Philosophy of Science in Islamic Economics Syllabus
Course code: IPE19203 Credit: 2 Credits
Lecturer: Dyah Titis Kusuma Wardani, S.E., MIDEC.
1. Aims of Study:
1) Understanding knowledge, philosophy and science.
2) Understanding the meaning of philosophy of science and the object of study (formal and material).
3) Understanding basic of knowledge of ontology includes science, social science and culture.
4) Understanding and mastering the history of growth and development of knowledge, philosophy of science and religion.
5) Able to cooperate, analyze, present and to be responsible at the materials of subject.
6) Understanding basic of knowledge of epistemology.
7) Understanding the structure of knowledge and science.
8) Reviewing materials in the subject
9) Understanding basic of knowledge axiology (the relationship between knowledge, value and morality).
10) Understanding several approaches in philosophy of science such as: positivism, post-positivism, phenomenology and Islamic worldview.
11) Understanding contemporary Islamic knowledge approach.
2. Definition of Philosophy of Science
Philosophy of Science is a discipline of philosophy that deals with the justification of scientific method and the demarcation between science and non science. An area of study that questions whether or not science is directed at truth or, the philosophy of science is a field that deals with what science is, how it works, and the logic through which we build scientific knowledge.
3. Learning Outcome
-Students are mastering globally the scope of the philosophy of ontology, epistemology and axiology -Students are able to understand the basics of the structure of science, the scientific means and morality of science, technology and culture and civilization.
-Students are able to demonstrate the basics of understanding in understanding science and discussing Muslim economists’ arguments
-Students are able to apply various activities to understand science: "what", "why" and "how" in economics -Students have skills in analyzing and making decisions in economic scientific activities
4. Hardskill and Softskill Goals
HARDSKILL
-Mastering the goals, concepts of science, methods and scientific insights and philosophical values
-Understand the scope of the philosophy of science, the history of the development of science, ontology (the essence of science), epistemology (how to get knowledge), axiology (value of the usefulness of science), the structure of science, scientific facilities and morality of science exploratively, descriptively, and verification.
SOFTSKILL
-Shows an attitude of responsibility for knowledge and work in the field of expertise independently;
Armed with the philosophy of science (ontology, epistemology & axiology), students will be able to work together and have social sensitivity and concern for the community and the environment;
-Internalize academic values, norms and ethics;
-And encourage students to treat economics as appropriate according to the morals and morals of a thinker and responsibility as a Muslim.
5. Competency Mapping
Know what, when, where, how & why the philosophy of ontology (the essence of science), epistemology (how to get knowledge), axiology (value of the usefulness of science) is used.
-Understand the basics of the structure of science, scientific means, and the morality of science, technology and culture and civilization.
-Can apply various activities to understand the science of "what", "why" and "how" in economics - Mastering the global scope of the philosophy of ontology, epistemology and axiology by making videos -Have the skills to evaluate and make decisions in economic scientific activities
-Can demonstrate the basics of understanding in understanding science by examining the opinions of economists.
INSTRUCTIONS TO LEARN TEACHING MATERIALS 1. Pray before and after learning
-Understand all Glossary of each content before going to class -Discuss with the group about the philosophy of Islamic science
-If you already understand immediately make the contents of the task content 2. Print the syllabus and have the main reference
-Search & read e-learning material and other sources -Come to class on-time and pray
- Include UMY logo & motto on the video, upload to YouTube max 2 weeks before UK3
3. Form study groups and discussions
-Discuss with the group about the philosophy of western science
- Look at the instructions in class and discuss what is different & not yet understood
-Upload the script and video address youtube link to each e-learning account & study for exam preparation
4. Plan the course material at the beginning of the semester -Search for examples & problems in the community related to the material -Re-discuss with the group / lecturer about the previous topic -Make philosophy of science courses in Islamic economics fun with fun learning methods
6. Materials of Subject:
a. History and the Development of Philosophy of Science
Philosophy and science are two interrelated words, both substantially and historically, because the birth of science cannot be separated from the role of Philosophy, on the contrary the development of science strengthens the existence of Philosophy. Philosophy has succeeded in changing the mindset of the Greeks and human beings from a mythocentric view to a logocentric view. With Philosophy, the mindset that always depends on the god is changed into a mindset that depends on the ratio.
In the next development, science is divided into several disciplines, which require different approaches, properties, objects, goals and measurements between the different disciplines. In turn, the branch of science is increasingly fertile with all its variations. However, it cannot be denied that the more specialized science adds to the barriers between one discipline and another, so that arrogance of one science arises over another. Not just barriers between disciplines and the arrogance of science, but what happens is the separation of science with the noble value of science, which is to improve the welfare of humanity. It is not even impossible to happen, science is a disaster for human life, such as global warming and dehumanization.
Thus, it can be said that one side of science is developing rapidly, on the other hand, there is a very great concern for the development of science because no one or institution has the authority to inhibit the negative implications of science.
Science and technology in that context lose their fundamental because science eliminates the role of humans and even humans unknowingly become slaves to science and technology. Therefore, the philosophy of science seeks to restore the spirit and noble purpose of science so that science does not become a boomerang for the life of mankind.
b. Argument in Philosophy of Science
An argument is a series of statements that have inference statements which have two methods: deduction and induction.
c. Assumption in Philosophy of Science
Assumption is a temporary presumption or conjecture that cannot be proven right and requires direct verification.
There are also those who say the meaning of an assumption is an act of estimating certain circumstances that have
not yet occurred. The meaning of an assumption is a scenario to simulate a situation that might occur by taking into account various complex and comprehensive factors. Assumptions are often associated with rules of thumb.
d. Approaches in Philosophy of Science in the Medieval Century
Medieval philosophy is a direction of thinking that is very different from the direction of the thinking of the ancient world. Medieval philosophy describes a new age once in the midst of a new group of nations, namely western Europeans. This new philosophy is called Scholistics. The Scholistic term reveals that medieval science is sought by schools, and that science is linked to the demands of teaching in these schools. Initially Scholistics arose in the oldest monasteries in South Gallia, a place of refuge when there was a movement of nations. The following is where the works of ancient figures and Christian writers are stored.
At the beginning of the 6th century philosophy stopped for a long time. All developments in science at that time were hampered. This is because the 6th and 7th centuries were chaotic centuries. At that time there was an exchange of nations, which resulted in attacks by nations that were still uncivilized against the Roman empire, so that the kingdom collapsed. Simultaneously with the collapse of the Roman empire, all Roman civilization, both non-Christian and Christian civilizations, has been under construction for the last five centuries. Western medieval philosophy (476- 1492 CE) can also be said to be a dark century. Based on the approach of church history, at that time the actions of the church were very shackling of human life. Humans no longer have the freedom to develop the potential contained in him. The experts thought that time also did not have freedom of thought. Moreover, there are thoughts that are contrary to the teachings of the church. Whoever puts it up will get a heavy sentence.
However, over the course of the century things have changed. The dialectical handbooks were eventually replaced by Aristotle’s writings on logic, while in its development further artes liberals learning was increasingly transformed into philosophical studies, especially Aristotle’s philosophy. For this reason, after studying the historical development of philosophy in the middle ages, we will be able to distinguish both in terms of the characteristics, philosophers, and thoughts of the figures themselves, remember the importance of philosophy for our daily lives.
Philosophy of Science in Islamic Economics-Study Plan Week Basic Competency Topic and Subtopic E-
learning activity Strategy/ Instructions 01 Understanding knowledge, philosophy
and science. -Syllabus
-Study contract
-Introduction: the definition of knowledge, philosophy and science
-Introducing RPS and syllabus also study contract through e-learning content.
-Demonstration -Watching video: 1001 Inventions and the Library of Secrets
02 Understanding the meaning of
philosophy of science and the object of study (formal and material).
Philosophy of science:
definition, the object of study (formal and material).
-Class lecture face to face interaction, discussion and case studies
-Introducing e-learning content (PPT)
03 Understanding basic of knowledge of ontology includes science, social science and culture.
-Basic of knowledge of ontology includes science, social science and culture.
-Assignment (Competency Test 1)
-Class lecture face to face interaction, discussion and case studies
-Discussing e-learning content
-Watching video -Video assessment 04 Understanding and mastering the history
of growth and development of knowledge, philosophy of science and religion.
-History of growth and development of knowledge, philosophy of science and religion.
-Class lecture face to face interaction, discussion and case studies
-Discussing e-learning content
05 Able to cooperate, analyze, present and to be responsible at the materials of subject.
Assignment in e-learning:
-Searching for philosophy of ontology in Economics studies
-Studying and understanding -Presenting in video
-Online class:
+Discussing content of material in video
+Lecture give approval on the video content
-uploading video in the youtube
06 Understanding basic of knowledge of
epistemology. Basic of knowledge of
epistemology.[1] Burhani approach (kajian ilmiah- empiris) [2] Bayaani approach (kajian tekstual- normatif) [3] Irfaani approach (kajian transedental-spriritual) - Competency Test 2
-Class lecture face to face interaction, discussion and case studies
-Discussing e-learning content (PPT)
-Simulation -Watching video -Video assessment 07 Understanding the structure of
knowledge and science. Knowledge of science
structure -Class lecture face to face interaction, discussion and case studies in
economics/business/finance -Discussing e-learning content
08 Reviewing materials in the subject. Quiz (Competency Test 3) Question and Answer 09 Understanding basic of knowledge
axiology (the relationship between knowledge, value and morality).
Basic of knowledge axiology (the relationship between knowledge, value and morality).
-Class lecture face to face interaction, discussion and case studies
-Discussing e-learning content
-Watching video -Video assessment 10 Understanding several approaches in
philosophy of science such as:
positivism, post-positivism,
phenomenology and Islamic worldview (Tasawur).
Several approaches in philosophy of science such as: positivism, post- positivism, phenomenology and Islamic worldview (tasawwur).
-Class lecture face to face interaction, discussion and case studies
-Discussing e-learning content
11 Understanding contemporary Islamic
knowledge approach. Islamization of knowledge (IoK) and Mashlahah (equality vs growth)
-Class lecture face to face interaction, discussion and case studies
-Discussing e-learning content (PPT)
-Discuss on case studies in economics/business/finance
12 Evaluation Competency Test 4 Sitting examination
Glossary
•
Ontology — a particular theory about the nature of being or the kinds of things that have existence•
Epistemology — branch of philosophy that deals with what knowledge is, how we come to accept some things as true, and how we justify that acceptance.•
Axiology the philosophical study of goodness, or value, in the widest sense of these terms. Itssignificance lies (1) in the considerable expansion that it has given to the meaning of the term value and (2) in the unification that it has provided for the study of a variety of questions—
economic, moral, aesthetic, and even logical—that had often been considered in relative isolation.
•
Empiricism — set of philosophical approaches to building knowledge that emphasizes the importance of observable evidence from the natural world.•
Induction — method of reasoning in which a generalization is argued to be true based on individual examples that seem to fit with that generalization. For example, after observing that trees, bacteria, sea anemones, fruit flies, and humans have cells, one might inductively infer that all organisms have cells.•
Deduction — method of reasoning in which a conclusion is logically reached from premises. For example, if we know the current relative positions of the moon, sun, and Earth, as well as exactly how these move with respect to one another, we can deduce the date and location of the next solar eclipse.•
Parsimony/Occam's razor — idea that, all other things being equal, we should prefer a simpler explanation over a more complex one.•
Demarcation problem — the problem of reliably distinguishing science from non-science. Modern philosophers of science largely agree that there is no single, simple criterion that can be used to demarcate the boundaries of science.•
Falsification — the view, associated with philosopher Karl Popper, that evidence can only be used to rule out ideas, not to support them. Popper proposed that scientific ideas can onlybe tested through falsification, never through a search for supporting evidence.
•
Paradigm shifts and scientific revolutions — a view of science, associated with philosopher Thomas Kuhn, which suggests that the history of science can be divided up into times of normal science (when scientists add to, elaborate on, and work with a central, accepted scientific theory) and briefer periods of revolutionary science. Kuhn asserted that during times of revolutionary science, anomalies refuting the accepted theory have built up to such a point that the old theory is broken down and a new one is built to take its place in a so-called "paradigm shift."References:
1. Dr. Ugi Suharto. Ekonomi Islam harus Berbasis Epistemologi Islam. Majalah Pemikiran dan
Peradaban Islam ISLAMIA. Jakarta: Institute for the Study of Islamic Thought and Civilization (INSISTS), 2005.
2. Hamid Fahmy Zarkasyi. Worldview sebagai Asas Epistemologi Islam. Majalah Pemikiran dan Peradaban Islam ISLAMIA. Jakarta: Institute for the Study of Islamic Thought and Civilization (INSISTS), 2005.
3. Jujun S. Suriasumantri. Filsafat Ilmu: Sebuah Pengantar Populer. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan, 2007.
4. Nirwan Syafrin. Konstruk Epistemologi Islam: Kajian terhadap Ilmu Fiqh dan Usul. Majalah Pemikiran dan Peradaban Islam ISLAMIA. Jakarta: Institute for the Study of Islamic Thought and Civilization (INSISTS), 2005.
5. Prof Dr. Wan Mohd Nor Wan Daud. Epistemologi Islam & Tantangan Pemikiran Ummat. Majalah Pemikiran dan Peradaban Islam ISLAMIA. Jakarta: Institute for the Study of Islamic Thought and Civilization (INSISTS), 2005.
6. Sidek Baba and Mohd Shukri Hanapi. Fikrah Tasawur. Kuala Lumpur: MZ Edu Publications, 2018.
7. Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas. Prolegomena to the Metaphysics of Islam: An Exposition of the Fundamental Elements of the Worldview of Islam. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: The International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (Chapter IV: The Nature of Man and the Psychology of Human Soul, pp: 143-176).
