of needle insertion; (b) the administration site is prepped; (c) the needle is inserted at a 45° angle; (d) the needle is removed and the puncture site is covered with an adhesive bandage Pearson Education, Inc.

13. Figure 3.9 Intramuscular drug administration: (a) cross section of skin showing depth of needle insertion; (b) the administration site is prepped; (c) the needle is inserted at a 90° angle; (d) the needle is removed and the puncture site is covered with an adhesive bandage Pearson Education, Inc.

14. Figure 3.10 Injecting a medication by IV push to an existing

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IV using a needleless system Pearson Education, Inc.

15. Figure 3.11 An infusion pump is used for both continuous and intermittent IV administration

16. Figure 4.1 17. Figure 4.2 18. Figure 4.3 19. Figure 4.4 20. Figure 4.5 21. Figure 4.6 22. Figure 5.1 23. Figure 5.2 24. Figure 5.3 25. Figure 5.4 26. Figure 5.5 27. Figure 6.1

28. Figure 7.1 Index for categorizing medication errors algorithm 29. Figure 7.2 Medication reconciliation on admission and

discharge is an important means of reducing medication errors

30. Figure 8.1 Teaching women about the safety of drug use during pregnancy is an essential component of nursing care.

31. Figure 8.2 Nurses should teach lactating women to avoid all drugs, herbal products, and dietary supplements unless approved by their health care provider.

32. Figure 8.3 Treating the infant Pearson Education, Inc.

33. Figure 8.4 Treating the younger school-age child George Dodson/Pearson Education, Inc.

34. Figure 8.5 Treating the middle-aged adult 35. Figure 8.6 Treating the older adult

36. Figure 9.1 Holistic model of pharmacotherapy: For

pharmacotherapy to be successful, the nurse must consider

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psychosocial, cultural, environmental, and biologic variables that could affect drug response.

37. Figure 9.2 A nurse communicates with her non–English- speaking patient through an interpreter

38. Figure 10.1 Ginkgo Biloba label. The label indicates the product is standardized to percentages of the two active ingredients, flavonglycosides and terpenes that are found in the ginkgo leaf. Also note the health claims on the label, which have not been evaluated by the FDA.

39. Figure 10.2 Three different ginkgo formulations: tablets, tea bags, and liquid extract Al Dodge/Pearson Education, Inc.

40. Figure 10.3 L-carnitine is a popular dietary supplement. Notice the claims of improving athletic performance and weight loss, neither of which has been supported by the scientific

literature.

41. Figure 12.1 42. Figure 12.2

43. Figure 12.3 Basic structure of the autonomic pathway 44. Figure 12.4

45. Figure 14.1 46. Figure 15.1 47. Figure 17.1 48. Figure 18.1 49. Figure 18.2 50. Figure 18.3 51. Figure 19.1 52. Figure 19.2 53. Figure 20.1 54. Figure 22.1 55. Figure 22.2 56. Figure 23.1

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57. Figure 23.2 58. Figure 24.1 59. Figure 25.1 60. Figure 25.2 61. Figure 25.3 62. Figure 25.4 63. Figure 26.1 64. Figure 26.2 65. Figure 26.3 66. Figure 26.4 67. Figure 27.1 68. Figure 28.1 69. Figure 28.2 70. Figure 29.1 71. Figure 29.2 72. Figure 29.3 73. Figure 30.1 74. Figure 30.2 75. Figure 30.3 76. Figure 31.1 77. Figure 31.2 78. Figure 31.3 79. Figure 31.4 80. Figure 32.1 81. Figure 32.2 82. Figure 33.1 83. Figure 33.2 84. Figure 34.1 85. Figure 34.2 86. Figure 35.1 87. Figure 35.2

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88. Figure 35.3 89. Figure 36.1 90. Figure 37.1 91. Figure 38.1 92. Figure 38.2 93. Figure 38.3 94. Figure 38.4 95. Figure 38.5 96. Figure 39.1 97. Figure 39.2 98. Figure 40.1 99. Figure 40.2 100. Figure 40.3 101. Figure 41.1 102. Figure 41.2 103. Figure 42.1 104. Figure 44.1 105. Figure 44.2 106. Figure 44.3 107. Figure 44.4 108. Figure 45.1 109. Figure 45.2 110. Figure 45.3 111. Figure 46.1 112. Figure 46.2 113. Figure 46.3 114. Figure 46.4 115. Figure 47.1 116. Figure 47.2 117. Figure 48.1 118. Figure 48.2

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119. Figure 48.3 120. Figure 49.1 121. Figure 49.2 122. Figure 49.3 123. Figure 49.4 124. Figure 50.1 125. Figure 50.2 126. Figure 50.3

List of Tables

1. Table 1.1 Therapeutic Classification 2. Table 1.2 Pharmacologic Classification

3. Table 1.3 Examples of Trade-Name Products Containing Popular Generic Substances

4. Table 2.1 U.S. Drug Schedules and Examples

5. Table 2.2 FDA Drug Risk Classification in Pregnancy 6. Table 3.1 Drug Administration Abbreviations

7. Table 3.2 Metric, Apothecary, and Household Approximate Measurement Equivalents

8. Table 3.3 Enteral Drug Administration 9. Table 3.4 Topical Drug Administration 10. Table 3.5 Parenteral Drug Administration

11. Table 6.1 Health History Assessment Questions Pertinent to Drug Administration

12. Table 6.2 Selected Nursing Diagnoses Applicable to Drug Administration

13. Table 6.3 Important Areas of Teaching for a Patient Receiving Medications

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14. Table 7.1 Look-Alike and Sound-Alike Drug Names

15. Table 8.1 Current FDA Pregnancy Category Ratings with Examples

16. Table 8.2 Selected Drugs Associated with Serious Adverse Effects During Breast-Feeding

17. Table 9.1 Genetic Polymorphisms of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes

18. Table 10.1 Complementary and Alternative Therapies 19. Table 10.2 Popular Herbal Supplements

20. Table 10.3 Standardization of Selected Herb Extracts

21. Table 10.4 Diseases for Which Medical Consensus Exists That Herbal Therapies May Be Useful

22. Table 10.5 Documented Herb–Drug Interactions 23. Table 10.6 Selected Specialty Supplements

24. Table 11.1 Deadly Diseases in Human History 25. Table 11.2 Categories of Infectious Agents 26. Table 11.3 Clinical Manifestations of Anthrax

27. Table 11.4 Chemical Warfare Agents and Treatments

28. Table 11.5 2012 Data: Top 25 Substances Involved in Human Exposures

29. Table 11.6 Specific Antidotes for Overdosed Substances or Toxins

30. Table 12.1 Cholinergic Drugs

31. Table 12.2 Cholinergic-Blocking Drugs (Anticholinergics) 32. Table 13.1 Types of Adrenergic Receptors

33. Table 13.2 General Approaches Affecting Adrenergic Neuronal Transmission

34. Table 13.3 Selected Adrenergic Drugs

35. Table 13.4 Selected Adrenergic-Blocking Drugs (Antagonists) 36. Table 14.1 Stages of Sleep

37. Table 14.2 Antidepressants for Treatment of Anxiety

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Symptoms, Restlessness, and Depression

38. Table 14.3 Benzodiazepines for Anxiety and Insomnia

39. Table 14.4 Barbiturates With Sedative and Hypnotic Properties 40. Table 14.5 Miscellaneous Drugs for Anxiety and Insomnia

41. Table 15.1 Classification of Seizures and Symptoms 42. Table 15.2

43. Table 15.3 Antiseizure Drugs That Potentiate GABA Action 44. Table 15.4 Hydantoins and Related Drugs

45. Table 15.5 Succinimides 46. Table 16.1 Antidepressants

47. Table 16.2 Foods Containing Tyramine 48. Table 16.3 Drugs for Bipolar Disorder

49. Table 16.4 Drugs for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 50. Table 17.1 Conventional Antipsychotic Drugs: Phenothiazines 51. Table 17.2 Adverse Effects of Phenothiazine Drugs

52. Table 17.3 Conventional Antipsychotic Drugs:

Nonphenothiazines

53. Table 17.4 Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs

54. Table 18.1 Common Types of Neuropathic Pain

55. Table 18.2 Responses Produced by Activation of Specific Opioid Receptors

56. Table 18.3 Opioids for Pain Management 57. Table 18.4 Nonopioid Analgesics

58. Table 18.5 Antimigraine Drugs

59. Table 19.1 Methods of Local Anesthetic Administration 60. Table 19.2 Selected Local Anesthetics

61. Table 19.3 Stages of General Anesthesia

62. Table 19.4 Examples of Intravenous General Anesthetics 63. Table 19.5 Inhaled General Anesthetics

64. Table 19.6 Selected Adjuncts to General Anesthesia 65. Table 20.1 Major Degenerative Diseases of the Central

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Nervous System

66. Table 20.2 Drugs for Parkinson’s Disease

67. Table 20.3 Anticholinergic Drugs and Drugs With Anticholinergic Activity Used for Parkinson’s Disease

68. Table 20.4 Cholinesterase Inhibitors Used for Alzheimer’s Disease

69. Table 20.5 Disease-Modifying Drugs Used for Multiple Sclerosis

70. Table 21.1 Centrally Acting Drugs That Relax Skeletal Muscles 71. Table 21.2 Direct-Acting Antispasmodic Drugs

72. Table 21.3 Indications for Botulinum Toxin 73. Table 21.4 Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs

74. Table 22.1 Selected Drugs, Withdrawal Symptoms, and Characteristics

75. Table 23.1 Standard Laboratory Lipid Profiles 76. Table 23.2 Drugs for Dyslipidemias

77. Table 24.1 Nephrotoxic Drugs

78. Table 24.2 Pharmacologic Management of Renal Failure 79. Table 24.3 Loop Diuretics

80. Table 24.4 Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics 81. Table 24.5 Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

82. Table 24.6 Miscellaneous Diuretics

83. Table 25.1 Selected Crystalloid IV Solutions

84. Table 25.2 Selected Colloid Solutions (Plasma Volume Expanders)

85. Table 25.3 Electrolytes Important to Human Physiology 86. Table 25.4 Electrolyte Imbalances

87. Table 25.5 Causes of Alkalosis and Acidosis 88. Table 26.1 Drug Classes for Hypertension

89. Table 26.2 Combination Drugs for Hypertension 90. Table 26.3 Diuretics for Hypertension

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91. Table 26.4 ACE Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers for Hypertension

92. Table 26.5 Calcium Channel Blockers for Hypertension 93. Table 26.6 Adrenergic Antagonists for Hypertension 94. Table 26.7 Direct-Acting Vasodilators for Hypertension 95. Table 27.1 Drugs for Heart Failure

96. Table 28.1 Selected Drugs for Angina and Myocardial Infarction

97. Table 28.2 Changes in Blood Test Values Following Acute Myocardial Infarction

98. Table 29.1 Common Types of Shock 99. Table 29.2 Fluid Replacement Agents

100. Table 29.3 Vasoconstrictors and Inotropic Drugs for Shock 101. Table 30.1 Types of Dysrhythmias

102. Table 30.2 Classification of Antidysrhythmics 103. Table 30.3 Antidysrhythmic Drugs

104. Table 31.1 Laboratory Testing for Coagulation Disorders 105. Table 31.2 Overview of Coagulation Modifiers

106. Table 31.3 Anticoagulants 107. Table 31.4 Antiplatelet Drugs 108. Table 31.5 Thrombolytics 109. Table 31.6 Hemostatics

110. Table 32.1 Hematopoietic Growth Factors and Enhancers 111. Table 32.2 Classification of Anemia

112. Table 32.3 Antianemic Drugs

113. Table 33.1 Chemical Mediators of Inflammation

114. Table 33.2 Selected Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 115. Table 33.3 Selected Corticosteroids for Severe Inflammation 116. Table 34.1 Immune Globulin Preparations

117. Table 34.2 Selected Vaccines and Their Schedules*

118. Table 34.3 Immunostimulants

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119. Table 34.4 Immunosuppressants

120. Table 35.1 Common Bacterial Pathogens and Disorders 121. Table 35.2 Penicillins

122. Table 35.3 Cephalosporins 123. Table 35.4 Tetracyclines 124. Table 35.5 Macrolides

125. Table 35.6 Aminoglycosides 126. Table 35.7 Fluoroquinolones

127. Table 35.8 Sulfonamides and Urinary Antiseptics

128. Table 35.9 Carbapenems and Miscellaneous Antibacterials 129. Table 35.10 Antituberculosis Drugs

130. Table 36.1 Fungal Pathogens

131. Table 36.2 Drugs for Systemic Mycoses*

132. Table 36.3 Azole Antifungals

133. Table 36.4 Selected Drugs for Superficial Mycoses*

134. Table 36.5 Selected Drugs for Malaria 135. Table 36.6 Selected Protozoan Infections

136. Table 36.7 Selected Drugs for Nonmalarial Protozoan Infections

137. Table 36.8 Selected Drugs for Helminthic Infections 138. Table 37.1 Antiretroviral Drugs for HIV-AIDS

139. Table 37.2 Drugs for Herpesviruses 140. Table 37.3 Drugs for Influenza

141. Table 37.4 Drugs for Hepatitis

142. Table 38.1 Classification and Naming of Tumors 143. Table 38.2 Alkylating Agents

144. Table 38.3 Antimetabolites

145. Table 38.4 Antitumor Antibiotics

146. Table 38.5 Natural Products With Antineoplastic Activity 147. Table 38.6 Hormone and Hormone Antagonists Used for

Neoplasia

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148. Table 38.7 Selected Biologic Response Modifiers and Targeted Therapies

149. Table 38.8 Miscellaneous Antineoplastics 150. Table 39.1 H1-Receptor Antagonists

151. Table 39.2 Selected OTC Antihistamine Combinations

152. Table 39.3 Intranasal Corticosteroids and Miscellaneous Drugs for Allergic Rhinitis

153. Table 39.4 Nasal Decongestants

154. Table 39.5 Selected Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics

155. Table 39.6 Selected Opioid Combination Drugs for Severe Cold Symptoms

156. Table 40.1 Common Triggers of Asthma

157. Table 40.2 Overview of Drug Classes for Asthma Management 158. Table 40.3 Bronchodilators

159. Table 40.4 Anti-Inflammatory Drugs for Asthma 160. Table 41.1 Proton Pump Inhibitors

161. Table 41.2 H2-Receptor Antagonists 162. Table 41.3 Antacids

163. Table 42.1 Laxatives and Cathartics 164. Table 42.2 Antidiarrheals

165. Table 42.3 Selected Drugs for Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome

166. Table 42.4 Selected Antiemetics 167. Table 43.1 Vitamins

168. Table 43.2 Lipid-Soluble Vitamins for Treating Nutritional Disorders

169. Table 43.3 Water-Soluble Vitamins for Treating Nutritional Disorders

170. Table 43.4 Selected Minerals for Treating Nutritional and Electrolyte Disorders

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171. Table 43.5 Recommended Dietary Allowances for Minerals 172. Table 44.1 Selected Endocrine Disorders and Their

Pharmacotherapy

173. Table 44.2 Selected Hypothalamic and Pituitary Drugs*

174. Table 44.3 Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs 175. Table 44.4 Selected Corticosteroids

176. Table 44.5 Adverse Effects of Long-Term Corticosteroid Therapy

177. Table 45.1 Types of Insulin: Actions and Administration 178. Table 45.2 Antidiabetic Drugs

179. Table 45.3 Selected Combination Oral Antidiabetic Drugs 180. Table 46.1 Selected Oral Contraceptives

181. Table 46.2 Adverse Effects of Hormonal Contraceptives 182. Table 46.3 Drugs for Emergency Contraception and

Pharmacologic Abortion

183. Table 46.4 Potential Consequences of Estrogen Loss Related to Menopause

184. Table 46.5 Drugs for Uterine Abnormalities and Hormone Replacement Therapy

185. Table 46.6 Uterine Stimulants and Relaxants

186. Table 46.7 Drugs for Female Infertility and Endometriosis 187. Table 47.1 Selected Androgens and Anabolic Steroids

188. Table 47.2 Androgen Formulations

189. Table 47.3 Drugs for Erectile Dysfunction

190. Table 47.4 Drugs for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

191. Table 48.1 Selected Calcium Salts and Vitamin D Therapies 192. Table 48.2 Selected Drugs for Osteoporosis and Other Bone

Disorders

193. Table 48.3 Selected Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)

194. Table 48.4 Drugs for Gout