The subject areas covered highlight some of the most important health and safety problems involved in the chemical and allied industries. It is assumed that the reader has a professional background in the field of safety management and engineering, and therefore, many common terms are not de-.
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO INDUSTRIAL
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
INTRODUCTION
ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
Other people with MCS cannot identify any situations where they had unusual chemical exposures. People with MCS can become partially or completely disabled for several years or for life.
REPETITIVE STRESS INJURY
Grouping of these responsibilities is used, all of which can be performed near the office phone system. The center has been removed to improve the driver's view of the instruments on the dashboard.
REGULATIONS, LAWS, AND AGENCIES
In the developing world, such activities are of vital importance as modern industrialization progresses in the face of poverty and growing populations. Its main responsibilities are to ensure occupational safety by reducing workplace hazards and enforcing mandatory job safety standards, and to implement and improve worker health programs.
OVERVIEW OF POLLUTION ISSUES
Local and regional pollution takes place in the lowest layer of the atmosphere, the troposphere, which extends from the Earth's surface to about 16 km (about 10 mi). Between 1970, when the Clean Air Act was passed, and 1995, total emissions of the major air pollutants in the United States fell by nearly 30%.
INJURY AND ILLNESS STATISTICS
Chapter 2
HAZARDS IN THE CHEMICAL PROCESS
INDUSTRIES
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 emphasizes the need for standards to protect the health and safety of workers. This strategy includes the development of Special NIOSH Hazard Reviews, which support and complement the major.
GENERAL TERMINOLOGY
Group 2: The agent (mixture) is probably carcinogenic to humans and Group 2A: The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are probably carcinogenic
Iridocyclitis: Iridocyclitis is an inflammation of the iris (the colored part of the eye) and the ciliary body (the muscles and tissues involved in focusing the eye). Nystagmus: Nystagmus is a rapid, involuntary movement of the eyeball (side to side, up and down, rolling and/or rocking).
POLYMER PRODUCTION
Oxygen must be excluded from the reaction as it causes a yellowing of the product and affects the polymerization rate. Some resins, such as the phenolics, require the kettle to be under vacuum for part of the cycle. Some materials have a strong odor and care should be taken to avoid the emission of odors into the atmosphere.
RUBBER PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
However, it is not known whether a similar risk exists for workers involved in the manufacture of rubber products. The prevalence of respiratory effects and diseases due to current occupational exposure in the rubber product manufacturing industry is unknown. In the early 1980s, NIOSH conducted industrial hygiene studies in the tire and rubber industries.
SULFURIC ACID MANUFACTURING
Water-based mists can form as a result of the presence of water vapor in the process gases entering the converter. Thus, the dominant factor in the visibility of an acid plant plume is the particle size of the acid mist rather than the weight of the discharged mist. The acid migrating on the plates flows down through the precipitator and collects in the wet section.
PHOSPHORIC ACID MANUFACTURING
Physical and Hazardous Properties of Phosphoric Acid Chemical Designations - Synonyms: orthophosphoric acid; Chemical formula: H,PO,. The exhaust gas discharged from the phosphoric acid plant is saturated with water vapor and produces a 100 percent opaque plume. Heat of decomposition: Not relevant Health hazard information - Recommended personal protective equipment: Rubber frame glasses; approved respiratory protection;.
INSECTICIDE MANUFACTURE
Freezing point: not relevant; Critical temperature: not relevant; Critical Pressure: Not relevant; Specific Gravity: 5.79 at 15°C (solid). Freezing point Critical temperature: not relevant; Critical Pressure: Not relevant; Specific gravity: 1.6 at 20 °C (solid); Vapor (gas) density: not relevant; Ratio of specific Heat to vapor (gas): not relevant; Freezing point: not relevant; critical temperature: not relevant; critical pressure: not relevant; specific gravity: 1.6 at 25"C (liquid); Vapor (gas) density: Not relevant; Ratio of specific vapor heat (gas): Not relevant;
CONCEPTS OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
Exposures in Metal Preparation, Manufacturing and Finishing: Dust and Metal Vapors (after Burgess). a)- Metal exposures depend on the specific metals included in the process. 34;NIOSH considers all Cr(V1) compounds (including chromic acid, tert-butyl chromate, zinc chromate, and chromyl chloride) to be potential occupational hazards. 34; [ILO Encyclopedia] Chromates, the most common cause of allergic contact dermatitis, are released as hexavalent chromium from chrome-plated metal tools and machine parts.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Chapter 3
INHALATION HAZARDS IN REFINERIES
INHALATION AND FIRE HAZARDS
For every Btu absorbed, the temperature of the water will rise by 10F per pound of water. The most important thing to remember is that the increase in the temperature of the water is caused by the heat energy absorbed by the fire. Ignition sources are not necessarily an external heat source; it could be the temperature of the liquid itself.
PRESSURE RELIEVING SYSTEMS
Overpressure: Overpressure is the pressure increase over the set pressure of the primary relief device. When the set pressure of the first safety or relief valve to open is less than the maximum. Smokeless combustion can be achieved by: (1) sufficient heat values to obtain the minimum theoretical combustion temperatures, (2) sufficient combustion air, and (3) adequate mixing of the air and fuel.
INHALATION HAZARDS FROM TANKER OPERATIONS
This central channel, actually part of the loading tube, is surrounded by an annular vapor space. The vapor collection line is usually similar to a loading line, consisting of a flexible tube or swing arm connected to a quick-acting valve on the vehicle's turret. The arm is thus forced to follow the movement of the vehicle without the need to clamp or attach the vapor collector to the tank vehicle.
OIL-WATER EFFLUENT SYSTEMS
Any air released in the storage tank is vented to the atmosphere saturated with hydrocarbon vapors. The wastewater from the process plants and treatment units has just discussed flows to the oil water separator for recovery of free oil and settleable solids. These pollutants can escape to the atmosphere from openings in the sewer system, open ducts, open containers, and open oil-water separators.
AIR EMISSIONS FROM VALVES
Sulfuric acid sludge is hydrolyzed by heating it with live steam in the presence of water. The space between the rupture disk and the relief valve seat must be protected against leaks that may occur in the rupture disk. This, in turn, could prevent the relief valve from opening and over-pressurize the operating equipment.
COOLING TOWER OPERATIONS
The water is normally circulated by a pump between the heat exchanger equipment and the cooling tower. Water cannot be cooled below the wet bulb temperature of the air entering the cooling tower. A tall cooling tower should be used if the water concentration is less than 1.6 gallons per square foot.
MISCELLANEOUS AIR EMISSIONS
The extent of emissions to the atmosphere from this spill is a function of the vapor pressure of the product, type of soil surface under the blind, distance to the nearest drain, and amount of liquid accumulation in the pipeline. Emissions to the atmosphere from changing blinds can be minimized by pumping out the pipeline and then flushing the line with water before breaking the flange. These machines are often powered by internal combustion engines that release air pollutants into the atmosphere.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Equipment sources can be of two types; namely HVAC system and non-HVAC system equipment. From non-HVAC equipment, emissions can come from office equipment (volatile organic compounds, ozone), supplies (solvents, toners, ammonia), emissions from stores, laboratories, cleaning processes, elevator motors, and other mechanical systems. Building components and fixtures can also be a contributing factor or source. These can be places that produce or collect dust or fibers; including textured surfaces such as carpets.
HVAC SYSTEMS
Uncontrolled amounts of outdoor air enter buildings by seeping through windows, doors, and gaps in the building's exterior construction. Most early VAV systems did not allow control of the amount of outside air, so a decreasing amount of outside air was provided as the supply air flow decreased. The amount of outside air that is considered adequate for proper ventilation has significantly eroded over time.
BUILDING OCCUPANTS AND IAQ ISSUES
Many indoor air quality problems can be prevented if building staff and occupants understand how their activities affect IAQ. In many cases, building managers can be alerted to potential indoor air quality problems by occupant complaints. Listening and responding to building occupants is essential to achieving a successful resolution of indoor air quality complaints.
AUDITING PRACTICES AND THE IAQ PROFILE
In case of lawsuits about future IAQ complaints, the value of the IAQ profile as a source document will be increased by measurements from the field. Initial efforts should be devoted to collecting all available documents describing the construction and operation of the building: architectural and. Research should be conducted into the original architectural and mechanical design to understand the layout of the building and its intended functions.
MANAGEMENT PLANS
In addition to information from the IAQ profile, it may be useful to review lease forms and other contractual agreements to understand the respective legal responsibilities of building management, tenants and contractors. These sensors can be programmed to record data and control multiple elements of the HVAC system. Shipping and receiving areas can cause indoor air quality problems regardless of the types of materials handled.
DIAGNOSING IAQ PROBLEMS
The investigator attempts to identify the sources and types of contaminants and observes the condition and layout of the HVAC system serving the complaint area. 0 Whether the definition of complaint area should be expanded based on HVAC layout and operating characteristics. The most useful way to record this information is to make a floor plan of the complaint area and surrounding areas.
