PreDesign Study for Office Building in Pekanbaru

(1)

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PreDesign Study

Building type:

Office

Occupancy schedule:

All days 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM Location:

Pekanbaru, Riau, ID

(2)

Site Context

See how the sun and wind affect your site at different times of the year

1

EquinoxesJune December

Frequent detrimental sun Frequent beneficial sun Mainly cloudy, sun passive Seasonal prevailing winds

100 ft

(3)

Seasons

Pekanbaru has a tropical rainforest climate

Warm to hot, humid and wet with no distinct seasons although some months may be distinctly wetter than others.

Weather Avg min

75°F

Avg max

89°F

Avg min

76°F

Avg max

91°F

Avg min

74°F

Avg max

91°F

Avg min

75°F

Avg max

89°F

Frequently calm

Periodically breezy, rarely strong winds

Typically breezy

Often calm, rarely strong winds

Typically breezy

Often calm, rarely strong winds

Frequently calm

Periodically breezy, rarely strong winds

Often cloudy Occasionally clear

Often partly cloudy Occasionally clear

Often partly cloudy Sometimes clear

Often partly cloudy Occasionally clear

2

Dec 21 to Mar 20 Mar 21 to Jun 20 Jun 21 to Sep 20 Sep 21 to Dec 20

Wet season

Frequently muggy

Wet season

Frequently muggy

Less wet season

Typically muggy

Wet season

Frequently muggy

(4)

Seasons

Likely heating & cooling need

Heating frequency 0 days Heating frequency 0 days Heating frequency 0 days Heating frequency 0 days

Energy demand Energy demand Energy demand Energy demand

Cooling frequency 90 days Cooling frequency 90 days Cooling frequency 90 days Cooling frequency 90 days

Energy demand Energy demand Energy demand Energy demand

3

Dec 21 to Mar 20

Wet season

Frequently muggy

Mar 21 to Jun 20

Wet season

Frequently muggy

Jun 21 to Sep 20

Less wet season

Typically muggy

Sep 21 to Dec 20

Wet season

Frequently muggy

(5)

Architectural response

Impact of climate on architectural response

4

Too hot to be outside

Frequency (Occupied hrs)

54%

What it’s like:

What most humans want:

Warm but windy Hot (or hotter)

Protection from the wind & sun To be cool

Want to be outside

46%

What it’s like:

Pleasant or warm

Breezy or calm, not windy

To be outside

To enjoy the weather

Too cold to be outside

0%

What it’s like:

Breezy and chilly Still and cold (or colder)

Shelter from the wind Warmth

OK outside if sheltered

0%

What it’s like:

Still but chilly Breezy and cool Windy but pleasant

Shelter when needed

Some connectivity with outside

(6)

Architectural response

Best ways for architecture to respond to climate

5

Provide shelter from heat Shaded glazing with solar control Limited unprotected glazing Efficient indoor cooling systems

Shaded outdoor areas with fans and possibly misting

Take the inside outside

Large openings to connect inside with outside Shaded outside areas as alternative to inside space Larger glazing ratios

Shading where needed

Provide shelter from the cold Well-insulated glazing and envelope Good control of infiltration

Massings with limited articulation Efficient & comfortable heating systems

Bring the outside in

Controlled openings for natural ventilation

Sheltered outside spaces like courtyards & atriums Larger glazing ratios

Shading as needed

(7)

Architectural response

When architectural responses are most important

Provide shelter from heat54% Take the inside outside46% Provide shelter from the cold0% Bring the outside in0%

6

% occupied hrs

100

50

0

Dec

Mar Jun Sep

(8)

Glazing ratio: South facade

Suggestions for maximum glazing ratio for this climate

Optimal strategy

Triple glazed low-E, non-metal, substantial shading, great glazing Insulation

Solar control

Maximum glazing

90%

Typical strategy

Laminate, metal - unbroken, no shading, good glazing Insulation

Solar control

Maximum glazing

20%

7

Factors affecting glazing ratio

Cold weather leading to heat loss Heat loss potential:

0 heating degree-days per year Heat loss through glazing:

Negligible

Impact on glazing ratio:

Negligible

Detrimental sun leading to heat gain Amount of overheating sun:

1,506 overheating hrs per year Heat gain through glazing:

Very significant

Impact on glazing ratio:

Very High

Overall recommendation

Focus on strategies that reduce solar gain to maximise the amount of glazing you can use.

Adding shading and improving glazing solar performance will have the biggest impact.

(9)

Glazing ratio: Southwest facade

Optimal strategy

Solar control

Maximum glazing

90%

Typical strategy

Solar control

Maximum glazing

20%

8

Factors affecting glazing ratio

Cold weather leading to heat loss Heat loss potential:

Negligible

Extremely significant Impact on glazing ratio:

Very High

Overall recommendation

(10)

Glazing ratio: West facade

Optimal strategy

Solar control

Maximum glazing

90%

Typical strategy

Solar control

Maximum glazing

20%

9

Factors affecting glazing ratio

Cold weather leading to heat loss Heat loss potential:

Negligible

Very High

Overall recommendation

(11)

Glazing ratio: Northwest facade

Optimal strategy

Solar control

Maximum glazing

90%

Typical strategy

Solar control

Maximum glazing

20%

10

Factors affecting glazing ratio

Cold weather leading to heat loss Heat loss potential:

Negligible

Very High

Overall recommendation

(12)

Glazing ratio: North facade

Optimal strategy

Solar control

Maximum glazing

90%

Typical strategy

Solar control

Maximum glazing

20%

11

Factors affecting glazing ratio

Cold weather leading to heat loss Heat loss potential:

Negligible

Very significant

Impact on glazing ratio:

Very High

Overall recommendation

(13)

Glazing ratio: Northeast facade

Optimal strategy

Solar control

Maximum glazing

90%

Typical strategy

Solar control

Maximum glazing

20%

12

Factors affecting glazing ratio

Cold weather leading to heat loss Heat loss potential:

Negligible

Very High

Overall recommendation

(14)

Glazing ratio: East facade

Optimal strategy

Solar control

Maximum glazing

90%

Typical strategy

Solar control

Maximum glazing

20%

13

Factors affecting glazing ratio

Cold weather leading to heat loss Heat loss potential:

Negligible

Very High

Overall recommendation

(15)

Glazing ratio: Southeast facade

Optimal strategy

Solar control

Maximum glazing

90%

Typical strategy

Solar control

Maximum glazing

20%

14

Factors affecting glazing ratio

Cold weather leading to heat loss Heat loss potential:

Negligible

Very High

Overall recommendation

(16)

Shading: South facade

Annual solar impact

15

6 AM 12 PM 9 AM

3 PM

6 AM 12 PM 9 AM

3 PM

N

E

S W

December June

Equinoxes South facade

This facade sees a high frequency of detrimental overheating hours.

When overheating happens, its impact can be very significant.

Beneficial warming from the sun is rare.

When warming sun happens, its benefit is low.

Solar impact without shading Detrimental

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Overall recommendation

Shading strongly recommended Frequent detrimental sun Frequent beneficial sun Mainly cloudy, sun passive

(17)

Shading: South facade

Effectiveness of different shading strategies

Detrimental sun let in Detrimental sun blocked Beneficial sun let in Beneficial sun lost

16

Eggcrate

Solar impact Detrimental

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Brise Soleil

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Hood

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Double Overhang

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Automated Blinds

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Overhang

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Fins

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Offset Panel

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

No shading

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

(18)

Shading: Southwest facade

Annual solar impact

17

6 AM 12 PM 9 AM

3 PM

6 AM 12 PM 9 AM

3 PM

N

E

S W

Equinoxes

South west faca

de

When overheating happens, its impact is extremely significant.

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Overall recommendation

(19)

Shading: Southwest facade

18

Eggcrate

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Automated Blinds

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Brise Soleil

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Double Overhang

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Hood

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Overhang

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Offset Panel

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Fins

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

No shading

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

(20)

Shading: West facade

Annual solar impact

19

6 AM 12 PM 9 AM

3 PM

6 AM 12 PM 9 AM

3 PM

N

E

S W

Equinoxes

West facade

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Overall recommendation

(21)

Shading: West facade

20

Automated Blinds

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Eggcrate

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Brise Soleil

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Double Overhang

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Offset Panel

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Hood

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Overhang

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Fins

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

No shading

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

(22)

Shading: Northwest facade

Annual solar impact

21

6 AM 12 PM 9 AM

3 PM

6 AM 12 PM 9 AM

3 PM

N

E

S W

Equinoxes

Northwest facade

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Overall recommendation

(23)

Shading: Northwest facade

22

Eggcrate

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Automated Blinds

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Brise Soleil

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Double Overhang

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Hood

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Overhang

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Offset Panel

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Fins

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

No shading

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

(24)

Shading: North facade

Annual solar impact

23

6 AM 12 PM 9 AM

3 PM

6 AM 12 PM 9 AM

3 PM

N

E

S W

Equinoxes

North facade

When overheating happens, its impact can be very significant.

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Overall recommendation

(25)

Shading: North facade

24

Eggcrate

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Brise Soleil

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Hood

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Double Overhang

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Automated Blinds

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Overhang

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Fins

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Offset Panel

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

No shading

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

(26)

Shading: Northeast facade

Annual solar impact

25

6 AM 12 PM 9 AM

3 PM

6 AM 12 PM 9 AM

3 PM

N

E

S W

Equinoxes

Northea st facade

This facade sees a moderate amount of detrimental overheating hours.

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Overall recommendation

(27)

Shading: Northeast facade

26

Eggcrate

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Brise Soleil

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Automated Blinds

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Double Overhang

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Hood

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Overhang

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Offset Panel

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Fins

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

No shading

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

(28)

Shading: East facade

Annual solar impact

27

6 AM 12 PM 9 AM

3 PM

6 AM 12 PM 9 AM

3 PM

N

E

S W

Equinoxes

East facade

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Overall recommendation

(29)

Shading: East facade

28

Eggcrate

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Automated Blinds

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Brise Soleil

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Double Overhang

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Hood

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Offset Panel

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Overhang

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Fins

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

No shading

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

(30)

Shading: Southeast facade

Annual solar impact

29

6 AM 12 PM 9 AM

3 PM

6 AM 12 PM 9 AM

3 PM

N

E

S W

Equinoxes

Southeast facade

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Overall recommendation

(31)

Shading: Southeast facade

30

Eggcrate

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Brise Soleil

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Automated Blinds

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Double Overhang

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Hood

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Overhang

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Offset Panel

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

Fins

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

No shading

Beneficial

Zero High Extreme

(32)

Toplighting

Impact of the frequency of sun on toplighting strategies

31

Sunny spells

3%

At these times:

5% roof glazing may be enough for good light

Bounce or diffuse direct sun to control glare and spread light evenly

Expect warmer daylight colors

Variable skies

82%

At these times:

10% roof glazing may be needed for good light

Bounce or diffuse direct sun to control glare and spread light evenly

Operable systems may be less effective

Cloudy spells

15%

At these times:

20% roof glazing may be needed for good light

Elements bouncing or diffusing light may reduce light as well Expect cooler daylight colors

Low daylight

0%

At these times:

This has not been used to inform the strategies below.

Other sources of light are needed for illumination

Interior glazing will act like a mirror

Privacy through glazing will be poor without blinds

(33)

Toplighting

Suitability of different toplighting in this climate

32

Baffle

Limits glare by diffusing overhead sun.

Warmer daylight from diffused sunlight.

Obstructed view of sky.

Light levels change with time of day.

Sky Light

Diffusing materials can limit glare risk.

Even, diffused, usually cool, daylight.

Diffused view of the sky.

Light levels change with time of day.

Sawtooth facing north

Occasional glare from direct sun.

Cooler daylight from northern sky.

Great view of northern sky.

Decent sense of time passing.

Sawtooth facing south

Occasional glare from direct sun.

Cooler daylight from northern sky.

Great view of southern sky.

Decent sense of time passing.

Light Pipe

Limits glare by bouncing direct sun

Warm daylight mixed with duller, cooler light.

Virtually no view of sky.

Light levels change gradually with time of day.

Reflector

Frequent high angle sun may cause glare.

Potentially warm light often dulled by cloud.

Mostly obstructed view of sky.

When sunny, reflected light shows time passing.

(34)

Toplighting

Suitability of different toplighting in this climate

33

Cushions

Likely to change too often to control glare well.

Warm light when sunny, cooler light when cloudy.

Good view of the sky when cloudy.

Good sense of time passing.

Clerestory

Frequent direct sun likely to cause glare.

Cooler daylight mixed with harsher direct sun.

Great view of sky if blinds not in use.

Good sense of time passing.

Roof Light

High risk of glare from direct sun.

Extremely bright sunlight very common.

Excellent view of the sky and clouds.

Enhances sense of time passing during cloudy spells.

(35)

Outside spaces

How often outside space is usable

34

An outside space in this location without intervention will have limited use for seated periods of 20 minutes or more.

Always usable 17% hrs*

Usable with intervention 77% hrs*

Always unusable 6% hrs*

* Annual occupied hrs

Overall recommendation

Combine shading with air movement (+73% hrs*)

Maximum intervention usability

Wind breaks 0% hrs*

Heating 0% hrs*

Sun shade 43% hrs*

Rain cover 4% hrs*

Lighting 0% hrs*

Air movement 71% hrs*

(36)

Outside spaces

Maximise the usability of an outside space

35

Selected interventions

Air movement Heating Lighting Rain cover Sun shade Wind breaks

Annual usability: 94% hrs

An improvement of 2,838 hrs

Usable without interventions Additional use with interventions Generally unusable

* Annual occupied hrs

*

% occupied hrs

100

80

60

40

20

0

Dec

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

(37)

Outside spaces

How this strategy compares

Intervention combinations Usability*

Selected interventions

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

^94%

Best 5 interventions

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

^94%

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

^94%

✓ ✓ ✓

^94%

✓ ✓

^90%

Best single intervention

✓

^50%

No intervention 17%

36