Situ Abidin
PreDesign Study
Building type:
School
Occupancy schedule:
All days 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM Holidays Closed in January Location:
Bekasi, Jawa Barat, ID
Site Context
See how the sun and wind affect your site at different times of the year
1
June Equinoxes
December
Frequent detrimental sun Frequent beneficial sun Mainly cloudy, sun passive Seasonal prevailing winds
30 m
© OpenMapTiles © OpenStreetMap contributors | © Trimble Inc. - Japan © Shobunsha Publications, Inc. © Shobunsha
Seasons
Bekasi has a tropical rainforest climate
Warm to hot, humid and wet with no distinct seasons although some months may be distinctly wetter than others.
Weather
Avg min
24°C
Avg max
31°C
Avg min
24°C
Avg max
32°C
Avg min
23°C
Avg max
32°C
Avg min
24°C
Avg max
32°C
Usually breezy
Sometimes calm, rarely strong winds
Typically breezy
Often calm, rarely strong winds
Typically breezy
Often calm, rarely strong winds
Typically breezy
Often calm, rarely strong winds
Abundant precipitation (934 mm over 81 days)
Abundant precipitation (544 mm over 67 days)
Low precipitation (66 mm over 20 days)
Abundant precipitation (735 mm over 69 days)
2
Dec 21 to Mar 20 Mar 21 to Jun 20 Jun 21 to Sep 20 Sep 21 to Dec 20
Wet season
Glorious to muggy
Wet season
Muggy to glorious
Less wet season
Glorious to hot and dry
Wet season
Glorious to muggy
Seasons
Impact of wind on comfort Cooling Chilling Too windy
Daylight & sunshine
3
Dec 21 to Mar 20
Wet season
Glorious to muggy
Mar 21 to Jun 20
Wet season
Muggy to glorious
Jun 21 to Sep 20
Less wet season
Glorious to hot and dry
Sep 21 to Dec 20
Wet season
Glorious to muggy
N
E
S W
20%
40%
26% hrs Calm
N
E
S W
20%
40%
46% hrs Calm
N
E
S W
20%
40%
46% hrs Calm
N
E
S W
20%
40%
47% hrs Calm
Daily daylight hrs Avg 12.4 hrs
Daily daylight hrs Avg 11.9 hrs
Daily daylight hrs Avg 11.9 hrs
Daily daylight hrs Avg 12.4 hrs
24
12
0
24
12
0
24
12
0
24
12
0
Avg daily sunshine 6.1 hrs Avg daily sunshine 7.9 hrs Avg daily sunshine 8.8 hrs Avg daily sunshine 7.2 hrs
Avg daily cloud 6.3 hrs Avg daily cloud 4.0 hrs Avg daily cloud 3.1 hrs Avg daily cloud 5.2 hrs
Seasons
Likely heating & cooling need
Heating frequency 0 days Heating frequency 0 days Heating frequency 0 days Heating frequency 0 days
Energy demand Energy demand Energy demand Energy demand
Cooling frequency 90 days Cooling frequency 90 days Cooling frequency 90 days Cooling frequency 90 days
Energy demand Energy demand Energy demand Energy demand
Air pollution Very low Low Medium High Very high
Usually high or very high Overwhelmingly high or very high Overwhelmingly high or very high Overwhelmingly high or very high
4
Dec 21 to Mar 20
Wet season
Glorious to muggy
Mar 21 to Jun 20
Wet season
Muggy to glorious
Jun 21 to Sep 20
Less wet season
Glorious to hot and dry
Sep 21 to Dec 20
Wet season
Glorious to muggy
Architectural response
Impact of climate on architectural response
5
Too hot to be outside
Frequency (Occupied hrs)
61%
What it’s like:
What most humans want:
Warm but windy Hot (or hotter)
Protection from the wind & sun To be cool
Want to be outside
Frequency (Occupied hrs)
39%
What it’s like:
What most humans want:
Pleasant or warm
Breezy or calm, not windy
To be outside To enjoy the weather
Too cold to be outside
Frequency (Occupied hrs)
0%
What it’s like:
What most humans want:
Breezy and chilly Still and cold (or colder)
Shelter from the wind Warmth
OK outside if sheltered
Frequency (Occupied hrs)
0%
What it’s like:
What most humans want:
Still but chilly Breezy and cool Windy but pleasant
Shelter when needed
Some connectivity with outside
Architectural response
Best ways for architecture to respond to climate
6
Provide shelter from heat Shaded glazing with solar control Limited unprotected glazing Efficient indoor cooling systems
Shaded outdoor areas with fans and possibly misting
Take the inside outside
Large openings to connect inside with outside Shaded outside areas as alternative to inside space Larger glazing ratios
Shading where needed
Provide shelter from the cold Well-insulated glazing and envelope Good control of infiltration
Massings with limited articulation Efficient & comfortable heating systems
Bring the outside in
Controlled openings for natural ventilation
Sheltered outside spaces like courtyards & atriums Larger glazing ratios
Shading as needed
Architectural response
When architectural responses are most important
Provide shelter from heat61% Take the inside outside39% Provide shelter from the cold0% Bring the outside in0% School holidays
7
% occupied hrs
100
50
0
Dec
Mar Jun Sep
Glazing ratio: North facade
Suggestions for maximum glazing ratio for this climate
Optimal strategy
Triple glazed low-E, non-metal, substantial shading, great glazing Insulation
Solar control
Maximum glazing
90%
Typical strategy
Single glazed, metal - unbroken, partial shading, basic glazing Insulation
Solar control
Maximum glazing
20%
8
Factors affecting glazing ratio
Cold weather leading to heat loss Heat loss potential:
0 heating degree-days per year Heat loss through glazing:
Negligible
Impact on glazing ratio:
Negligible
Detrimental sun leading to heat gain Amount of overheating sun:
2,252 overheating hrs per year Heat gain through glazing:
Very significant
Impact on glazing ratio:
Very High
Overall recommendation
Focus on strategies that reduce solar gain to maximise the amount of glazing you can use.
Adding shading and improving glazing solar performance will have the biggest impact.
Glazing ratio: Northeast facade
Suggestions for maximum glazing ratio for this climate
Optimal strategy
Triple glazed low-E, non-metal, substantial shading, great glazing Insulation
Solar control
Maximum glazing
90%
Typical strategy
Single glazed, metal - unbroken, partial shading, basic glazing Insulation
Solar control
Maximum glazing
20%
9
Factors affecting glazing ratio
Cold weather leading to heat loss Heat loss potential:
0 heating degree-days per year Heat loss through glazing:
Negligible
Impact on glazing ratio:
Negligible
Detrimental sun leading to heat gain Amount of overheating sun:
1,844 overheating hrs per year Heat gain through glazing:
Very significant
Impact on glazing ratio:
Very High
Overall recommendation
Focus on strategies that reduce solar gain to maximise the amount of glazing you can use.
Adding shading and improving glazing solar performance will have the biggest impact.
Glazing ratio: East facade
Suggestions for maximum glazing ratio for this climate
Optimal strategy
Triple glazed low-E, non-metal, substantial shading, great glazing Insulation
Solar control
Maximum glazing
90%
Typical strategy
Single glazed, metal - unbroken, partial shading, basic glazing Insulation
Solar control
Maximum glazing
20%
10
Factors affecting glazing ratio
Cold weather leading to heat loss Heat loss potential:
0 heating degree-days per year Heat loss through glazing:
Negligible
Impact on glazing ratio:
Negligible
Detrimental sun leading to heat gain Amount of overheating sun:
1,700 overheating hrs per year Heat gain through glazing:
Very significant
Impact on glazing ratio:
Very High
Overall recommendation
Focus on strategies that reduce solar gain to maximise the amount of glazing you can use.
Adding shading and improving glazing solar performance will have the biggest impact.
Glazing ratio: Southeast facade
Suggestions for maximum glazing ratio for this climate
Optimal strategy
Triple glazed low-E, non-metal, substantial shading, great glazing Insulation
Solar control
Maximum glazing
90%
Typical strategy
Single glazed, metal - unbroken, partial shading, basic glazing Insulation
Solar control
Maximum glazing
20%
11
Factors affecting glazing ratio
Cold weather leading to heat loss Heat loss potential:
0 heating degree-days per year Heat loss through glazing:
Negligible
Impact on glazing ratio:
Negligible
Detrimental sun leading to heat gain Amount of overheating sun:
1,481 overheating hrs per year Heat gain through glazing:
Very significant
Impact on glazing ratio:
Very High
Overall recommendation
Focus on strategies that reduce solar gain to maximise the amount of glazing you can use.
Adding shading and improving glazing solar performance will have the biggest impact.
Glazing ratio: South facade
Suggestions for maximum glazing ratio for this climate
Optimal strategy
Triple glazed low-E, non-metal, substantial shading, great glazing Insulation
Solar control
Maximum glazing
90%
Typical strategy
Single glazed, metal - unbroken, partial shading, basic glazing Insulation
Solar control
Maximum glazing
20%
12
Factors affecting glazing ratio
Cold weather leading to heat loss Heat loss potential:
0 heating degree-days per year Heat loss through glazing:
Negligible
Impact on glazing ratio:
Negligible
Detrimental sun leading to heat gain Amount of overheating sun:
1,507 overheating hrs per year Heat gain through glazing:
Quite significant
Impact on glazing ratio:
High
Overall recommendation
Focus on strategies that reduce solar gain to maximise the amount of glazing you can use.
Adding shading and improving glazing solar performance will have the biggest impact.
Glazing ratio: Southwest facade
Suggestions for maximum glazing ratio for this climate
Optimal strategy
Triple glazed low-E, non-metal, substantial shading, great glazing Insulation
Solar control
Maximum glazing
90%
Typical strategy
Single glazed, metal - unbroken, partial shading, basic glazing Insulation
Solar control
Maximum glazing
20%
13
Factors affecting glazing ratio
Cold weather leading to heat loss Heat loss potential:
0 heating degree-days per year Heat loss through glazing:
Negligible
Impact on glazing ratio:
Negligible
Detrimental sun leading to heat gain Amount of overheating sun:
1,915 overheating hrs per year Heat gain through glazing:
Extremely significant Impact on glazing ratio:
Very High
Overall recommendation
Focus on strategies that reduce solar gain to maximise the amount of glazing you can use.
Adding shading and improving glazing solar performance will have the biggest impact.
Glazing ratio: West facade
Suggestions for maximum glazing ratio for this climate
Optimal strategy
Triple glazed low-E, non-metal, substantial shading, great glazing Insulation
Solar control
Maximum glazing
90%
Typical strategy
Single glazed, metal - unbroken, partial shading, basic glazing Insulation
Solar control
Maximum glazing
20%
14
Factors affecting glazing ratio
Cold weather leading to heat loss Heat loss potential:
0 heating degree-days per year Heat loss through glazing:
Negligible
Impact on glazing ratio:
Negligible
Detrimental sun leading to heat gain Amount of overheating sun:
2,059 overheating hrs per year Heat gain through glazing:
Extremely significant Impact on glazing ratio:
Very High
Overall recommendation
Focus on strategies that reduce solar gain to maximise the amount of glazing you can use.
Adding shading and improving glazing solar performance will have the biggest impact.
Glazing ratio: Northwest facade
Suggestions for maximum glazing ratio for this climate
Optimal strategy
Triple glazed low-E, non-metal, substantial shading, great glazing Insulation
Solar control
Maximum glazing
90%
Typical strategy
Single glazed, metal - unbroken, partial shading, basic glazing Insulation
Solar control
Maximum glazing
20%
15
Factors affecting glazing ratio
Cold weather leading to heat loss Heat loss potential:
0 heating degree-days per year Heat loss through glazing:
Negligible
Impact on glazing ratio:
Negligible
Detrimental sun leading to heat gain Amount of overheating sun:
2,278 overheating hrs per year Heat gain through glazing:
Extremely significant Impact on glazing ratio:
Very High
Overall recommendation
Focus on strategies that reduce solar gain to maximise the amount of glazing you can use.
Adding shading and improving glazing solar performance will have the biggest impact.
Shading: North facade
Annual solar impact
16
9 AM 6 AM 12 PM
3 PM
6 AM 12 PM 9 AM
3 PM
N
E
S W
December June
Equinoxes
North facade
This facade sees a very high frequency of detrimental overheating hours.
When overheating happens, its impact can be very significant.
Beneficial warming from the sun is rare.
When warming sun happens, its benefit is low.
Solar impact without shading Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Overall recommendation
Shading strongly recommended Frequent detrimental sun Frequent beneficial sun Mainly cloudy, sun passive
Shading: North facade
Effectiveness of different shading strategies
Detrimental sun let in Detrimental sun blocked Beneficial sun let in Beneficial sun lost
17
Eggcrate
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Brise Soleil
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Automated Blinds
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Hood
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Double Overhang
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Overhang
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Fins
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Offset Panel
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
No shading
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Shading: Northeast facade
Annual solar impact
18
9 AM 6 AM 12 PM
3 PM
6 AM 12 PM 9 AM
3 PM
N
E
S W
December June
Equinoxes
Northea st fac
ade
This facade sees a high frequency of detrimental overheating hours.
When overheating happens, its impact can be very significant.
Beneficial warming from the sun is rare.
When warming sun happens, its benefit is low.
Solar impact without shading Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Overall recommendation
Shading strongly recommended Frequent detrimental sun Frequent beneficial sun Mainly cloudy, sun passive
Shading: Northeast facade
Effectiveness of different shading strategies
Detrimental sun let in Detrimental sun blocked Beneficial sun let in Beneficial sun lost
19
Eggcrate
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Automated Blinds
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Brise Soleil
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Double Overhang
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Hood
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Overhang
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Offset Panel
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Fins
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
No shading
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Shading: East facade
Annual solar impact
20
9 AM 6 AM 12 PM
3 PM
6 AM 12 PM 9 AM
3 PM
N
E
S W
December June
Equinoxes
East facade
This facade sees a high frequency of detrimental overheating hours.
When overheating happens, its impact can be very significant.
Beneficial warming from the sun is rare.
When warming sun happens, its benefit is low.
Solar impact without shading Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Overall recommendation
Shading strongly recommended Frequent detrimental sun Frequent beneficial sun Mainly cloudy, sun passive
Shading: East facade
Effectiveness of different shading strategies
Detrimental sun let in Detrimental sun blocked Beneficial sun let in Beneficial sun lost
21
Automated Blinds
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Eggcrate
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Brise Soleil
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Double Overhang
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Hood
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Offset Panel
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Overhang
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Fins
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
No shading
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Shading: Southeast facade
Annual solar impact
22
9 AM 6 AM 12 PM
3 PM
6 AM 12 PM 9 AM
3 PM
N
E
S W
December June
Equinoxes
Southeast facade
This facade sees a moderate amount of detrimental overheating hours.
When overheating happens, its impact can be very significant.
Beneficial warming from the sun is rare.
When warming sun happens, its benefit is low.
Solar impact without shading Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Overall recommendation
Shading strongly recommended Frequent detrimental sun Frequent beneficial sun Mainly cloudy, sun passive
Shading: Southeast facade
Effectiveness of different shading strategies
Detrimental sun let in Detrimental sun blocked Beneficial sun let in Beneficial sun lost
23
Eggcrate
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Brise Soleil
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Automated Blinds
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Double Overhang
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Hood
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Overhang
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Offset Panel
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Fins
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
No shading
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Shading: South facade
Annual solar impact
24
9 AM 6 AM 12 PM
3 PM
6 AM 12 PM 9 AM
3 PM
N
E
S W
December June
Equinoxes South facade
This facade sees a high frequency of detrimental overheating hours.
When overheating happens, its impact can be quite significant.
Beneficial warming from the sun is rare.
When warming sun happens, its benefit is low.
Solar impact without shading Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Overall recommendation
Shading recommended Frequent detrimental sun Frequent beneficial sun Mainly cloudy, sun passive
Shading: South facade
Effectiveness of different shading strategies
Detrimental sun let in Detrimental sun blocked Beneficial sun let in Beneficial sun lost
25
Eggcrate
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Brise Soleil
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Hood
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Double Overhang
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Automated Blinds
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Overhang
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Fins
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Offset Panel
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
No shading
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Shading: Southwest facade
Annual solar impact
26
9 AM 6 AM 12 PM
3 PM
6 AM 12 PM 9 AM
3 PM
N
E
S W
December June
Equinoxes
South west fac
ade
This facade sees a high frequency of detrimental overheating hours.
When overheating happens, its impact is extremely significant.
Beneficial warming from the sun is rare.
When warming sun happens, its benefit is low.
Solar impact without shading Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Overall recommendation
Shading strongly recommended Frequent detrimental sun Frequent beneficial sun Mainly cloudy, sun passive
Shading: Southwest facade
Effectiveness of different shading strategies
Detrimental sun let in Detrimental sun blocked Beneficial sun let in Beneficial sun lost
27
Eggcrate
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Automated Blinds
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Brise Soleil
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Hood
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Double Overhang
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Overhang
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Offset Panel
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Fins
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
No shading
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Shading: West facade
Annual solar impact
28
9 AM 6 AM 12 PM
3 PM
6 AM 12 PM 9 AM
3 PM
N
E
S W
December June
Equinoxes
West facade
This facade sees a very high frequency of detrimental overheating hours.
When overheating happens, its impact is extremely significant.
Beneficial warming from the sun is rare.
When warming sun happens, its benefit is low.
Solar impact without shading Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Overall recommendation
Shading strongly recommended Frequent detrimental sun Frequent beneficial sun Mainly cloudy, sun passive
Shading: West facade
Effectiveness of different shading strategies
Detrimental sun let in Detrimental sun blocked Beneficial sun let in Beneficial sun lost
29
Automated Blinds
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Eggcrate
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Brise Soleil
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Double Overhang
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Offset Panel
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Hood
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Overhang
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Fins
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
No shading
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Shading: Northwest facade
Annual solar impact
30
9 AM 6 AM 12 PM
3 PM
6 AM 12 PM 9 AM
3 PM
N
E
S W
December June
Equinoxes
Northwest facade
This facade sees a very high frequency of detrimental overheating hours.
When overheating happens, its impact is extremely significant.
Beneficial warming from the sun is rare.
When warming sun happens, its benefit is low.
Solar impact without shading Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Overall recommendation
Shading strongly recommended Frequent detrimental sun Frequent beneficial sun Mainly cloudy, sun passive
Shading: Northwest facade
Effectiveness of different shading strategies
Detrimental sun let in Detrimental sun blocked Beneficial sun let in Beneficial sun lost
31
Automated Blinds
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Eggcrate
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Brise Soleil
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Double Overhang
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Hood
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Offset Panel
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Overhang
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Fins
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
No shading
Solar impact Detrimental
Beneficial
Zero High Extreme
Toplighting
Impact of the frequency of sun on toplighting strategies
32
Sunny spells
Frequency (Occupied hrs)
69%
At these times:
5% roof glazing may be enough for good light
Bounce or diffuse direct sun to control glare and spread light evenly
Expect warmer daylight colors
Variable skies
Frequency (Occupied hrs)
26%
At these times:
10% roof glazing may be needed for good light
Bounce or diffuse direct sun to control glare and spread light evenly
Operable systems may be less effective
Cloudy spells
Frequency (Occupied hrs)
5%
At these times:
20% roof glazing may be needed for good light
Elements bouncing or diffusing light may reduce light as well
Expect cooler daylight colors
Low daylight
Frequency (Occupied hrs)
0%
At these times:
This has not been used to inform the strategies below.
Other sources of light are needed for illumination
Interior glazing will act like a mirror Privacy through glazing will be poor without blinds
Toplighting
Suitability of different toplighting in this climate
33
Sawtooth facing south
Limits glare by facing away from direct sun.
Cooler daylight from southern sky Great view of southern sky.
Decent sense of time passing.
Baffle
Limits glare by diffusing overhead sun.
Warmer daylight from diffused sunlight.
Obstructed view of sky.
Light levels change with time of day.
Cushions
Limits glare by diffusing direct sun
Warm light when sunny, cooler light when cloudy.
Good view of the sky when cloudy.
Good sense of time passing.
Light Pipe
Limits glare by bouncing direct sun Warmer daylight from bounced sunlight.
Virtually no view of sky.
Light levels change gradually with time of day.
Clerestory
Frequent direct sun may cause too much glare.
Cooler daylight mixed with harsher direct sun.
Great view of sky and clouds.
Good sense of time passing.
Sawtooth facing north
Frequent direct sun likely to cause glare.
Harsher daylight due to direct sun.
Great view of northern sky.
Decent sense of time passing.
Toplighting
Suitability of different toplighting in this climate
34
Reflector
Frequent high angle sun may cause glare.
Potentially warm light often dulled by cloud.
Mostly obstructed view of sky.
When sunny, reflected light shows time passing.
Sky Light
Very hard to get diffusing material right.
Very bright daylight.
Heavily diffused view of the sky.
Light levels change with time of day.
Roof Light
High risk of glare from direct sun.
Extremely bright sunlight very common.
Excellent view of the sky and clouds.
Enhances sense of time passing during cloudy spells.
Outside spaces
How often outside space is usable
35
An outside space in this location without intervention will have limited use for seated periods of 20 minutes or more.
Always usable 11% hrs*
Usable with intervention 87% hrs*
Always unusable 2% hrs*
* Annual occupied hrs
Overall recommendation
Combine shading with air movement (+63% hrs*)
Maximum intervention usability
Wind breaks 0% hrs*
Heating 0% hrs*
Sun shade 66% hrs*
Rain cover 25% hrs*
Lighting 0% hrs*
Air movement 85% hrs*
Outside spaces
Maximise the usability of an outside space
36
Selected interventions
Air movement Heating Lighting Rain cover Sun shade Wind breaks
Annual usability: 98% hrs
An improvement of 1,670 hrs
Usable without interventions Additional use with interventions Generally unusable School holidays
* Annual occupied hrs
*
% occupied hrs
100
80
60
40
20
0
Dec
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
Outside spaces
How this strategy compares
Intervention combinations Usability*
Selected interventions
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
98%Best 5 interventions
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
98%Best 4 interventions
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
98%Best 3 interventions
✓ ✓ ✓
98%Best 2 interventions
✓ ✓
74%Best single intervention
✓
21%No intervention 11%
37
