D P K S U R V E I 2 0 1 9 , 2 0 2 0 , 2 0 2 1 , 2 0 2 2 ( H N )
KONSTRUKSI
KERANGKA TEORI 1
VARIASI DEFINISI TEORI SOSIAL
• A theory is a logically connected set of general
propositions that establishes a connection between two or more variables.
• A theory is an explanation of a specific social phenomenon that identifies a set of causally relevant factors or
conditions.
• A theory provides insights into the real meaning of a social phenomenon by offering an illuminating
interpretation and by telling us “what it is all about.”
VARIASI DEFINISI TEORI SOSIAL
• A theory is an entire worldview, or a way of seeing, interpreting, and understanding events in the world.
• A theory is a criticism based on a political moral viewpoint; it presents and stands for a set of beliefs- values from which it critiques the position and
arguments of opponents.
• A theory is a philosophical commentary on key
questions or issues about core issues of how we develop knowledge about the social world (e.g., how we really construct a sense of social reality).
TEORI SOSIAL MENURUT NEUMAN
Social theory is a system of interconnected ideas. It condenses and organizes knowledge
about the social world. We can also think of it as a type of systematic “story telling” that explains how some aspect of the social world works and why.
PARSIMONY
• Sederhana lebih baik
• “Menyederhanakan” yang kompleks
• Lihat penjelasan induksi dan deduksi
TEORI SOSIAL VS IDEOLOGI
Ideologi Teori Sosial
Kepastian jawaban Jawaban mutlak,
memberikan kepastian Jawaban tentatif, tidak pasti, toleransi terhadap keraguan &
pertanyaan berkelanjutan Sistem pengetahuan Tertutup; menolak
perubahan
Terbuka; mendorong pembaruan
& revisi Asumsi Tetap, kaku, dan tidak
(boleh) dipertanyakan, moral Dapat diperdebatkan, berkembang
Pertanyaan normatif Gagasan & pernyataan tentang yang seharusnya
Posisi normatif terpisah dari penjelasan
Bukti empiris Bukti empiris untuk mendukung keyakinan ideologisi
Bukti dapat mendukung atau menolak atau merevisi teori Konsistensi logis Kontradiksi Konsistensi logis sabgat penting Transparansi Tertiutup dan misterius Teori dan penelitian terbuka
untuk publik
KOMPONEN-KOMPONEN TEORI SOSIAL
• Asumsi
• Konsep-konsep
• Hubungan
• Unit analisis
ASUMSI
An untested starting point or belief in a theory that is necessary in order to build a theoretical
explanation.
KONSEP (TEORITIS)
• Konsep: gagasan yang diwujudkan melalui simbol atau kata
• Konsep terdiri dari simbol dan definisi (Kembar?
Kelompok? Kapitalisme?)
• Konsep berbeda dalam tingkat abstraksi (uang vs kondisi ekonomi vs kebahagiaan)
• Kluster konsep: Urbanisasi, Kemiskinan, Digital citizen
• Konsep yang sederhana vs kompleks
KONSEP
• Konsep sederhana : 1 dimensi
• Konsep kompleks :
• Konsep dengan beberapa dimensi. Misal Status sosial ekonomi : pendidikan, pekerjaan,
pendapatan/pengeluaran, kepemilikan
• Tipe ideal : Birokrasi Weber
• Klasifikasi konsep (Tipologi)
• Konsep dengan cakupan sempit/terbatas (konteks
kultural atau keseharian) Misal: (hooliganism, amok) vs (partipasi politik)
TIPE IDEAL
TIPOLOGI
HUBUNGAN-HUBUNGAN (ANTAR KONSEP)
• Proposition : A theoretical statement about the relationship between two or more concepts.
• Hypothesis : An empirically testable version of a theoretical proposition that has not yet been
tested or verified with empirical evidence. It is most used in deductive theorizing and can be restated as a prediction.
RAGAM/ASPEK-ASPEK TEORI
• Arah teori:
• deduktif
• induktif
• Tingkat analisis:
• mikro,
• meso,
• makro
• Fokus teorisasi:
• substantif : topical
RAGAM/ASPEK-ASPEK TEORI
• Bentuk penjelasan
• Kausal: positif, negatif, penjelasan struktural
• Strukturall : sequential, network, functional
• Interpretif: pemaknaan, budaya
• Jenjang/tingkatan teori
• Generalisasi empiris
• Middle range
• Kerangka
BAGAN STRUKTUR:
KONSEP HINGGA TEORI
MENYUSUN KERANGKA TEORI DALAM SURVEI (CRESWELL 2014)
• Perhatikan perbedaan antara relasi kausalitas vs Asosiasi
• Kausalitas memerlukan adanya confounding variable (variable ketiga) yang berfungsi sebagi control
• Kausalitas dibuktikan melalui eksperimen
• Survey lebih memperlihatkan relasi asosiasi
MENYUSUN KERANGKA TEORI DALAM SURVEI (CRESWELL 2014)
• Dalam penelitian kuantitatif, penjelasan-
penjelasan diwujudkan dalam variabel-variabel
• A variable refers to a characteristic or attribute of an individual or an organization that can be
measured or observed and that varies among the people or organization being studied. This
variance means that scores in a given situation
fall into at least two mutually exclusive categories (Thompson, 2006).
MENYUSUN KERANGKA TEORI DALAM SURVEI (CRESWELL 2014)
• Temporal order means that one variable precedes
another in time. Because of this time ordering, it is said that one variable affects or causes another variable;
• though a more accurate statement would be that one variable probably causes another.
• When dealing with studies in the natural setting and with humans, researchers cannot absolutely prove
cause and effect (Rosenthal & Rosnow, 1991), and social scientists now say that there is “probable causation.”
EMPAT ALTERNATIF PENEMPATAN
PENULISAN KERANGKA TEORI
LANGKAH-LANGKAH MENYUSUN KERANGKA TEORI
1. Look in the discipline-based literature for a theory
2. Examine also prior studies that address the topic or a closely related topic. What theories did the authors use? Limit the number of theories and try to identify one overarching theory that explains the central hypothesis or major research question.
3. ask the rainbow question that bridges the independent and dependent variables: Why would the independent variable(s) influence the dependent variables?
4. Script out the theory section
SALAH SATU CONTOH MEMBANGUN ARGUMENTASI DALAM KERANGKA TEORI
• Saya/kami/studi ini menggunakan teori …
• Teori … dikembangkan oleh… untuk mempelajari/menelaah
…..
• Argumentasi utama dari teorinya adalah … (apa proposisi2nya)
• Teori tersebut mengkritik studi yang dilakukan oleh … yang berargumentasi bahwa …
• Oleh karena itu teori tersebut dibangun melalui dimensi- dimensi berikut ini…
