View of POLITENESS IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY: A CASE STUDY OF THE MOVIE 'CRAZY RICH ASIANS'

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POLITENESS IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY: A CASE STUDY OF THE MOVIE 'CRAZY RICH ASIANS'

1Siti Khodijah, ²Nina Hayuningtyas, ³Agwin Degaf

ȏͳȐ•‹‘†•‹–‹̷‰ƒ‹ŽǤ…‘

ȏͳȐǡȏʹȐ‹ƒ‹ƒŒ‹…Šƒ†‹††‹“‡„‡”

ȏ͵Ȑƒ—ŽƒƒƒŽ‹„”ƒŠ‹ƒŽƒ‰

ƒ™ƒ‹—”ǡ†‘‡•‹ƒ

AbstractǣŠ‡’”‹ƒ”›‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡•’‡…‹ˆ‹…’‘Ž‹–‡‡••

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‡’Ž‘›‡†„›–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•‹–Š‡‘˜‹‡̶”ƒœ›‹…Š•‹ƒ•Ǥ̶Š‡ˆ‹Ž

’‘”–”ƒ›• ˜ƒ”‹‘—• …‘ˆŽ‹…–• ”‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ƒ”‘—† †‹•…”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ

’”‡Œ—†‹…‡ǡ ƒ† ”ƒ…‹ƒŽ ‹••—‡•Ǥ Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡ǡ –Š‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ‡š’”‡••

–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• —•‹‰ ™‘”†•ǡ ’Š”ƒ•‡•ǡ ‘” •‡–‡…‡• –Šƒ– ”‡ˆŽ‡…– –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‹‰ •‘…‹ƒŽ

‹„ƒŽƒ…‡• ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡† „› –Š‡‹” ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ •–ƒ–—•‡•Ǥ Š‹• “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡

†‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡•–—†›ƒ‹•–‘‰ƒ‹ƒ…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘

‘ˆ Š‘™ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• ‹• ‡’Ž‘›‡† „› –Š‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ‹ –Š‡‹” †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š

’”‘…‡••‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǡ†‹•’Žƒ›‹‰–Š‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ”‡†—…‹‰

‹– –‘ ƒƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž‡ •‡‰‡–•ǡ ‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰ –Š‡ —†‡”Ž›‹‰ ’ƒ––‡”•ǡ ƒ† †”ƒ™‹‰

‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž …‘…Ž—•‹‘• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ˆ‹†‹‰• ”‡˜‡ƒŽ –Šƒ– –Š‡

ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡ ’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž› ƒ†‘’– ƒ „‘Ž† ‘Ǧ”‡…‘”†

•–”ƒ–‡‰›™Š‡…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‰ǡ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›†—‡–‘–Š‡’”‘‹‡––Š‡‡•‘ˆ‹‘”‹–›

ƒ†ƒŒ‘”‹–›…Žƒ••‡•Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡•ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•

ƒ› ‡˜‘‡ †‹•…‘ˆ‘”– ‘” —‡ƒ•‡ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ƒ—†‹‡…‡Ǥ  •—ƒ”›ǡ –Š‹• •–—†›

’”‘˜‹†‡•˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‹•‹‰Š–•‹–‘–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‡’Ž‘›‡†„›–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•

‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡ ̶”ƒœ› ‹…Š •‹ƒ•ǡ̶ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‹‰ –Š‡ …‘’Ž‡š‹–‹‡• ƒ† †›ƒ‹…• ‘ˆ

…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ …‘–‡š– ‘ˆ †‹•…”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ ’”‡Œ—†‹…‡ǡ ƒ†

”ƒ…‡Ǥ

Keywordsǣ‘Ž‹–‡‡••ǡ”ƒœ›‹…Š•‹ƒ•ǡ‘˜‹‡

INTRODUCTION (Cambria 11 Capital Bold) (no numbering)

…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‹–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‡š’”‡••‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•’‘Ž‹–‡Ž›–‘ƒ˜‘‹†‘ˆˆ‡†‹‰‘–Š‡”•

ƒ† …ƒ—•‹‰ –Š‡ –‘ Ž‘•‡ ˆƒ…‡ ȋ”…Š‡” ‡– ƒŽǡ ʹͲͳʹȌǤ ƒ‰ ȋʹͲͳͲȌ ƒ”‰—‡• –Šƒ– •’‡ƒ‡”• —•–

‡’Ž‘› ˜ƒ”‹‘—• …‘—‹…ƒ–‹˜‡ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ •—…Š ƒ• ’‘Ž‹–‡‡••ǡ –‘ ‡•—”‡ –Š‡‹” —––‡”ƒ…‡•

…‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ ƒ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ …‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘Ž‹–‡‡•• ’Žƒ›• ƒ …”—…‹ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ …‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘• ƒ• ‹–

‹‹‹œ‡•ƒ…–•–Šƒ–…‘—Ž†–Š”‡ƒ–‡–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”̵•ˆƒ…‡Ǥ—Ž’‡’‡”ȋʹͲͲͻȌ•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–’‘Ž‹–‡‡••‹•

ƒ •–”ƒ–‡‰› ˆ‘” ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ Šƒ”‘‹‘—• …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‡‡…Š ȋͳͻͺ͵Ȍ ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡• ‹–•

’—”’‘•‡ ‹ ”‡†—…‹‰ †‹•”‡•’‡…– ƒ† †‹•…‘ˆ‘”– „‡–™‡‡ •’‡ƒ‡”• ƒ† Ž‹•–‡‡”•Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ

•’‡ƒ‡”• ƒ† Š‡ƒ”‡”• —•– …ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› •‡Ž‡…– –Š‡‹” ™‘”†• –‘ ‡•—”‡ ƒ •‘‘–Š …‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘

™‹–Š‘—–Š—”–‹‰ƒ›‘‡̵•ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•Ǥ

‘Ž‹–‡‡•• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ’”‡•‡”˜‹‰ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ”‡”̵• ˆƒ…‡ǡ ‡•—”‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡

•’‡ƒ‡”̵• ™‘”†• †‘ ‘– …ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ”‡” –‘ Ž‘•‡ ˆƒ…‡ ȋ”‘™ Ƭ ‡˜‹•‘ǡ ͳͻ͹ͺȌǤ Š‡ –‡”

̶’‘Ž‹–‡‡••̶ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ ˆ‘”ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ™‹–Š‘—– –Š‡ ‹–‡–‹‘ –‘ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‘” ‹’‘•‡Ǥ – ‡–ƒ‹Ž•

•Š‘™‹‰”‡•’‡…––‘–Š‡’‡”•‘‘‡‹•…‘˜‡”•‹‰™‹–Šƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰‘ˆˆ‡•‡ȋ‹ŽŽ•ǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ”‘™

ƒ†‡˜‹•‘ȋͳͻͺ͹Ȍˆ—”–Š‡”•—‰‰‡•––Šƒ–‹•‘…‹ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•ǡ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•—•–”‡…‘‰‹œ‡ƒ†

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‹–‹Š‘†‹ŒƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹ƒƒ›—‹‰–›ƒ•ȏʹȐǡ‰™‹‡‰ƒˆȏ͵Ȑ‹–‹Š‘†‹ŒƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹ƒƒ›—‹‰–›ƒ•ȏʹȐǡ‰™‹‡‰ƒˆȏ͵Ȑ

POLITENESS IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY: A CASE STUDY OF THE MOVIE 'CRAZY RICH ASIANS'

1Siti Khodijah, ²Nina Hayuningtyas, ³Agwin Degaf

ȏͳȐ•‹‘†•‹–‹̷‰ƒ‹ŽǤ…‘

ȏͳȐǡȏʹȐ‹ƒ‹ƒŒ‹…Šƒ†‹††‹“‡„‡”

ȏ͵Ȑƒ—ŽƒƒƒŽ‹„”ƒŠ‹ƒŽƒ‰

ƒ™ƒ‹—”ǡ†‘‡•‹ƒ

AbstractǣŠ‡’”‹ƒ”›‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡•’‡…‹ˆ‹…’‘Ž‹–‡‡••

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‡’Ž‘›‡†„›–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•‹–Š‡‘˜‹‡̶”ƒœ›‹…Š•‹ƒ•Ǥ̶Š‡ˆ‹Ž

’‘”–”ƒ›• ˜ƒ”‹‘—• …‘ˆŽ‹…–• ”‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ƒ”‘—† †‹•…”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ

’”‡Œ—†‹…‡ǡ ƒ† ”ƒ…‹ƒŽ ‹••—‡•Ǥ Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡ǡ –Š‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ‡š’”‡••

–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• —•‹‰ ™‘”†•ǡ ’Š”ƒ•‡•ǡ ‘” •‡–‡…‡• –Šƒ– ”‡ˆŽ‡…– –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‹‰ •‘…‹ƒŽ

‹„ƒŽƒ…‡• ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡† „› –Š‡‹” ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ •–ƒ–—•‡•Ǥ Š‹• “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡

†‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡•–—†›ƒ‹•–‘‰ƒ‹ƒ…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘

‘ˆ Š‘™ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• ‹• ‡’Ž‘›‡† „› –Š‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ‹ –Š‡‹” †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š

’”‘…‡••‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǡ†‹•’Žƒ›‹‰–Š‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ”‡†—…‹‰

‹– –‘ ƒƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž‡ •‡‰‡–•ǡ ‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰ –Š‡ —†‡”Ž›‹‰ ’ƒ––‡”•ǡ ƒ† †”ƒ™‹‰

‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž …‘…Ž—•‹‘• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ˆ‹†‹‰• ”‡˜‡ƒŽ –Šƒ– –Š‡

ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡ ’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž› ƒ†‘’– ƒ „‘Ž† ‘Ǧ”‡…‘”†

•–”ƒ–‡‰›™Š‡…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‰ǡ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›†—‡–‘–Š‡’”‘‹‡––Š‡‡•‘ˆ‹‘”‹–›

ƒ†ƒŒ‘”‹–›…Žƒ••‡•Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡•ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•

ƒ› ‡˜‘‡ †‹•…‘ˆ‘”– ‘” —‡ƒ•‡ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ƒ—†‹‡…‡Ǥ  •—ƒ”›ǡ –Š‹• •–—†›

’”‘˜‹†‡•˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‹•‹‰Š–•‹–‘–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‡’Ž‘›‡†„›–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•

‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡ ̶”ƒœ› ‹…Š •‹ƒ•ǡ̶ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‹‰ –Š‡ …‘’Ž‡š‹–‹‡• ƒ† †›ƒ‹…• ‘ˆ

…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ …‘–‡š– ‘ˆ †‹•…”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ ’”‡Œ—†‹…‡ǡ ƒ†

”ƒ…‡Ǥ

Keywordsǣ‘Ž‹–‡‡••ǡ”ƒœ›‹…Š•‹ƒ•ǡ‘˜‹‡

INTRODUCTION (Cambria 11 Capital Bold) (no numbering)

…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‹–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‡š’”‡••‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•’‘Ž‹–‡Ž›–‘ƒ˜‘‹†‘ˆˆ‡†‹‰‘–Š‡”•

ƒ† …ƒ—•‹‰ –Š‡ –‘ Ž‘•‡ ˆƒ…‡ ȋ”…Š‡” ‡– ƒŽǡ ʹͲͳʹȌǤ ƒ‰ ȋʹͲͳͲȌ ƒ”‰—‡• –Šƒ– •’‡ƒ‡”• —•–

‡’Ž‘› ˜ƒ”‹‘—• …‘—‹…ƒ–‹˜‡ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ •—…Š ƒ• ’‘Ž‹–‡‡••ǡ –‘ ‡•—”‡ –Š‡‹” —––‡”ƒ…‡•

…‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ ƒ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ …‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘Ž‹–‡‡•• ’Žƒ›• ƒ …”—…‹ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ …‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘• ƒ• ‹–

‹‹‹œ‡•ƒ…–•–Šƒ–…‘—Ž†–Š”‡ƒ–‡–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”̵•ˆƒ…‡Ǥ—Ž’‡’‡”ȋʹͲͲͻȌ•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–’‘Ž‹–‡‡••‹•

ƒ •–”ƒ–‡‰› ˆ‘” ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ Šƒ”‘‹‘—• …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‡‡…Š ȋͳͻͺ͵Ȍ ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡• ‹–•

’—”’‘•‡ ‹ ”‡†—…‹‰ †‹•”‡•’‡…– ƒ† †‹•…‘ˆ‘”– „‡–™‡‡ •’‡ƒ‡”• ƒ† Ž‹•–‡‡”•Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ

•’‡ƒ‡”• ƒ† Š‡ƒ”‡”• —•– …ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› •‡Ž‡…– –Š‡‹” ™‘”†• –‘ ‡•—”‡ ƒ •‘‘–Š …‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘

™‹–Š‘—–Š—”–‹‰ƒ›‘‡̵•ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•Ǥ

‘Ž‹–‡‡•• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ’”‡•‡”˜‹‰ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ”‡”̵• ˆƒ…‡ǡ ‡•—”‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡

•’‡ƒ‡”̵• ™‘”†• †‘ ‘– …ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ”‡” –‘ Ž‘•‡ ˆƒ…‡ ȋ”‘™ Ƭ ‡˜‹•‘ǡ ͳͻ͹ͺȌǤ Š‡ –‡”

̶’‘Ž‹–‡‡••̶ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ ˆ‘”ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ™‹–Š‘—– –Š‡ ‹–‡–‹‘ –‘ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‘” ‹’‘•‡Ǥ – ‡–ƒ‹Ž•

•Š‘™‹‰”‡•’‡…––‘–Š‡’‡”•‘‘‡‹•…‘˜‡”•‹‰™‹–Šƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰‘ˆˆ‡•‡ȋ‹ŽŽ•ǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ”‘™

ƒ†‡˜‹•‘ȋͳͻͺ͹Ȍˆ—”–Š‡”•—‰‰‡•––Šƒ–‹•‘…‹ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•ǡ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•—•–”‡…‘‰‹œ‡ƒ†

‹–‹Š‘†‹ŒƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹ƒƒ›—‹‰–›ƒ•ȏʹȐǡ‰™‹‡‰ƒˆȏ͵Ȑ‹–‹Š‘†‹ŒƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹ƒƒ›—‹‰–›ƒ•ȏʹȐǡ‰™‹‡‰ƒˆȏ͵Ȑ

ƒ…‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡̵•ˆƒ…‡ǡ’—„Ž‹…•‡ŽˆǦ‹ƒ‰‡ǡƒ†•‡•‡‘ˆ•‡ŽˆǤ

Š‡›ƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ–•’‡ƒ‡”•ƒ…”‘••…—Ž–—”‡••Š‘—Ž†”‡•’‡…–‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”̵••‡ŽˆǦ‹ƒ‰‡ǡ…‘•‹†‡”–Š‡‹”

ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ǡƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ˆƒ…‡Ǧ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ƒ…–•ȋ •ȌǤ ƒ…‡Ǧ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ƒ…–•ƒ”‡ƒ…–‹‘•–Šƒ–˜‹‘Žƒ–‡

–Š‡ Š‡ƒ”‡”̵• ‡‡† –‘ ƒ‹–ƒ‹ –Š‡‹” •‡ŽˆǦ‡•–‡‡ ƒ† „‡ ”‡•’‡…–‡†Ǥ ‘Ž‹–‡‡•• •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ƒ”‡

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† –‘ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‹’ƒ…– ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ •Ǥ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ ”—†› ȋʹͲͲͲȌ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–• –Šƒ–

’‘Ž‹–‡‡••’Š‡‘‡ƒ‡š–‡†„‡›‘†–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹–•‡Žˆǡƒ•‡ƒ…Š—––‡”ƒ…‡‹•—‹“—‡Ž›†‡•‹‰‡†

ˆ‘”‹–••’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒ—†‹‡…‡ǡ‡š–‡†‹‰–‘–Š‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆ‹†‡š‹…ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ

‘Ž‹–‡‡•• ’‘•‡• …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ˆ‘” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ™Š‡ —•‹‰ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ ‘– ‘Ž› ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ

Ž‹‰—‹•–‹… •–”—…–—”‡• „—– ƒŽ•‘ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ •‘…‹ƒŽ ƒ† …—Ž–—”ƒŽ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ™‹–Š‹ ƒ …‘—‹–›

ȋ”…Š‡”Ƭ”—†›ǡʹͲͳͳȌǤƒ‰—ƒ‰‡…ƒ‘–„‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡…‘—‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–—•‡‹–ǡƒ†

‹–• —•ƒ‰‡ ‹• ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡† „› •–”ƒ–‡‰‹… …‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘• –‘ •—’’‘”– ‘” ƒ‹–ƒ‹ ‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ

”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•Ǥ ‘Ž‡• ȋͳͻͻͷȌ †‡ˆ‹‡• ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• ƒ• „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” –Šƒ– ƒ…–‹˜‡Ž› ‡š’”‡••‡• ’‘•‹–‹˜‡

…‘…‡”ˆ‘”‘–Š‡”•™Š‹Ž‡ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰‹’‘•‹–‹‘‘”†‹•–ƒ…‹‰„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǤŠ‡‡••‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‹•–Š‡‘”›

‹• –Šƒ– •’‡ƒ‡”• —•– ƒ˜‘‹† –Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ”‡”̵• ˆƒ…‡ ƒ† ‹•–‡ƒ† ’”‡•‡”˜‡ –Š‡‹” ˆƒ…‡

–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡—•‡‘ˆƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡…Š‘‹…‡•Ǥ

 –Š‡‹” ™‘”ǡ ”‘™ ƒ† ‡˜‹•‘ ȋͳͻͺ͹Ȍ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š– –Šƒ– ’‡‘’Ž‡̵• —•‡ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡••

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•…ƒ„‡‘„•‡”˜‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•…ƒ„‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–™‘

…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǣ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ˆƒ…‡ƒ†‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ˆƒ…‡Ǥ‘–Š–›’‡•ƒ‹–‘…‘˜‡›’‘Ž‹–‡‡••ǡ„—––Š‡›†‹ˆˆ‡”

‹–Š‡™ƒ›—––‡”ƒ…‡•ƒ”‡…‘•–”—…–‡†Ǥ‘•‹–‹˜‡ˆƒ…‡”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡†‡•‹”‡‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•‹ƒ

…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ –‘ Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡‹” ™ƒ–• ƒ…‘™Ž‡†‰‡† „› ‘–Š‡”•ǡ …‘‘Ž› •‡‡ ‹ …ƒ•—ƒŽ

…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘• ƒ‘‰ ’‡‡”• ™Š‡”‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• …Šƒ– Šƒ’’‹Ž› ™‹–Š‘—– ˆ‡ƒ” ‘ˆ –Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ ‡ƒ…Š

‘–Š‡”̵• ˆƒ…‡ ȋ”—†›ǡ ʹͲͳͻȌǤ  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆƒ…‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–• –Š‡ †‡•‹”‡ ‘ˆ

…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• –‘ Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡‹” ƒ…–‹‘• —†‹•–—”„‡† „› ‘–Š‡”•ǡ ‘ˆ–‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† ‹

‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’‘™‡”†›ƒ‹…•ǡ•—…Šƒ••–—†‡–•ƒ†–‡ƒ…Š‡”•

ȋ—Ž‡ǡͳͻͻ͸ȌǤŠ‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‡‡••’”‘’‘•‡†„›”‘™ƒ†‡˜‹•‘‹•…Ž‘•‡Ž›–‹‡†–‘–Š‡

’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”̵•ˆƒ…‡Ǥ

 –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡

‹•‹‰Š–•‹–‘ –Š‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ƒ…”‘•• ˜ƒ”‹‘—• …‘–‡š–•Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ

‹„—ƒ ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍ …‘†—…–‡† ƒ •–—†› ˆ‘…—•‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• •–”ƒ–‡‰› —•‡† ‹ –Š‡ ̶‘‹ƒŠ

ƒŽ•Š‘™̶ ‘ ”ƒ•˜Ǥ ‹• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ –ƒŽ •Š‘™ ‡’Ž‘›‡† ˆ‘—” –›’‡• ‘ˆ

’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰›„‡‹‰–Š‡‘•–ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›—•‡†„›–Š‡Š‘•–ǡ

‘‹ƒŠǤ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ‡Žˆ‹ƒƒ†ƒ”Ž‹ƒȋʹͲͳ͸ȌƒƒŽ›œ‡†’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‡’Ž‘›‡†„›‡††›

‘”„—œ‹‡”‹–Š‡̶‹–ƒ—–‹ŠƒŽ•Š‘™ǡ̶ˆ‹†‹‰–Šƒ–’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰›™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘–Š‡†‘‹ƒ–

ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹–Šƒ–•Š‘™Ǥ

 ƒ‘–Š‡” •–—†›ǡ ”‹†‘Ž‹‹ ƒ† …‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡• ȋʹͲʹͳȌ ‡š’Ž‘”‡† –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•

”‡ˆŽ‡…–‡†‹–Š‡‘˜‹‡̶‹––Ž‡‘‡ǡ̶†‹”‡…–‡†„›”‡–ƒ‡”™‹‰ǤŠ‡‹””‡•‡ƒ”…Š†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡†

–Šƒ– ƒŽŽ –Š‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡ —–‹Ž‹œ‡† ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ ™‹–Š ƒ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ” ˆ‘…—• ‘

’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡••Ǥ  ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘–‡ǡ —–Šˆ‹ ȋʹͲʹʹȌ …‘†—…–‡† ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‘ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡••

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•—•‡†„›•–—†‡–•‹…Žƒ••”‘‘‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›‹‰Ž‹•Š…Žƒ••‡•Ǥ‹••–—†›

•Š‡†Ž‹‰Š–‘Š‘™‘•–•–—†‡–•–‡†‡†–‘‡’Ž‘›’‘•‹–‹˜‡’‘Ž‹–‡‡••™Š‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡

–‡ƒ…Š‡” ƒ† ƒ‘‰ ’‡‡”•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹– ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡•‡ •–—†‹‡• ‘ˆˆ‡”

˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‹•‹‰Š–•‹–‘’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‹•’‡…‹ˆ‹……‘–‡š–•ǡ–Š‡›ƒ›‘–†‹”‡…–Ž›ƒ††”‡••

–Š‡ ˆ‘…—• ‘ˆ –Š‡ …—””‡– ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ ™Š‹…Š …‡–‡”• ‘ ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ™‹–Š‹ ƒ

’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”‘˜‹‡Ǥ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ–Š‡•‡’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†‹‡•…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡„”‘ƒ†‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰

‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‡‡••ƒ†‹–•†‹˜‡”•‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ƒ…”‘••†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‡––‹‰•ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ†›ƒ‹…•Ǥ

 –Š‡ …‘–‡š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ …—””‡– ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡ ̶”ƒœ› ‹…Š •‹ƒ•̶ •‡”˜‡• ƒ• ƒ

‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆŠ‘™‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ƒ›—•‡ ”—†‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‘ ƒ••‡”– ’‘™‡” ƒ† •‘…‹ƒŽ •–ƒ–—•Ǥ Š‡

‘˜‹‡’‘”–”ƒ›•–Š‡†‹•…”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹•–”‡ƒ–‡–ˆƒ…‡†„›ƒ…Š‡ŽŠ—ǡ™Š‘…‘‡•ˆ”‘ƒ

Š—„Ž‡„ƒ…‰”‘—†ǡ—’‘„‡‹‰‹–”‘†—…‡†–‘‹…‘—‰̵•™‡ƒŽ–Š›•‹ƒˆƒ‹Ž›ǤŠ”‘—‰Š‘—–

–Š‡ ‘˜‹‡ǡ ‹…̵• ‘–Š‡” ƒ† ‘–Š‡” …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡ ƒ…Š‡Ž „› ‡’Ž‘›‹‰ ‘ˆˆ‡•‹˜‡

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘Š‡”ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰—’•‡–ƒ†‹•‡…—”‡ǤŠ‹•‡šƒ’Ž‡Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ

“

—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰’‘Ž‹–‡‡••ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•–‘’”‡•‡”˜‡ˆƒ…‡ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†…ƒ—•‹‰Šƒ”‘”‘ˆˆ‡•‡†—”‹‰

‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•Ǥ

”‘™ ƒ† ‡˜‹•‘̵• …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ‹–‘ ‘ˆˆǦ”‡…‘”† ƒ† ‘Ǧ

”‡…‘”†’‘Ž‹–‡‡••’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›••’‡ƒ‡”•‡š’”‡••

–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ™Š‹Ž‡ ’”‡•‡”˜‹‰ ˆƒ…‡ ȋ—––‹‰ Ƭ ‘”†›…‡ǡ ʹͲʹͳȌǤ ˆˆǦ”‡…‘”† ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡•

‡š’”‡••‹‰ •‘‡–Š‹‰ ‹†‹”‡…–Ž› ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‡Ž›ǡ ‘ˆ–‡ –Š”‘—‰Š Š‹–•ǡ ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘ …Ž—‡•ǡ ‘”

—†‡”•–ƒ–‡‡–ǤŠ‹••–”ƒ–‡‰›ƒŽŽ‘™•–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”–‘…‘˜‡›–Š‡‹”‹–‡–‹‘‘””‡“—‡•–•—„–Ž›ǡ

‡ƒ„Ž‹‰–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡‹’Ž‹‡†‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ‘Ǧ”‡…‘”†’‘Ž‹–‡‡••

‡…‘’ƒ••‡•–Š”‡‡•—„…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǣ„ƒŽ†Ž›‘Ǧ”‡…‘”†ǡ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡’‘Ž‹–‡‡••ǡƒ†’‘•‹–‹˜‡’‘Ž‹–‡‡••Ǥ

Š‡„ƒŽ†Ž›‘Ǧ”‡…‘”†•–”ƒ–‡‰›‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ƒ‹‰†‹”‡…–ƒ†•–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†•–ƒ–‡‡–•™‹–Š‘—–

ƒ––‡’–‹‰–‘‹‹‹œ‡–Š‡‹’ƒ…–‘ˆˆƒ…‡Ǧ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ƒ…–•ȋ •ȌǤŠ‹••–”ƒ–‡‰›‹•…‘‘Ž›

—•‡† ƒ‘‰ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ™Š‘ •Šƒ”‡ ƒ …Ž‘•‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ƒ† ƒ”‡ …‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡‹”

‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ  …‘–”ƒ•–ǡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ’”‹‘”‹–‹œ‡ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆƒ…‡ ‘ˆ

’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•„›ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ƒ†‹•–ƒ…‡ƒ†‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰‘’–‹‘•–‘ƒ˜‘‹†‹’‘•‹–‹‘ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†

–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡—•‡‘ˆƒ’‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡŠ‡•‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘”“—‡•–‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”–‘†‡…Ž‹‡Ǥ‘•‹–‹˜‡

’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ƒ‹ –‘ ‹‹‹œ‡ –Š”‡ƒ–• –‘ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ”‡”̵• ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ˆƒ…‡ „› ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‹‰

•Šƒ”‡† ‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‰ …Ž‘•‡‡••ǡ ƒ† ƒ––‡†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ”‡”̵• ‹–‡”‡•–•ǡ ™ƒ–•ǡ ƒ†

‡‡†•ǤŽ‹‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡’‘Ž‹–‡‡••ǡ’‘•‹–‹˜‡’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ”‡‘”‡†‹”‡…–ƒ††‘‘–‘ˆˆ‡”

–Š‡ Š‡ƒ”‡” ƒ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ ”‡ˆ—•‡Ǥ †‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡•‡ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• …ƒ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡

‹•‹‰Š–• ‹–‘ Š‘™ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡ ƒ› ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•ǡ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž› ‹

•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š’‘™‡”†›ƒ‹…•ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ‹„ƒŽƒ…‡•ȋ”‘™Ƭ‡˜‹•‘ǡͳͻͺ͹ȌǤ

…‘…Ž—•‹‘ǡ’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡†‡Ž˜‡†‹–‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‹

†‹˜‡”•‡ …‘–‡š–•ǡ ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ Š‡ ‘˜‹‡ ̶”ƒœ› ‹…Š •‹ƒ•̶

•‡”˜‡•ƒ•ƒ…‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‘™”—†‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡…ƒ„‡—•‡†–‘ƒ••‡”–’‘™‡”ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ

•–ƒ–—•ǡ —†‡”•…‘”‹‰ –Š‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• ‹ ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ƒ† ”‡•’‡…–ˆ—Ž

‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•Ǥ”‘™ƒ†‡˜‹•‘̵•…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‹–‘‘ˆˆǦ”‡…‘”†ƒ†‘Ǧ

”‡…‘”† ˆ—”–Š‡” ‡Šƒ…‡• ‘—” —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ Š‘™ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ‡š’”‡•• –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ™Š‹Ž‡

’”‡•‡”˜‹‰ˆƒ…‡‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ›ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡…‘–‡š–‘ˆ

–Š‡ ‘˜‹‡̵• –Š‡‡• ƒ† …‘ˆŽ‹…–•ǡ –Š‡ …—””‡– ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ƒ‹• –‘ ‰ƒ‹ †‡‡’‡” ‹•‹‰Š–• ‹–‘ –Š‡

†›ƒ‹…•‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‡‡••‹…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡…—””‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•–‘ƒƒŽ›œ‡–Š‡

’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•—•‡†„›…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•‹ƒ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…‘˜‹‡ǡ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰Š‘™’‘Ž‹–‡‡••‘’‡”ƒ–‡•

™‹–Š‹–Š‡…‘–‡š–‘ˆ‹–•–Š‡‡•ƒ†…‘ˆŽ‹…–•ǡ•—…Šƒ•†‹•…”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒ†’”‡Œ—†‹…‡

‹ˆŽ—‡…‡† „› •‘…‹ƒŽ •–ƒ–—•Ǥ ˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• ‹ …‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘• ‹• ˜‹–ƒŽ ˆ‘” ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡

”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ƒ†‡•—”‹‰–Šƒ–‘—”™‘”†•…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘’”‘†—…–‹˜‡ƒ†”‡•’‡…–ˆ—Ž‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•

™‹–Š‘–Š‡”•Ǥ METHOD

Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› ‡’Ž‘›‡† ‹ –Š‹• •–—†› ‹• “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ›

†‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤŠ‡ˆ‘…—•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•–‘†‡•…”‹„‡–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‡‡••

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•—•‡†„›–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•‹–Š‡‘˜‹‡̶”ƒœ›‹…Š•‹ƒ•Ǥ̶Š‡†ƒ–ƒˆ‘”–Š‹••–—†›™‡”‡

‘„–ƒ‹‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‘„•‡”˜‡†‹–Š‡‘˜‹‡ǤŠ‡ƒ‹ƒ†

•—’’‘”–‹‰ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•̵ —––‡”ƒ…‡• ™‡”‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› ‹•–ƒ…‡• ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡••

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ‘…‘ŽŽ‡…––Š‡†ƒ–ƒǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–‡’•™‡”‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†Ǥ ‹”•–Ž›ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•™ƒ–…Š‡†–Š‡

‘˜‹‡ƒ†”‡ƒ†–Š‡–”ƒ•…”‹’––‘ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‹œ‡–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•™‹–Š–Š‡…‘–‡–ǤŠ‡›–Š‡”‡Ǧ™ƒ–…Š‡†

–Š‡‘˜‹‡™Š‹Ž‡…‘’ƒ”‹‰–Š‡–”ƒ•…”‹’––‘–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•̵…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•–‘‡•—”‡ƒ……—”ƒ…›Ǥ

‡…‘†Ž›ǡ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ™‡”‡”‡˜‹‡™‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ…‘†‡†ǡƒ†˜‡”‹ˆ‹‡†„›™ƒ–…Š‹‰–Š‡‘˜‹‡‘…‡‘”‡Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… —––‡”ƒ…‡• –Šƒ– ‹†‹…ƒ–‡† –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡••

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ Š‹• ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› ƒŽŽ‘™‡† ˆ‘” ƒ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•

‡’Ž‘›‡†„›–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•‹–Š‡‘˜‹‡ǡ’”‘˜‹†‹‰‹•‹‰Š–•‹–‘Š‘™’‘Ž‹–‡‡••‹•’‘”–”ƒ›‡†

ƒ†—–‹Ž‹œ‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡…‘–‡š–‘ˆ–Š‡‘˜‹‡Ǥ

“

‹–‹Š‘†‹ŒƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹ƒƒ›—‹‰–›ƒ•ȏʹȐǡ‰™‹‡‰ƒˆȏ͵Ȑ‹–‹Š‘†‹ŒƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹ƒƒ›—‹‰–›ƒ•ȏʹȐǡ‰™‹‡‰ƒˆȏ͵Ȑ

—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰’‘Ž‹–‡‡••ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•–‘’”‡•‡”˜‡ˆƒ…‡ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†…ƒ—•‹‰Šƒ”‘”‘ˆˆ‡•‡†—”‹‰

‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•Ǥ

”‘™ ƒ† ‡˜‹•‘̵• …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ‹–‘ ‘ˆˆǦ”‡…‘”† ƒ† ‘Ǧ

”‡…‘”†’‘Ž‹–‡‡••’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›••’‡ƒ‡”•‡š’”‡••

–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ™Š‹Ž‡ ’”‡•‡”˜‹‰ ˆƒ…‡ ȋ—––‹‰ Ƭ ‘”†›…‡ǡ ʹͲʹͳȌǤ ˆˆǦ”‡…‘”† ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡•

‡š’”‡••‹‰ •‘‡–Š‹‰ ‹†‹”‡…–Ž› ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‡Ž›ǡ ‘ˆ–‡ –Š”‘—‰Š Š‹–•ǡ ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘ …Ž—‡•ǡ ‘”

—†‡”•–ƒ–‡‡–ǤŠ‹••–”ƒ–‡‰›ƒŽŽ‘™•–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”–‘…‘˜‡›–Š‡‹”‹–‡–‹‘‘””‡“—‡•–•—„–Ž›ǡ

‡ƒ„Ž‹‰–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡‹’Ž‹‡†‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ‘Ǧ”‡…‘”†’‘Ž‹–‡‡••

‡…‘’ƒ••‡•–Š”‡‡•—„…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǣ„ƒŽ†Ž›‘Ǧ”‡…‘”†ǡ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡’‘Ž‹–‡‡••ǡƒ†’‘•‹–‹˜‡’‘Ž‹–‡‡••Ǥ

Š‡„ƒŽ†Ž›‘Ǧ”‡…‘”†•–”ƒ–‡‰›‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ƒ‹‰†‹”‡…–ƒ†•–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†•–ƒ–‡‡–•™‹–Š‘—–

ƒ––‡’–‹‰–‘‹‹‹œ‡–Š‡‹’ƒ…–‘ˆˆƒ…‡Ǧ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ƒ…–•ȋ •ȌǤŠ‹••–”ƒ–‡‰›‹•…‘‘Ž›

—•‡† ƒ‘‰ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ™Š‘ •Šƒ”‡ ƒ …Ž‘•‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ƒ† ƒ”‡ …‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡‹”

‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ  …‘–”ƒ•–ǡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ’”‹‘”‹–‹œ‡ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆƒ…‡ ‘ˆ

’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•„›ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ƒ†‹•–ƒ…‡ƒ†‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰‘’–‹‘•–‘ƒ˜‘‹†‹’‘•‹–‹‘ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡†

–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡—•‡‘ˆƒ’‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡŠ‡•‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘”“—‡•–‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”–‘†‡…Ž‹‡Ǥ‘•‹–‹˜‡

’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ƒ‹ –‘ ‹‹‹œ‡ –Š”‡ƒ–• –‘ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ”‡”̵• ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ˆƒ…‡ „› ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‹‰

•Šƒ”‡† ‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‰ …Ž‘•‡‡••ǡ ƒ† ƒ––‡†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ”‡”̵• ‹–‡”‡•–•ǡ ™ƒ–•ǡ ƒ†

‡‡†•ǤŽ‹‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡’‘Ž‹–‡‡••ǡ’‘•‹–‹˜‡’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ”‡‘”‡†‹”‡…–ƒ††‘‘–‘ˆˆ‡”

–Š‡ Š‡ƒ”‡” ƒ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ ”‡ˆ—•‡Ǥ †‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡•‡ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• …ƒ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡

‹•‹‰Š–• ‹–‘ Š‘™ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡ ƒ› ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•ǡ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž› ‹

•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š’‘™‡”†›ƒ‹…•ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ‹„ƒŽƒ…‡•ȋ”‘™Ƭ‡˜‹•‘ǡͳͻͺ͹ȌǤ

…‘…Ž—•‹‘ǡ’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡†‡Ž˜‡†‹–‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‹

†‹˜‡”•‡ …‘–‡š–•ǡ ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ Š‡ ‘˜‹‡ ̶”ƒœ› ‹…Š •‹ƒ•̶

•‡”˜‡•ƒ•ƒ…‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‘™”—†‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡…ƒ„‡—•‡†–‘ƒ••‡”–’‘™‡”ƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ

•–ƒ–—•ǡ —†‡”•…‘”‹‰ –Š‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• ‹ ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ƒ† ”‡•’‡…–ˆ—Ž

‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•Ǥ”‘™ƒ†‡˜‹•‘̵•…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‹–‘‘ˆˆǦ”‡…‘”†ƒ†‘Ǧ

”‡…‘”† ˆ—”–Š‡” ‡Šƒ…‡• ‘—” —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ Š‘™ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ‡š’”‡•• –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ™Š‹Ž‡

’”‡•‡”˜‹‰ˆƒ…‡‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ›ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡…‘–‡š–‘ˆ

–Š‡ ‘˜‹‡̵• –Š‡‡• ƒ† …‘ˆŽ‹…–•ǡ –Š‡ …—””‡– ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ƒ‹• –‘ ‰ƒ‹ †‡‡’‡” ‹•‹‰Š–• ‹–‘ –Š‡

†›ƒ‹…•‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‡‡••‹…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡…—””‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•–‘ƒƒŽ›œ‡–Š‡

’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•—•‡†„›…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•‹ƒ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…‘˜‹‡ǡ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰Š‘™’‘Ž‹–‡‡••‘’‡”ƒ–‡•

™‹–Š‹–Š‡…‘–‡š–‘ˆ‹–•–Š‡‡•ƒ†…‘ˆŽ‹…–•ǡ•—…Šƒ•†‹•…”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒ†’”‡Œ—†‹…‡

‹ˆŽ—‡…‡† „› •‘…‹ƒŽ •–ƒ–—•Ǥ ˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• ‹ …‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘• ‹• ˜‹–ƒŽ ˆ‘” ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡

”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ƒ†‡•—”‹‰–Šƒ–‘—”™‘”†•…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘’”‘†—…–‹˜‡ƒ†”‡•’‡…–ˆ—Ž‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•

™‹–Š‘–Š‡”•Ǥ METHOD

Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› ‡’Ž‘›‡† ‹ –Š‹• •–—†› ‹• “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ›

†‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤŠ‡ˆ‘…—•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•–‘†‡•…”‹„‡–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‡‡••

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•—•‡†„›–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•‹–Š‡‘˜‹‡̶”ƒœ›‹…Š•‹ƒ•Ǥ̶Š‡†ƒ–ƒˆ‘”–Š‹••–—†›™‡”‡

‘„–ƒ‹‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‘„•‡”˜‡†‹–Š‡‘˜‹‡ǤŠ‡ƒ‹ƒ†

•—’’‘”–‹‰ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•̵ —––‡”ƒ…‡• ™‡”‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› ‹•–ƒ…‡• ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡••

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ‘…‘ŽŽ‡…––Š‡†ƒ–ƒǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–‡’•™‡”‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†Ǥ ‹”•–Ž›ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•™ƒ–…Š‡†–Š‡

‘˜‹‡ƒ†”‡ƒ†–Š‡–”ƒ•…”‹’––‘ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‹œ‡–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•™‹–Š–Š‡…‘–‡–ǤŠ‡›–Š‡”‡Ǧ™ƒ–…Š‡†

–Š‡‘˜‹‡™Š‹Ž‡…‘’ƒ”‹‰–Š‡–”ƒ•…”‹’––‘–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•̵…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•–‘‡•—”‡ƒ……—”ƒ…›Ǥ

‡…‘†Ž›ǡ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ™‡”‡”‡˜‹‡™‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ…‘†‡†ǡƒ†˜‡”‹ˆ‹‡†„›™ƒ–…Š‹‰–Š‡‘˜‹‡‘…‡‘”‡Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… —––‡”ƒ…‡• –Šƒ– ‹†‹…ƒ–‡† –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡••

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ Š‹• ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› ƒŽŽ‘™‡† ˆ‘” ƒ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•

‡’Ž‘›‡†„›–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•‹–Š‡‘˜‹‡ǡ’”‘˜‹†‹‰‹•‹‰Š–•‹–‘Š‘™’‘Ž‹–‡‡••‹•’‘”–”ƒ›‡†

ƒ†—–‹Ž‹œ‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡…‘–‡š–‘ˆ–Š‡‘˜‹‡Ǥ

‹–‹Š‘†‹ŒƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹ƒƒ›—‹‰–›ƒ•ȏʹȐǡ‰™‹‡‰ƒˆȏ͵Ȑ‹–‹Š‘†‹ŒƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹ƒƒ›—‹‰–›ƒ•ȏʹȐǡ‰™‹‡‰ƒˆȏ͵Ȑ

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

–Š‹••‡…–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•’”‡•‡––Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•ƒ††‹•…—••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”•–—†›ǡ™Š‹…Š

‡š’Ž‘”‡•–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•—–‹Ž‹œ‡†„›–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•‹–Š‡‘˜‹‡̶”ƒœ›‹…Š•‹ƒ•Ǥ̶

Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‹•„ƒ•‡†‘”‘™ƒ†‡˜‹•‘̵•’‘Ž‹–‡‡••–Š‡‘”›ǡ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡

ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ˆ‘” —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ Š‘™ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ‡š’”‡•• –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ™Š‹Ž‡ ’”‡•‡”˜‹‰ ˆƒ…‡ ‹

…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ › ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ ”‘™ ƒ† ‡˜‹•‘̵• ȋͳͻͺ͹Ȍ –Š‡‘”›ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ƒ‹ –‘

—…‘˜‡” –Š‡ …‘’Ž‡š‹–‹‡• ƒ† †›ƒ‹…• ‘ˆ …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ …‘–‡š– ‘ˆ †‹•…”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ

•‘…‹ƒŽ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ’”‡Œ—†‹…‡ǡƒ†”ƒ…‡’‘”–”ƒ›‡†‹–Š‡‘˜‹‡ǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†ƒ†ƒƒŽ›œ‡†‹

–Š‹• •–—†› ‘ˆˆ‡” ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ‹•‹‰Š–• ‹–‘ –Š‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ‡’Ž‘›‡† „› –Š‡

…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•ǡƒ†–Š‡‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘’ƒ––‡”•™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‘”‘—‰ŠŽ›‡šƒ‹‡†Ǥ

Š”‘—‰Š –Š‹• ‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ †‡‡’‡” —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ Š‘™ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• ‘’‡”ƒ–‡• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡

‘˜‹‡̵•–Š‡‡•ƒ†…‘ˆŽ‹…–•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‹–•”‘Ž‡‹•Šƒ’‹‰‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•ƒ‹†•–•‘…‹ƒŽ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›

ƒ†’‘™‡”•–”—‰‰Ž‡•ǡ‹••‘—‰Š–Ǥ‡–—•‘™’”‘…‡‡†™‹–Š–Š‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•ƒ†

†‹•…—••‹‘•–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡‹–”‹…ƒ…‹‡•‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‡‡••‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†‘ˆ̶”ƒœ›‹…Š•‹ƒ•Ǥ̶

On Record

 ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• –Š‡‘”›ǡ ̶ ‡…‘”†̶ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ †‹”‡…– ƒ† •–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”† …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘

™‹–Š‘—–‹‹‹œ‹‰’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–Š”‡ƒ–•–‘–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”̵•ˆƒ…‡‘”•‡ŽˆǦ‹ƒ‰‡ȋ”…Š‡”Ƭ”—†›ǡʹͲͳͳȌǤ

– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ‡š’”‡••‹‰ ƒ ‡••ƒ‰‡ …Ž‡ƒ”Ž› ƒ† —ƒ„‹‰—‘—•Ž›ǡ –›’‹…ƒŽŽ› —•‡† ‹ …Ž‘•‡

”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• ‘” —”‰‡– •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ™Š‡”‡ „‘–Š ’ƒ”–‹‡• —†‡”•–ƒ† ‡ƒ…Š ‘–Š‡” ™‡ŽŽ ȋ—––‹‰ Ƭ ‘”†›…‡ǡʹͲʹͳȌǤ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ̶ˆˆ‡…‘”†̶‹˜‘Ž˜‡•‹†‹”‡…–ƒ†•—„–Ž‡…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ

—•‹‰Š‹–•‘”—†‡”•–ƒ–‡‡––‘‹‹‹œ‡ˆƒ…‡Ǧ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ƒ…–•ǡ•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•™Š‡”‡

…ƒ—–‹‘ ‹• ‡‡†‡† –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† …ƒ—•‹‰ ‘ˆˆ‡•‡Ǥ Š‡ …Š‘‹…‡ „‡–™‡‡ ‘Ǧ”‡…‘”† ƒ† ‘ˆˆǦ”‡…‘”†

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• †‡’‡†• ‘ ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‹–›ǡ …‘–‡š–ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ˆƒ…‡ ‡‡†• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•

ȋ—––‹‰ǡʹͲͲʹȌǤ On record baldly

 ”‡…‘”† ̶„ƒŽ†Ž›̶ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ ƒ •–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”† ƒ† †‹”‡…– …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ •–›Ž‡ ™‹–Š‘—–

ƒ›ƒ––‡’––‘•‘ˆ–‡‘”‹–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–Š”‡ƒ––‘–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”̵•ˆƒ…‡ǤŠ‡—•‹‰–Š‡„ƒŽ†Ž›

‘Ǧ”‡…‘”†•–”ƒ–‡‰›ǡ–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”‡š’”‡••‡•–Š‡‹”‡••ƒ‰‡‹ƒ…Ž‡ƒ”ƒ†‡š’Ž‹…‹–ƒ‡”ǡ™‹–Š‘—–

‡’Ž‘›‹‰ ƒ› ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ‘” ‹†‹”‡…– Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ȋ—––‹‰ Ƭ ‘”†›…‡ǡ ʹͲʹͳȌǤ Š‹•

ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹•–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›—–‹Ž‹œ‡†‹•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•™Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡‹•ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž‘ˆˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‹–›ƒ†–”—•–

„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”ƒ†–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”ǡ‘”™Š‡–Š‡—”‰‡…›‘ˆ–Š‡‡••ƒ‰‡‘—–™‡‹‰Š•–Š‡‡‡†

ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹–‡‡••ȋ”—†›ǡʹͲͳͻȌǤŠ‹Ž‡„ƒŽ†Ž›‘Ǧ”‡…‘”†…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ›…ƒ””›ƒŠ‹‰Š‡””‹•‘ˆ

ˆƒ…‡Ǧ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ ƒ…–•ǡ ‹– …ƒ „‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ ‹ …‡”–ƒ‹ …‘–‡š–• ™Š‡”‡ …Žƒ”‹–› ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡…› ƒ”‡

’”‹‘”‹–‹œ‡†‘˜‡”•‘…‹ƒŽ‹…‡–‹‡•Ǥ Example 1

Š‡…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘„‡Ž‘™Šƒ’’‡•‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•…‡‡™Š‡–Š‡Ž‡‘—”‘—‰…‘‡•–‘–Š‡

‘–‡ŽǤ

Clerk: May I help you? This is the Calthorpe, a private hotel

Elena: I’m Mrs. Eleanor Young. I have a reservation. The Lancaster suite.

We spoke on the phone when I confirmed yesterday.

Clerk: Sorry, don’t seem to have your reservation.

Ormsby: Good evening. I’m Reginald Ormsby, hotel manager. Is there a problem?

Elena: I’m Mrs. Eleanor Young. My family and I would like to be shown to our suite. We’ve had a long flight.

Ormsby: (Ormsby takes in Eleanor et al, makes a snap judgment) We’re fully booked, madam. You must have made a mistake. I’m sure you and your lovely family can find other accommodations. May I suggest you explore Chinatown?

“

Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ‹•…‘†—…–‡†—•‹‰”‘™ƒ†‡˜‹•‘̵•–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‡‡••Ǥ

–Š‹•’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”•…‡‡ǡ–Š‡…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Ž‡”ƒ†”•„›ƒ†”•ǤŽ‡ƒ‘”‘—‰

†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡• –Š‡ „ƒŽ†Ž› ‘Ǧ”‡…‘”† ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• •–”ƒ–‡‰›Ǥ Š‡ Ž‡” ƒ† ”•„› †‹•”‡‰ƒ”† –Š‡

‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ”•Ǥ‘—‰ƒ†Š‡”ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ•‰—‡•–•‹–Š‡Š‘–‡ŽǤŠ‡›

ƒ‡†‹”‡…–ƒ†•–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†•–ƒ–‡‡–•™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›‡ˆˆ‘”––‘‹‹‹œ‡–Š‡‹’ƒ…–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”

ˆƒ…‡Ǧ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ƒ…–•Ǥ

Š‡ –Š‡ Ž‡” •–ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡› †‘̵– •‡‡ –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ”•Ǥ ‘—‰̵• ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹–

‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›…ƒ—•‡•Š‡”–‘Ž‘•‡ˆƒ…‡ƒ†ˆ‡‡Ž•Š‘…‡†ǤŠ‡‡š’‡…–•–Š‡Ž‡”–‘†‘—„Ž‡Ǧ…Š‡…–Š‡

”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ •‘ –Šƒ– •Š‡ ƒ† Š‡” ˆƒ‹Ž› …ƒ “—‹…Ž› •‡––Ž‡ ‹ ƒˆ–‡” ƒ Ž‘‰ ˆŽ‹‰Š–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ

”•„›̵• ”‡•’‘•‡ ‹• †‹•‹••‹˜‡ ƒ† ‹•‡•‹–‹˜‡Ǥ ‡ •—‰‰‡•–• –Šƒ– –Š‡› ‡š’Ž‘”‡ Š‹ƒ–‘™

‹•–‡ƒ†ǡ™Š‹…Š…ƒ„‡’‡”…‡‹˜‡†ƒ•ƒ”ƒ…‹•–”‡ƒ”‰‹˜‡”•Ǥ‘—‰̵•Š‹‡•‡‡–Š‹…‹–›ǤŠ‹•

•–ƒ–‡‡–ˆ—”–Š‡”•Š‘…•ƒ†ƒ‰‡”•”•Ǥ‘—‰ƒ†Š‡”ˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥ

ƒ•‡†‘–Š‹•ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ–Š‡—––‡”ƒ…‡•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡”ƒ†”•„›ˆƒŽŽ‹–‘–Š‡…ƒ–‡‰‘”›‘ˆ

„ƒŽ†Ž›‘Ǧ”‡…‘”†’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰›ǤŠ‡›†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ƒŽƒ…‘ˆ…‘…‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ƒ†

ˆƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ”•Ǥ ‘—‰ ƒ† Š‡” ˆƒ‹Ž› ƒ• –Š‡‹” ‰—‡•–•Ǥ Š‡ †‹•”‡‰ƒ”† ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ‡‘–‹‘• ƒ† –Š‡

†‹•‹••‹˜‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ †‹•’Žƒ›‡† „› –Š‡ Ž‡” ƒ† ”•„› ‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ› –Š‡ †‹”‡…– ƒ† —‹–‹‰ƒ–‡†

ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡„ƒŽ†Ž›‘Ǧ”‡…‘”†’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰›Ǥ Example 2

Š‹•…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘–ƒ‡•’Žƒ…‡ƒ–‡‹‹̵•Š‘—•‡†—”‹‰ƒŽ—…Š‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰Ǥƒ…Š‡Ž”‡˜‡ƒŽ•

–Šƒ– •Š‡ Šƒ• …‘‡ –‘ ‹‰ƒ’‘”‡ ™‹–Š Š‡” „‘›ˆ”‹‡†ǡ ‹…ǡ –‘ ƒ––‡† ƒ ™‡††‹‰Ǥ Š‡ •Š‡

‡–‹‘•‹…‘—‰ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ…–‹‘ˆ”‘‡‹‹̵•ˆƒ‹Ž›‹•‘‡‘ˆ•Š‘…ƒ†•—”’”‹•‡ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡

•‘ ƒ•–‘‹•Š‡† –Šƒ– ›‡ — ‡˜‡ †”‘’• –Š‡ ˆ‘‘† ˆ”‘ Š‹• ‘—–Šǡ ƒ† ‡˜‡”›‘‡ •–‘’• ™Šƒ–

–Š‡›̵”‡†‘‹‰–‘Ž‘‘ƒ–ƒ…Š‡ŽǤ

‹‡ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‡• ƒ …‘‡– ƒ„‘—– ƒ…Š‡Ž̵• ‘—–ˆ‹–ǡ ƒ•‹‰ ‹ˆ •Š‡ ‹• ‰‘‹‰ –‘ ‹…̵•

‰”ƒ†‘–Š‡”̵•Š‘—•‡†”‡••‡†Ž‹‡–Šƒ–ǤŠ‹•‡Ž‹…‹–•Žƒ—‰Š–‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡‡–‹”‡ˆƒ‹Ž›ǤŠ‡ǡǤǤ …Š‹‡•‹ǡ•ƒ›‹‰̶‘™ƒ›ǡ‘™ƒ›Ǥ̶ƒ…Š‡Ž–”‹‡•–‘Œ—•–‹ˆ›Š‡”…Š‘‹…‡„›‡–‹‘‹‰–Šƒ–”‡†‹•

…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒŽ—…›…‘Ž‘”ǡ„—–›‡—‹–‡””—’–•ƒ†…‘’ƒ”‡•Š‡”–‘ƒ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡ǡƒ‹‰ƒ

•ƒ”…ƒ•–‹…Œ‘‡Ǥ

Piek Lin: You’re going to Nick’s grandma’s house wearing this?

They all laugh P.T: No way, No way.

Rachel: Yeah, I thought red was a lucky color, right?

Wye Mun: Yeah, if you’re an envelope. Zing! Nailed it!

–Š‹•…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹–‹•‡˜‹†‡––Šƒ–‡‹‹̵•ˆƒ‹Ž›‘’‡Ž›‹•—Ž–•ƒ…Š‡Ž̵•‘—–ˆ‹–ǤŠ‡›

ƒ‡†‡”‘‰ƒ–‘”›”‡ƒ”•™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ…Š‡Ž̵•ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ǤŠ‡…‘‡–•ƒ”‡

†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† †‹”‡…–Ž› ƒ† ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ› ƒ––‡’– –‘‹–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹’ƒ…– ‘ ƒ…Š‡Ž̵•ˆƒ…‡Ǥ

Š‹•ƒŽ‹‰•™‹–Š–Š‡„ƒŽ†Ž›‘Ǧ”‡…‘”†’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰›ǡ™Š‡”‡•’‡ƒ‡”•‡š’”‡••–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•

„Ž—–Ž› ƒ† ™‹–Š‘—– …‘…‡” ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡…‹’‹‡–̵• ˆƒ…‡Ǥ ‡‹ ‹̵• ˆƒ‹Ž› ˆ”‡‡Ž› ‡š’”‡••‡• –Š‡‹”

‘’‹‹‘• ƒ„‘—– ƒ…Š‡Ž̵• ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡ǡ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‰ ƒ Žƒ… ‘ˆ •‡•‹–‹˜‹–› –‘™ƒ”†• Š‡” ƒ†

†‹•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹’ƒ…–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”™‘”†•Ǥ Negative politeness

‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡’‘Ž‹–‡‡••‹•ƒ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰›—•‡†‹…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘–‘”‡•’‡…–ƒ†’”‘–‡…–

–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”̵•‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ˆƒ…‡ǡ™Š‹…Š”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡‹”†‡•‹”‡–‘„‡ˆ”‡‡ˆ”‘‹’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡ

‘”‹–”—•‹˜‡‡••ǤŠ‡‡’Ž‘›‹‰‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡’‘Ž‹–‡‡••ǡ–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”ƒ…‘™Ž‡†‰‡•–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ

‹’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ”‡“—‡•– ‘” •–ƒ–‡‡– ƒ† •‡‡• –‘ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‡ ‹– „› „‡‹‰ †‡ˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽǡ —•‹‰

‹†‹”‡…– Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ ‘” ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ‘’–‹‘• –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† ’”‡••—”‹‰ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ”‡” ȋ—––‹‰ǡ ʹͲͲʹȌǤ Š‹•

•–”ƒ–‡‰›ƒ‹•–‘„‡’‘Ž‹–‡ƒ†…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‡„›•Š‘™‹‰•‡•‹–‹˜‹–›–‘–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”̵•ƒ—–‘‘›ƒ†

ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰ †‹”‡…– †‡ƒ†• –Šƒ– …‘—Ž† –Š”‡ƒ–‡ –Š‡‹” ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆƒ…‡Ǥ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• ‹• ‘ˆ–‡

“

‹–‹Š‘†‹ŒƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹ƒƒ›—‹‰–›ƒ•ȏʹȐǡ‰™‹‡‰ƒˆȏ͵Ȑ‹–‹Š‘†‹ŒƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹ƒƒ›—‹‰–›ƒ•ȏʹȐǡ‰™‹‡‰ƒˆȏ͵Ȑ

Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ‹•…‘†—…–‡†—•‹‰”‘™ƒ†‡˜‹•‘̵•–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‡‡••Ǥ

–Š‹•’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”•…‡‡ǡ–Š‡…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Ž‡”ƒ†”•„›ƒ†”•ǤŽ‡ƒ‘”‘—‰

†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡• –Š‡ „ƒŽ†Ž› ‘Ǧ”‡…‘”† ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• •–”ƒ–‡‰›Ǥ Š‡ Ž‡” ƒ† ”•„› †‹•”‡‰ƒ”† –Š‡

‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ”•Ǥ‘—‰ƒ†Š‡”ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ•‰—‡•–•‹–Š‡Š‘–‡ŽǤŠ‡›

ƒ‡†‹”‡…–ƒ†•–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†•–ƒ–‡‡–•™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›‡ˆˆ‘”––‘‹‹‹œ‡–Š‡‹’ƒ…–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”

ˆƒ…‡Ǧ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ƒ…–•Ǥ

Š‡ –Š‡ Ž‡” •–ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡› †‘̵– •‡‡ –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ”•Ǥ ‘—‰̵• ”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹–

‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›…ƒ—•‡•Š‡”–‘Ž‘•‡ˆƒ…‡ƒ†ˆ‡‡Ž•Š‘…‡†ǤŠ‡‡š’‡…–•–Š‡Ž‡”–‘†‘—„Ž‡Ǧ…Š‡…–Š‡

”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ •‘ –Šƒ– •Š‡ ƒ† Š‡” ˆƒ‹Ž› …ƒ “—‹…Ž› •‡––Ž‡ ‹ ƒˆ–‡” ƒ Ž‘‰ ˆŽ‹‰Š–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ

”•„›̵• ”‡•’‘•‡ ‹• †‹•‹••‹˜‡ ƒ† ‹•‡•‹–‹˜‡Ǥ ‡ •—‰‰‡•–• –Šƒ– –Š‡› ‡š’Ž‘”‡ Š‹ƒ–‘™

‹•–‡ƒ†ǡ™Š‹…Š…ƒ„‡’‡”…‡‹˜‡†ƒ•ƒ”ƒ…‹•–”‡ƒ”‰‹˜‡”•Ǥ‘—‰̵•Š‹‡•‡‡–Š‹…‹–›ǤŠ‹•

•–ƒ–‡‡–ˆ—”–Š‡”•Š‘…•ƒ†ƒ‰‡”•”•Ǥ‘—‰ƒ†Š‡”ˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥ

ƒ•‡†‘–Š‹•ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ–Š‡—––‡”ƒ…‡•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡”ƒ†”•„›ˆƒŽŽ‹–‘–Š‡…ƒ–‡‰‘”›‘ˆ

„ƒŽ†Ž›‘Ǧ”‡…‘”†’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰›ǤŠ‡›†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ƒŽƒ…‘ˆ…‘…‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ƒ†

ˆƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ”•Ǥ ‘—‰ ƒ† Š‡” ˆƒ‹Ž› ƒ• –Š‡‹” ‰—‡•–•Ǥ Š‡ †‹•”‡‰ƒ”† ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ‡‘–‹‘• ƒ† –Š‡

†‹•‹••‹˜‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ †‹•’Žƒ›‡† „› –Š‡ Ž‡” ƒ† ”•„› ‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ› –Š‡ †‹”‡…– ƒ† —‹–‹‰ƒ–‡†

ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡„ƒŽ†Ž›‘Ǧ”‡…‘”†’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰›Ǥ Example 2

Š‹•…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘–ƒ‡•’Žƒ…‡ƒ–‡‹‹̵•Š‘—•‡†—”‹‰ƒŽ—…Š‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰Ǥƒ…Š‡Ž”‡˜‡ƒŽ•

–Šƒ– •Š‡ Šƒ• …‘‡ –‘ ‹‰ƒ’‘”‡ ™‹–Š Š‡” „‘›ˆ”‹‡†ǡ ‹…ǡ –‘ ƒ––‡† ƒ ™‡††‹‰Ǥ Š‡ •Š‡

‡–‹‘•‹…‘—‰ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ…–‹‘ˆ”‘‡‹‹̵•ˆƒ‹Ž›‹•‘‡‘ˆ•Š‘…ƒ†•—”’”‹•‡ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡

•‘ ƒ•–‘‹•Š‡† –Šƒ– ›‡ — ‡˜‡ †”‘’• –Š‡ ˆ‘‘† ˆ”‘ Š‹• ‘—–Šǡ ƒ† ‡˜‡”›‘‡ •–‘’• ™Šƒ–

–Š‡›̵”‡†‘‹‰–‘Ž‘‘ƒ–ƒ…Š‡ŽǤ

‹‡ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‡• ƒ …‘‡– ƒ„‘—– ƒ…Š‡Ž̵• ‘—–ˆ‹–ǡ ƒ•‹‰ ‹ˆ •Š‡ ‹• ‰‘‹‰ –‘ ‹…̵•

‰”ƒ†‘–Š‡”̵•Š‘—•‡†”‡••‡†Ž‹‡–Šƒ–ǤŠ‹•‡Ž‹…‹–•Žƒ—‰Š–‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡‡–‹”‡ˆƒ‹Ž›ǤŠ‡ǡǤǤ …Š‹‡•‹ǡ•ƒ›‹‰̶‘™ƒ›ǡ‘™ƒ›Ǥ̶ƒ…Š‡Ž–”‹‡•–‘Œ—•–‹ˆ›Š‡”…Š‘‹…‡„›‡–‹‘‹‰–Šƒ–”‡†‹•

…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒŽ—…›…‘Ž‘”ǡ„—–›‡—‹–‡””—’–•ƒ†…‘’ƒ”‡•Š‡”–‘ƒ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡ǡƒ‹‰ƒ

•ƒ”…ƒ•–‹…Œ‘‡Ǥ

Piek Lin: You’re going to Nick’s grandma’s house wearing this?

They all laugh P.T: No way, No way.

Rachel: Yeah, I thought red was a lucky color, right?

Wye Mun: Yeah, if you’re an envelope. Zing! Nailed it!

–Š‹•…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹–‹•‡˜‹†‡––Šƒ–‡‹‹̵•ˆƒ‹Ž›‘’‡Ž›‹•—Ž–•ƒ…Š‡Ž̵•‘—–ˆ‹–ǤŠ‡›

ƒ‡†‡”‘‰ƒ–‘”›”‡ƒ”•™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ…Š‡Ž̵•ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ǤŠ‡…‘‡–•ƒ”‡

†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† †‹”‡…–Ž› ƒ† ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ› ƒ––‡’– –‘‹–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹’ƒ…– ‘ ƒ…Š‡Ž̵•ˆƒ…‡Ǥ

Š‹•ƒŽ‹‰•™‹–Š–Š‡„ƒŽ†Ž›‘Ǧ”‡…‘”†’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰›ǡ™Š‡”‡•’‡ƒ‡”•‡š’”‡••–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•

„Ž—–Ž› ƒ† ™‹–Š‘—– …‘…‡” ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡…‹’‹‡–̵• ˆƒ…‡Ǥ ‡‹ ‹̵• ˆƒ‹Ž› ˆ”‡‡Ž› ‡š’”‡••‡• –Š‡‹”

‘’‹‹‘• ƒ„‘—– ƒ…Š‡Ž̵• ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡ǡ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‰ ƒ Žƒ… ‘ˆ •‡•‹–‹˜‹–› –‘™ƒ”†• Š‡” ƒ†

†‹•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹’ƒ…–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”™‘”†•Ǥ Negative politeness

‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡’‘Ž‹–‡‡••‹•ƒ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰›—•‡†‹…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘–‘”‡•’‡…–ƒ†’”‘–‡…–

–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”̵•‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ˆƒ…‡ǡ™Š‹…Š”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡‹”†‡•‹”‡–‘„‡ˆ”‡‡ˆ”‘‹’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡ

‘”‹–”—•‹˜‡‡••ǤŠ‡‡’Ž‘›‹‰‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡’‘Ž‹–‡‡••ǡ–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”ƒ…‘™Ž‡†‰‡•–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ

‹’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ”‡“—‡•– ‘” •–ƒ–‡‡– ƒ† •‡‡• –‘ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‡ ‹– „› „‡‹‰ †‡ˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽǡ —•‹‰

‹†‹”‡…– Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ ‘” ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ‘’–‹‘• –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† ’”‡••—”‹‰ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ”‡” ȋ—––‹‰ǡ ʹͲͲʹȌǤ Š‹•

•–”ƒ–‡‰›ƒ‹•–‘„‡’‘Ž‹–‡ƒ†…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‡„›•Š‘™‹‰•‡•‹–‹˜‹–›–‘–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”̵•ƒ—–‘‘›ƒ†

ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰ †‹”‡…– †‡ƒ†• –Šƒ– …‘—Ž† –Š”‡ƒ–‡ –Š‡‹” ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆƒ…‡Ǥ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• ‹• ‘ˆ–‡

‹–‹Š‘†‹ŒƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹ƒƒ›—‹‰–›ƒ•ȏʹȐǡ‰™‹‡‰ƒˆȏ͵Ȑ‹–‹Š‘†‹ŒƒŠȏͳȐǡ‹ƒƒ›—‹‰–›ƒ•ȏʹȐǡ‰™‹‡‰ƒˆȏ͵Ȑ

—•‡†‹‘”‡ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘”Š‹‡”ƒ”…Š‹…ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ†‹•–ƒ…‡ƒ†

’”‡•‡”˜‹‰–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”̵•ƒ—–‘‘›‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–ȋ”…Š‡”‡–ƒŽǡʹͲͳʹȌǤ–Š‡Ž’•–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹’‘•‹–‹˜‡

•‘…‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ƒ†”‡†—…‡–Š‡”‹•‘ˆ…ƒ—•‹‰‘ˆˆ‡•‡‘”†‹•…‘ˆ‘”–Ǥ Example 1

Š‹• …‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ –ƒ‡• ’Žƒ…‡ „‡–™‡‡ ‘Ž‹ ƒ† ‹… ‘—‰ ƒ• –Š‡› •‹– –‘‰‡–Š‡” ‘

Ž‘—‰‡ …Šƒ‹”• ƒ– ƒ „‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž †‡•‡”–‡† „‡ƒ…ŠǤ ‹… ’”‘—†Ž› •Š‘™• ‘Ž‹ ƒ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ”‹‰ǡ

‡š’”‡••‹‰Š‹•‹–‡–‹‘–‘’”‘’‘•‡–‘ƒ…Š‡ŽǤŠ‹Ž‡‘Ž‹‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›‡š’”‡••‡•Šƒ’’‹‡••ˆ‘”‹…ǡ

–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ—†‡”Ž›‹‰…‘…‡”Š‡Š‘Ž†•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ƒ…Š‡ŽǤ‡•‹‰‘Ž‹̵•—‡ƒ•‡ǡ‹…’”‘„‡•

ˆ—”–Š‡”„›ƒ•‹‰“—‡•–‹‘•Ǥ Nick: But?

Colin: No, I’m really happy for you

Nick: Colin, I’ve known you since you were in nappies. I know when there’s something on you rmind

Colin: Well, it wasn’t that long ago that you were sure you were moving back home. and I mean, Rachel loves her job in New York.

Nick: Yeah, we’re gonna figure that out

‹…̵••–ƒ–‡‡–ǡ̶—–ǫ̶’”‘’–•‘Ž‹–‘‹†‹”‡…–Ž›ƒ††”‡••Š‹•”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ

‘’‡Ž›•–ƒ–‹‰Š‹•…‘…‡”•ǡ‘Ž‹…Š‘‘•‡•ƒ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰›Ǥ‡ƒ…‘™Ž‡†‰‡•Š‹•

Šƒ’’‹‡•• ˆ‘” ‹… „—– •—„–Ž› ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆƒ…–‘”• –‘ …‘•‹†‡”Ǥ ›

‡–‹‘‹‰Š‘™”‡…‡–Ž›‹…™ƒ•…‘–‡’Žƒ–‹‰‘˜‹‰„ƒ…Š‘‡ƒ†Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‹‰ƒ…Š‡Ž̵•

Ž‘˜‡ˆ‘”Š‡”Œ‘„‹‡™‘”ǡ‘Ž‹Š‹–•ƒ––Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–Š‡›ƒ›ˆƒ…‡ƒ•ƒ…‘—’Ž‡Ǥ

‘Ž‹‹•…ƒ—–‹‘—•‘––‘‘˜‡”–Ž›‡š’”‡••Š‹•†‘—„–•ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›Š—”–‹…̵•ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•Ǥ

‘Ž‹̵•‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰›•‡”˜‡•–‘‹‹‹œ‡–Š‡‹’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹•…‘…‡”•ƒ†

•Š‘™•Š‹•”‡•’‡…–ˆ‘”‹…̵•…Š‘‹…‡•Ǥ‡†‡Ž‹…ƒ–‡Ž›ƒŽŽ—†‡•–‘–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹„ƒ…‰”‘—†ƒ†

ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡‹…ƒ†ƒ…Š‡Žǡ”ƒ‹•‹‰“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”…‘’ƒ–‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ‘Ž‹̵•™‘””›

•–‡•ˆ”‘Š‹•ˆ‡ƒ”–Šƒ–‹…ƒ›’”‹‘”‹–‹œ‡Š‹•”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’™‹–Šƒ…Š‡Ž‘˜‡”Š‹•ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒŽƒ†

•‘…‹‡–ƒŽ ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š”‘—‰Š Š‹• —•‡ ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡••ǡ ‘Ž‹ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡• Š‹• …ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”

‹…̵•ˆƒ…‡ƒ†ƒ––‡’–•–‘ƒ††”‡••Š‹•…‘…‡”•‹†‹”‡…–Ž›–‘ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ›’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ…‘ˆŽ‹…–Ǥ Positive politeness

‘•‹–‹˜‡’‘Ž‹–‡‡••‹•ƒ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰›—•‡†‹…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘–‘”‡•’‡…–ƒ†’”‡•‡”˜‡

–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”̵•’‘•‹–‹˜‡ˆƒ…‡ǡ™Š‹…Š”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡‹”†‡•‹”‡–‘„‡ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‡†ǡŽ‹‡†ǡƒ†‹…Ž—†‡†‹

•‘…‹ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•ȋ—––‹‰Ƭ ‘”†›…‡ȌǤŠ‡‡’Ž‘›‹‰’‘•‹–‹˜‡’‘Ž‹–‡‡••ǡ–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”ƒ‹•

–‘ ‡Šƒ…‡ –Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ƒ•’‡…–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ™‹–Š –Š‡ Š‡ƒ”‡” „› ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‹‰ …‘‘

‹–‡”‡•–•ǡ ‡š’”‡••‹‰ ˆ”‹‡†Ž‹‡••ǡ ƒ† •Š‘™‹‰ ‡’ƒ–Š›Ǥ Š‹• •–”ƒ–‡‰› ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• —•‹‰

…‘’Ž‹‡–•ǡ‡š’”‡••‹‘•‘ˆ‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”•‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡‡––‘ƒ‡–Š‡

Š‡ƒ”‡” ˆ‡‡Ž ˜ƒŽ—‡† ƒ† ”‡•’‡…–‡†Ǥ ‘•‹–‹˜‡ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• ‹• ‘ˆ–‡ —•‡† ‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡

•’‡ƒ‡”™ƒ–•–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š”ƒ’’‘”–ǡ…”‡ƒ–‡ƒˆ”‹‡†Ž›ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ‘”ƒ††”‡••’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–Š”‡ƒ–•–‘

–Š‡ Š‡ƒ”‡”̵• ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ˆƒ…‡ ȋ ‹‡‰ƒǡ ʹͲͳͳȌǤ – Š‡Ž’• –‘ ˆ‘•–‡” ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•ǡ

•–”‡‰–Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ǡ ƒ† ’”‘‘–‡ ƒ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ „‡Ž‘‰‹‰ ƒ† …‘‡…–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡

•’‡ƒ‡”ƒ†–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”Ǥ Example 1

Š‹• …‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ –ƒ‡• ’Žƒ…‡ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ „‡ƒ…Š •…‡‡ ™Š‡”‡ ‘Ž‹ ƒ† ‹… ƒ”‡

…Šƒ––‹‰Ǥ ‘Ž‹ ‡’Ž‘›• ƒ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•• •–”ƒ–‡‰› –‘ ƒ††”‡•• Š‹• …‘…‡”• ƒ„‘—– ‹…̵•

”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’™‹–Šƒ…Š‡ŽǤƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ…”‹–‹…‹œ‹‰‘”†‹”‡…–Ž›“—‡•–‹‘‹‰‹…̵•†‡…‹•‹‘ǡ‘Ž‹

‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•–Š‡‹”Ž‘‰Ǧ•–ƒ†‹‰ˆ”‹‡†•Š‹’ƒ†‡š’”‡••‡•‰‡—‹‡…ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‹…̵•™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰Ǥ Colin: You’re going to figure it out, right. ever since primary school, you

were always going to be the next chairman of the young corporation, your family’s shining heir. you really think your

“

family’s going to accept anything less than that? I mean, unless you... No. Are you thinking of walking out? leaving everything to bloody Alistair and Eddie?

Nick: I’m not walking out on anything. I met a girl, I fell in love and I want to marry her. and it can’t just be one thing or the other.

Colin: no,no,no.. it’s. it’s not that simple. you know that. OK, your family aside, have you ever thought about what your relationship with Rachel wil be like if you got marrieed? I mean, okay, you are Nicholas Young, you’re untouchable. You always have been. but Rachel’s not. and if she becomes Mrs.Nicholas Young, every day for her is going to be a struggle. you sure she’s ready for that?

‘Ž‹ „‡‰‹• „› ƒ…‘™Ž‡†‰‹‰ ‹…̵• ’”‡•–‹‰‹‘—• ’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ• –Š‡ ‡š– …Šƒ‹”ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡

‘—‰ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‹‰ Š‹• ˆƒ‹Ž›̵• ‡š’‡…–ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” Š‹Ǥ ‡ ‹†‹”‡…–Ž› ”ƒ‹•‡• –Š‡

“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”‹…̵•ˆƒ‹Ž›™‹ŽŽƒ……‡’–ƒ›–Š‹‰Ž‡••–Šƒ–Š‡‹”‡˜‹•‹‘‡†ˆ—–—”‡ˆ‘”Š‹Ǥ

Š‹••‡”˜‡•ƒ•ƒ‰‡–Ž‡”‡‹†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘„•–ƒ…Ž‡•–Š‡›ƒ›ˆƒ…‡ƒ•ƒ…‘—’Ž‡Ǥ

 ƒ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ƒ† •—’’‘”–‹˜‡ –‘‡ǡ ‘Ž‹ ƒ••—”‡• ‹… –Šƒ– Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡• ‹ Š‹• ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘

ˆ‹‰—”‡–Š‹‰•‘—–Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡŠ‡–Š‡•Š‹ˆ–•–Š‡…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘–‘ˆ‘…—•‘ƒ…Š‡Žƒ†Š‡”’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ

•–”—‰‰Ž‡•‹ˆ•Š‡ ™‡”‡ –‘„‡…‘‡ ”•Ǥ ‹…Š‘Žƒ•‘—‰Ǥ › ‡š’”‡••‹‰ Š‹• …‘…‡” ˆ‘” ƒ…Š‡Ž̵•

™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰ƒ†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ•Š‡‹•”‡ƒ†›ˆ‘”–Š‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–Šƒ–Ž‹‡ƒŠ‡ƒ†ǡ‘Ž‹ƒ’’‡ƒŽ•–‘‹…̵•

‡’ƒ–Š›ƒ†•‡•‡‘ˆ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ

Š”‘—‰Š Š‹• —•‡ ‘ˆ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡••ǡ ‘Ž‹ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡• ƒ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ …ƒƒ”ƒ†‡”‹‡ ƒ†

•‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹–›™‹–Š‹…Ǥ‡’”‡•‡–•Š‹•…‘…‡”•ƒ•ƒ‰‡—‹‡ˆ”‹‡†Ž‘‘‹‰‘—–ˆ‘”„‘–Š‹…ƒ†

ƒ…Š‡Ž̵• Šƒ’’‹‡••Ǥ › ”ƒ‹•‹‰ –Š‡•‡ ’‘‹–•ǡ ‘Ž‹ ƒ‹• –‘ ’”‘’– ‹… –‘ …‘•‹†‡” –Š‡

‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆŠ‹•†‡…‹•‹‘‘ƒ…Š‡Ž̵•ˆ—–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–‹‡•–Š‡›ƒ›‡…‘—–‡”

ƒ•ƒ…‘—’Ž‡Ǥ Off-record

ˆˆǦ”‡…‘”†‹•ƒ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰›—•‡†‹…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘–‘‹†‹”‡…–Ž›…‘˜‡›ƒ‡••ƒ‰‡

‘””‡“—‡•–™‹–Š‘—–‹’‘•‹‰‘–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”̵•ˆƒ…‡ȋ ‹‡‰ƒǡʹͲͳͳȌǤŠ‡‡’Ž‘›‹‰‘ˆˆǦ”‡…‘”†

’‘Ž‹–‡‡••ǡ–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”ƒ˜‘‹†•ƒ‹‰ƒ†‹”‡…–•–ƒ–‡‡–ƒ†‹•–‡ƒ†—•‡•Š‹–•ǡ‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‘”

‘–Š‡” ‹†‹”‡…– Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‘ …‘˜‡› –Š‡‹” ‹–‡–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• •–”ƒ–‡‰› ƒŽŽ‘™• –Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡” –‘

…‘—‹…ƒ–‡™‹–Š‘—–’Žƒ…‹‰ƒ„—”†‡‘–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”–‘…‘’Ž›‘””‡•’‘††‹”‡…–Ž›ǤˆˆǦ”‡…‘”†

…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡•—•‹‰•—‰‰‡•–‹˜‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡŠ—‘”ǡ‘”‰‡–Ž‡”‡“—‡•–•–‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡

–Š‡ †‡•‹”‡† ‘—–…‘‡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ’”‡•‡”˜‹‰ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ”‡”̵• ƒ—–‘‘› ƒ† ‹‹‹œ‹‰ ƒ› ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ

ˆƒ…‡Ǧ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ ƒ…–• ȋ—––‹‰ǡ ʹͲͲʹȌǤ Š‹• •–”ƒ–‡‰› ‹• …‘‘Ž› —•‡† ‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ™Š‡”‡

ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ Šƒ”‘› ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰ †‹”‡…– …‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ‹’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ”‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥ ›

‡’Ž‘›‹‰‘ˆˆǦ”‡…‘”†’‘Ž‹–‡‡••ǡ•’‡ƒ‡”•…ƒƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‡•‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘’‹…•ǡ†‡Ž‹…ƒ–‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‘”

‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•™‹–Š‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‘ˆŠ‹‰Š‡”•‘…‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•ǡ•Š‘™‹‰”‡•’‡…–ƒ†…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡

Š‡ƒ”‡”̵•ˆƒ…‡ƒ†ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•Ǥ Example 1

Š‹••‹–—ƒ–‹‘Šƒ’’‡•™Š‡ƒ…Š‡Žƒ†‹…‹–Š‡ƒ‹”Ž‹‡Ǥƒ…Š‡Ž‹••Š‘…™Š‡•Š‡

heard Nick’s story. Then she says:

Rachel: So your family is, like, rich?

Nick: Uh, we’re comfortable.

–Š‹••‹–—ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡ƒ‹”’Žƒ‡ǡ‹…‡’Ž‘›•ƒ‘ˆˆǦ”‡…‘”†•–”ƒ–‡‰›™Š‡”‡•’‘†‹‰–‘

ƒ…Š‡Ž̵• “—‡•–‹‘ ƒ„‘—– Š‹• ˆƒ‹Ž›̵• ™‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ •–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ †‹”‡…–Ž› …‘ˆ‹”‹‰ ‘” †‡›‹‰ –Š‡‹”

ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•ǡ‹……Š‘‘•‡•–‘‰‹˜‡ƒ•—„–Ž‡ƒ†‹†‹”‡…–”‡•’‘•‡Ǥ‡•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–Š‹•ˆƒ‹Ž›