PPT Language and Social Context

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Language and

Language and Social Context Social Context

SOCIAL CONTEXT

LANGUAGE (Text)

construal semiotics

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LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL

CONTEXT CONTEXT



CULTURE SITUATION

LANGUAGE (Text)

IDEOLOGY

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CULTURE

SITUATION IDEOLOGY

phonology Phonology/

Graphology/

Sign Semantics

Lexicogrammar

Social Context

Language

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LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL CONTEXT LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL CONTEXT

CULTURE SITUATION IDEOLOGY

Phonology/

Graphology/

Sign

(Discourse) Semantics

Lexicogrammar

Field

Tenor

Mode

Ideation/

Conjunction

Negotiation

Identification

Transitivity/

Ergativity/

Taxis

Mood Theme/

Rheme

Ideational Function

Textual Function Interpersonal

Function

SOCIAL CONTEXT

LANGUAGE

tristratal trinocular

descriptive adequacy

methodological adequacy explanatory adequacy Natural Reality

Social Reality

Verbal Reality Natural Reality

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Genre Genre

Genre: staged, goal-oriented social activities Genre: staged, goal-oriented social activities There are numerous genres in one culture.

There are numerous genres in one culture.

Academic genres Academic genres

1.1. DescriptionDescription

2.2. ExplanationExplanation

3.3. ProcedureProcedure

4.4. ExpositionExposition

5.

5. DiscussionDiscussion

6.6. NarrativeNarrative

7.7. RecountRecount

8.8. Report/Report SpoofReport/Report Spoof

9.9. AnecdoteAnecdote

10.10. Academic Text/EssayAcademic Text/Essay

11.11. Newspaper textsNewspaper texts

12.12. Scientific ArticlesScientific Articles

13.13. … … (of relevance)(of relevance)

Linguistic Realizations as coded in the three elements of Metafunction

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Narrative Narrative

Social Function: tell a story, that something goes wrong Social Function: tell a story, that something goes wrong

Generic Structure Generic Structure

( ( Abstract) Abstract)   Orientation Orientation   [ [ (Evaluation)] (Evaluation)]

ⁿⁿ

  Complication

Complication   Resolution Resolution   (Coda) (Coda)

Abstract : a short introductory remarks Abstract : a short introductory remarks

Orientation : ‘who is who and where’

Evaluation : the narrator’s judgment or comments Evaluation : the narrator’s judgment or comments

Complication : the crisis or climax Complication : the crisis or climax

Resolution : efforts to solve the problem Resolution : efforts to solve the problem

Coda : additional remarks

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Experience in Smoking Experience in Smoking

I have an unforgettable story on smoking.

This happened when I was 9 years old. I liked heroes in cowboy films This happened when I was 9 years old. I liked heroes in cowboy films

where the heroes fired shoots while they were smoking. One day, my friend where the heroes fired shoots while they were smoking. One day, my friend Ali and I went to our special place –under the bamboo tress near the bank of Ali and I went to our special place –under the bamboo tress near the bank of a river in a remote place in Asahan. Ali took a packet of cigarettes, which he a river in a remote place in Asahan. Ali took a packet of cigarettes, which he

snatched from his father’s drawers and I stole half a packet from my father’

pocket.

There we enjoyed the cigarettes.

After almost two hours’ smoking I felt headache. I saw Ali’s face turning After almost two hours’ smoking I felt headache. I saw Ali’s face turning

pale and Ali told me that he saw the earth moving. In no time Ali collapsed pale and Ali told me that he saw the earth moving. In no time Ali collapsed

and got fainted.

I ran back home quickly and told our parents and the news spread all over I ran back home quickly and told our parents and the news spread all over the village. All of a sudden all members of the village came to our favorite the village. All of a sudden all members of the village came to our favorite

place at the bank of a river and at no time Ali and I were taken to the place at the bank of a river and at no time Ali and I were taken to the

community medical centre. When we recovered our parents got very angry community medical centre. When we recovered our parents got very angry

and as a lesson my uncle smacked me on the face and Ali was hit by his and as a lesson my uncle smacked me on the face and Ali was hit by his

elder bother.

It was an awful experience It was an awful experience

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Exposition Exposition

Social Function

Social Function : to argue for or against a social issue : to argue for or against a social issue Generic Structure

Generic Structure : : (Abstract)

(Abstract)  Thesis  Thesis  [Argument]  [Argument]

ⁿⁿ

 Conclusion,  Conclusion, where where   means ‘followed by’,

means ‘followed by’, (…) (…) indicates ‘optional’ indicates ‘optional’ and […] and […]

ⁿⁿ

means means reiteration or occurring repeatedly in their orders of 1, 2, 3… n . reiteration or occurring repeatedly in their orders of 1, 2, 3… n . Abstract:

Abstract: brief definition brief definition Thesis:

Thesis: (1) idea, opinion, proposal(2) side i. e. Protagonist (P) or (1) idea, opinion, proposal(2) side i. e. Protagonist (P) or Antagonist (A)

Antagonist (A) Argument:

Argument: (1) example, (2) illustration, (3) statistics, (4) quotation (1) example, (2) illustration, (3) statistics, (4) quotation The scale of value 1, 2, 3, 4 respectively

The scale of value 1, 2, 3, 4 respectively Conclusion

Conclusion: (1) paraphrase (2) summary, (3) implication : (1) paraphrase (2) summary, (3) implication Types of Exposition: (1) analytical (to argue that…) and (2) Types of Exposition: (1) analytical (to argue that…) and (2) hortatory (to argue to…)

hortatory (to argue to…)

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Ban for Smoking (P) Ban for Smoking (P)

(Ab)

(Ab) Smoking is inhaling smokes from burning cigarettes. Smoking is inhaling smokes from burning cigarettes.

(Th)

(Th) Smoking causes disadvantages to health, welfare and environment. Smoking causes disadvantages to health, welfare and environment.

(Ag)

(Ag) Firstly, smoking is hazardous to health. Because of breathing in Firstly, smoking is hazardous to health. Because of breathing in poisonous smoke a smoker often has respiratory diseases such as poisonous smoke a smoker often has respiratory diseases such as

tuberculosis or lung cancer. Not only does smoking cause risk to the tuberculosis or lung cancer. Not only does smoking cause risk to the

smoker himself/herself but it is harmful to other people around (the passive smoker himself/herself but it is harmful to other people around (the passive

smokers) as well. For example, the passive smoker such as the fetus in the smokers) as well. For example, the passive smoker such as the fetus in the

womb of pregnant women can have the same amount of nicotine as its womb of pregnant women can have the same amount of nicotine as its

smoking mother’s blood.

(Ag)

(Ag) Secondly, smoking causes economical disadvantage. The smokers Secondly, smoking causes economical disadvantage. The smokers are always sicky so they have low-productivity activity. Therefore, they are are always sicky so they have low-productivity activity. Therefore, they are disadvantageous to economy. It is estimated that more than 87% smokers disadvantageous to economy. It is estimated that more than 87% smokers

work less efficiently than non-smokers do.

(Ag)

(Ag) Thirdly, smoking litters the surroundings. Cigarette butts are Thirdly, smoking litters the surroundings. Cigarette butts are everywhere with a huge amount of poisonous smoke is sent into the everywhere with a huge amount of poisonous smoke is sent into the

atmosphere. Jones (1998: 12) has observed that millions hectares of forest atmosphere. Jones (1998: 12) has observed that millions hectares of forest

are felled for cigarette paper and filter.

(Co)

(Co) In conclusion, smoking is disadvantageous to people, economy and In conclusion, smoking is disadvantageous to people, economy and environment. It is suggested that smoking should be banned).

environment. It is suggested that smoking should be banned).

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Advantages of Smoking (A) Advantages of Smoking (A)

Smoking is inhaling smokes from burning cigarettes.

It is understood that smoking causes various problems. However, It is understood that smoking causes various problems. However, nowadays more and more people are smoking. It is believed that smoking nowadays more and more people are smoking. It is believed that smoking

is advantageous in term of economic development, population growth is advantageous in term of economic development, population growth

control and social solidarity.

Firstly, smoking enhances economic development. For example, the Firstly, smoking enhances economic development. For example, the smokers buy cigarettes which stimulate cigarette industries which pay taxes smokers buy cigarettes which stimulate cigarette industries which pay taxes

to the government. The smokers also support tobacco farmers.

Secondly, smoking increase mortality rate. As the effect of consuming Secondly, smoking increase mortality rate. As the effect of consuming nicotine, the smokers shorten their life spans by 5%. This is a good control nicotine, the smokers shorten their life spans by 5%. This is a good control

for population growth rate and at the same time offers conducive situation to for population growth rate and at the same time offers conducive situation to

the family planning programs the family planning programs

Thirdly, smoking motivates social solidarity. Smokers make Thirdly, smoking motivates social solidarity. Smokers make

themselves more cohesive social beings. When a smokers runs out of themselves more cohesive social beings. When a smokers runs out of

cigarettes, other smokers are very willing to help him or her with cigarettes.

In conclusion, as smoking offers advantages in terms of economy, In conclusion, as smoking offers advantages in terms of economy, population growth control and social cohesiveness the practice should not population growth control and social cohesiveness the practice should not

be banned.

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Comparison of Linguistic Realizations Comparison of Linguistic Realizations

Smoking is inhaling smokes from burning cigarettes.

Smoking causes disadvantages to health, welfare and Smoking causes disadvantages to health, welfare and environment. Firstly, smoking is hazardous to health.

environment. Firstly, smoking is hazardous to health.

Because of breathing in poisonous smoke a smoker Because of breathing in poisonous smoke a smoker often has respiratory diseases such as tuberculosis or often has respiratory diseases such as tuberculosis or lung cancer. Not only does smoking cause risk to the lung cancer. Not only does smoking cause risk to the smoker himself/herself but it is harmful to other people smoker himself/herself but it is harmful to other people around (the passive smokers) as well. For example, around (the passive smokers) as well. For example, the passive smoker such as the fetus in the womb of the passive smoker such as the fetus in the womb of pregnant women can have the same amount of pregnant women can have the same amount of nicotine as its smoking mother’s blood. Secondly, nicotine as its smoking mother’s blood. Secondly, smoking causes economical disadvantage. The smoking causes economical disadvantage. The

smokers are always sicky so they have low-productivity smokers are always sicky so they have low-productivity activity. Therefore, they are disadvantageous to

activity. Therefore, they are disadvantageous to

economy. It is estimated that more than 87% smokers economy. It is estimated that more than 87% smokers work less efficiently than non-smokers do. Thirdly, work less efficiently than non-smokers do. Thirdly, smoking litters the surroundings. Cigarette butts are smoking litters the surroundings. Cigarette butts are everywhere with a huge amount of poisonous smoke is everywhere with a huge amount of poisonous smoke is sent into the atmosphere. Jones (1998: 12) has

sent into the atmosphere. Jones (1998: 12) has observed that millions hectares of forest are felled for observed that millions hectares of forest are felled for cigarette paper and filter. In conclusion, smoking is cigarette paper and filter. In conclusion, smoking is disadvantageous to people, economy and environment.

disadvantageous to people, economy and environment.

It is suggested that smoking should be banned).

I have an unforgettable story on smoking. This I have an unforgettable story on smoking. This happened when I was 9 years old. I liked heroes in happened when I was 9 years old. I liked heroes in cowboy films where the heroes fired shoots while cowboy films where the heroes fired shoots while they were smoking. One day, my friend Ali and I they were smoking. One day, my friend Ali and I went to our special place –under the bamboo tress went to our special place –under the bamboo tress near the bank of a river in a remote place in Asahan.

near the bank of a river in a remote place in Asahan.

Ali took a packet of cigarettes, which he snatched Ali took a packet of cigarettes, which he snatched from his father’s drawers and I stole half a packet from his father’s drawers and I stole half a packet from my father’ pocket. There we enjoyed the from my father’ pocket. There we enjoyed the cigarettes. After almost two hours’ smoking I felt cigarettes. After almost two hours’ smoking I felt headache. I saw Ali’s face turning pale and Ali told headache. I saw Ali’s face turning pale and Ali told me that he saw the earth moving. In no time Ali me that he saw the earth moving. In no time Ali collapsed and got fainted. I ran back home quickly collapsed and got fainted. I ran back home quickly and told our parents and the news spread all over the and told our parents and the news spread all over the village. All of a sudden all members of the village village. All of a sudden all members of the village came to our favorite place at the bank of a river and came to our favorite place at the bank of a river and at no time Ali and I were taken to the community at no time Ali and I were taken to the community medical centre. When we recovered our parents got medical centre. When we recovered our parents got very angry and as a lesson my uncle smacked me on very angry and as a lesson my uncle smacked me on the face and Ali was hit by his elder bother. It was an the face and Ali was hit by his elder bother. It was an awful experience

awful experience

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Comparison of Linguistic Realizations Comparison of Linguistic Realizations

exposition exposition

1.1.

Relational Process Relational Process

2.2.

The simple present The simple present

3.3.

Cause effect relation Cause effect relation

4.4.

Circumstance of manner Circumstance of manner

narrative narrative

1.1.

Material Process Material Process

2.2.

The simple past The simple past

3.3.

Location relation Location relation

4.4.

Circumstance of location Circumstance of location

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IDEOLOGY IDEOLOGY

-

A system of concepts and images by which one A system of concepts and images by which one , as , as a member of society,

a member of society, sees and grasps things and sees and grasps things and interpret what is seen, heard or read (Trew 1979:

interpret what is seen, heard or read (Trew 1979:

95). Ideology is rooted

95). Ideology is rooted /ingrained /ingrained in the practices of in the practices of its society. Ideology is a semiotics; therefore

its society. Ideology is a semiotics; therefore decision can be best understood by applying decision can be best understood by applying

semiotic procedures.

-

All perception involves theory or ideology and there All perception involves theory or ideology and there are no ‘raw

are no ‘raw ’ ’ , un , un - - interpreted or theory-free facts. interpreted or theory-free facts.

-

A social construct which says ideally what one A social construct which says ideally what one should or should not do as a member of the should or should not do as a member of the

community.

-

Ideology functions as a guide to act (potentially) and Ideology functions as a guide to act (potentially) and a filter to react (defend)

a filter to react (defend)

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-

IDEOLOGY is related to IDEOLOGY is related to RACE OR ETHNICITY, AGE, RACE OR ETHNICITY, AGE, SEX/GENDER AND ASPIRATIONS

SEX/GENDER AND ASPIRATIONS ; ; consequently consequently

perception of the world varies. The perception is realized in perception of the world varies. The perception is realized in

various modes; one of which is language and hence is various modes; one of which is language and hence is

realized in linguistic varieties realized in linguistic varieties . .

-

Ideology determines culture, which in turns rules out elements Ideology determines culture, which in turns rules out elements of context of situation (Field, Tenor and Mode)

of context of situation (Field, Tenor and Mode)

-

I I deology is a construct, thought, concept, theory or deology is a construct, thought, concept, theory or meaning idealized by the society as a guide to act meaning idealized by the society as a guide to act

internally and a filter to react externally for the internally and a filter to react externally for the

betterment of the members.

-

Ideologi adalah konsep, konstruksi, atau pemikiran Ideologi adalah konsep, konstruksi, atau pemikiran sosial yang diidealkan atau diidamkan oleh pemakai sosial yang diidealkan atau diidamkan oleh pemakai bahasa dan menjadi panduan (

bahasa dan menjadi panduan ( guide guide ) dalam beraksi, dan ) dalam beraksi, dan menjadi penapis (

menjadi penapis (filter filter ) dalam bereaksi. ) dalam bereaksi.

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Ideology is defined as particular ways of Ideology is defined as particular ways of representing and constructing society, which representing and constructing society, which reproduce unequal relations of power, relations reproduce unequal relations of power, relations of domination and exploitation; they are often of domination and exploitation; they are often

false and ungrounded (Wodak 1996: 17-20).

Ideology is realized in the use of language, Ideology is realized in the use of language, specifically in the elements of Processes, specifically in the elements of Processes,

Participants and Circumstances of the clauses.

Synoptically Ideology is ascertained through the Synoptically Ideology is ascertained through the

use of language or text in its context.

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Ideology Ideology

1. 1. Synoptic Synoptic : product/text as product : product/text as product

2. 2. Dynamic Dynamic : process/text as process : process/text as process

Synoptic

Synoptic ally ideology is loaded in ally ideology is loaded in

- Race/ Ethnicity Race/ Ethnicity

- Sex/ Sex/ Gender Gender

- Age Age

- Goup or Class/Aspiration Goup or Class/Aspiration

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Text Text

(1)(1) Keberhasilan seorang pejabat banyak ditentukan oleh istrinya. Hampir Keberhasilan seorang pejabat banyak ditentukan oleh istrinya. Hampir semua pejabat yang sukses berada dalam kehidupan rumah tangga semua pejabat yang sukses berada dalam kehidupan rumah tangga yang harmonis, baik dan bahagia dengan istri yang setia dan ikhlas yang harmonis, baik dan bahagia dengan istri yang setia dan ikhlas mendampingi suami sebagai suri rumah tangga.

mendampingi suami sebagai suri rumah tangga.

(2)(2) Semua masalah ini ditimbulkan oleh bini si Usman yang gegabah dan Semua masalah ini ditimbulkan oleh bini si Usman yang gegabah dan pongah itu. Apapun belum terjadi dia sudah menceritakan kepada pongah itu. Apapun belum terjadi dia sudah menceritakan kepada tetangganya bahwa mobil mereka akan diganti baru. Tetapi

tetangganya bahwa mobil mereka akan diganti baru. Tetapi

kenyataannya tidak ada. Lalu orangpun mulai memperguncingkan kenyataannya tidak ada. Lalu orangpun mulai memperguncingkan omomngan bininya itu. Gosip pun beredar dan akhirnya kacaulah omomngan bininya itu. Gosip pun beredar dan akhirnya kacaulah semua seperti keadaan sekarang.

semua seperti keadaan sekarang.

(3)(3) Orang rumah si Suman termasuk yang telaten. Itulah yang patut ditiru. Orang rumah si Suman termasuk yang telaten. Itulah yang patut ditiru.

Pendidikan baik tetapi masih mau ke dapur. Terhadap mertua baik dan Pendidikan baik tetapi masih mau ke dapur. Terhadap mertua baik dan malayan ibu mertua dengan ikhlas. Kerja-kerja rumah dan anak-anak malayan ibu mertua dengan ikhlas. Kerja-kerja rumah dan anak-anak mereka terurus. Beda dengan bini si Usman yang sibuk dan bergosip.

mereka terurus. Beda dengan bini si Usman yang sibuk dan bergosip.

Bini si Usman lebih sibuk dari dia. Padahal si Usman yang pejabat, Bini si Usman lebih sibuk dari dia. Padahal si Usman yang pejabat, bukan bininya itu.

bukan bininya itu.

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Ideology Ideology

istri neutral

skewing

pejorative

bini

domestic

orang rumah wives

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Haji Wilfred Situmorang Haji Wilfred Situmorang Pendeta Marwan Jabri Pendeta Marwan Jabri

Dia berusia 15 tahun pada saat itu.

Tiga puluh tahun kemudian dia Tiga puluh tahun kemudian dia

berkenalan dengan pamannya yang berkenalan dengan pamannya yang

berusia 12 tahun.

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Ideologically Loaded Words Ideologically Loaded Words

No word is free from ideology in one language. A word in one language may No word is free from ideology in one language. A word in one language may share similarities to another in different language at a certain level but at the share similarities to another in different language at a certain level but at the

level of ideology the word is differently perceived.

mother—

mother—ibuibu brave—

brave—beraniberani house—

house—rumah rumah

A word in the same language may be ideologically different.

ibu ibu (Indonesia vs Malaysia)(Indonesia vs Malaysia) kelamin

kelamin (Indonesia vs Malaysia)(Indonesia vs Malaysia) ho, ham, hamu, kam, ngko

ho, ham, hamu, kam, ngko (among the Batak speakers)(among the Batak speakers)

Names are loaded with ideology (

Names are loaded with ideology (Borneo-Kalimantan; Falklands-Malvinas; Borneo-Kalimantan; Falklands-Malvinas;

Penang—Pulau Pinang; Irian Barat/Jaya-Papua; Kuta Raja-Banda Aceh;

Poltak; Tigor; Anggaraini/Annggreny; Wagirin; Wagiman; Ponirin; Tomat Barus;

Kentang Ginting

Kentang Ginting; Taylor; Smith; Thatcher; ; Taylor; Smith; Thatcher; Nurhayati; Nurlaily; Nurbetty; Beta Nurhayati; Nurlaily; Nurbetty; Beta Rapita

Rapita))

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Ideology in Broad Sense

The USA

melting pot...(cf at one time in Indonesia during Suharto’s administration) globalization

UK/Australia multiculturalism internationalization

Liberalism Capitalism

Socialism Communism

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the Bataks

dalihan na tolu ‘three pilars of life’ (tondong/hula-hula one’s (extended) mother’s sides’, dongan tubu/sanina ‘one’s (extended) brother’s sides and boru one’s

(extended) sister’s sides). An ideal life is compromised by the elements of the dalihan na tolu.

the Toba Bataks

1.Hamoraon ‘wealth’

2.Hagabeon ‘good extended family’

3.Hasangapon ‘respect’

extended family 33 children (having 17 sons and 16 daughters) the Simalungun

habonaron do bona ‘the truth is the essence/substance’

the Bugeese

An ideal solution to the problems by reference to three

systematic/procedural U’s: ujung lidah (the tip of tongue), ujung kelamin (tip of male genital) and ujung badik (tip of (sharp) knife, which is respectively interpreted as

negotiation, (goal-oriented) marriage and physical attack/war the Malays

Berkali sudah ombak melanda, namun pantai tetap berpasir

Although waves have swept the beach many times, it remains sandy.

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Ideology Ideology

Sex/ Sex/ Gender Gender : superiority of male over female or the : superiority of male over female or the other way round. In Islamic states such as Iran and other way round. In Islamic states such as Iran and

Pakistan a woman is not to hold the position of the Pakistan a woman is not to hold the position of the

Judge/jury in the courtroom Judge/jury in the courtroom

-

Age: an ideal saying or expression at a certain Age: an ideal saying or expression at a certain period of time in Indonesia

period of time in Indonesia

-

Class or Group/Aspiration: political party, company, Class or Group/Aspiration: political party, company, etc...

etc...

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Ideology Ideology

synoptic realization: humming the Godfather’s song synoptic realization: humming the Godfather’s song

to a member of Parliament to symbolize the mafia to a member of Parliament to symbolize the mafia

group.

Ideology in naming: Irian Jaya vs Papua Ideology in naming: Irian Jaya vs Papua

Borneo vs Kalimantan Borneo vs Kalimantan