PRESUPPOSITION IN JOE BIDEN'S INAUGURATION SPEECH

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Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media

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Š––’•ǣȀȀ‡†‹ƒǤ‡Ž‹–‹Ǥ…‘Ȁ‡†‹ƒȀ’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•Ȁͳ͹͵Ͳ͵ͶǦǦ’‘–‡•‹Ǧ

†‡•–‹ƒ•‹Ǧ™‹•ƒ–ƒǦ†‹Ǧ‹†‘‡•‹ƒǦ‡Ǥ’†ˆ

—„ƒ†‘™‘ǡǤȋʹͲͳ͹ȌǤŠ‡ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡‹‰Ž‹•Š’‡ƒ‹‰‹ŽŽˆ‘”

‡ƒ”‡”•Ǥ Advance in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), 110ǡʹͲͶǦʹͲͺǤ

–ƒ‹ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ ‡ŽŽ‘ǡ Ǥǡ Ƭ –‘™ƒ”†‘›‘ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ Š‡ Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ

–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡‘ˆ–udent’s First Language in Pronouncing English Sounds ȋƒ•‡–—†›‘—‰‹‡•‡ƒ†ƒƒ••ƒ”‡•‡–—†‡–•ȌǤ ELT Worldwide 4ȋʹȌǡʹͲͷǦʹͳʹǤ

ƒ”†ƒ‹ǡǤǡƬ—™ƒ–‘”‘ǡǤȋʹͲͳͻȌǤJavanese Language Interference in The Pronunciation of English PhonemesǤ‰Ž‹•Šƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‡ƒ…Š‹‰

‡’ƒ”–‡–Ǥ ƒ…—Ž–›‘ˆ‡ƒ…Š‡””ƒ‹‹‰ƒ††—…ƒ–‹‘ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ•

—Šƒƒ†‹›ƒŠ—”™‘‡”–‘ǡͳǦͳʹǤ

Š––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‰ƒ–‡Ǥ‡–Ȁ’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘Ȁ͵͵ͶͶʹͻ͹͵ͳ

‡‹”‹…ŠǡǤȋͳͻͷ͵ȌǤLanguage in ContactǤ‡™‘”Ǥ

—Ž‹ƒ–‹ǡǤǤȋʹͲͳͻȌǤIni 8 Bahasa Daerah yang Paling Banyak Digunakan di IndonesiaǤŠ––’•ǣȀȀ„‡”‹–ƒ„ƒ‹Ǥ‹†Ȁ”‡ƒ†ǫ‡†‹–‘”‹ƒŽŽ—‰α†‘‡•‹ƒǦ

„ƒ‹Ƭ•Ž—‰αͳͷͷͲ͹͵ͺʹ͹͸ͷʹʹǦ‹‹ǦͺǦ„ƒŠƒ•ƒǦ†ƒ‡”ƒŠǦ›ƒ‰Ǧ’ƒŽ‹‰Ǧ„ƒ›ƒǦ

†‹‰—ƒƒǦ†‹Ǧ‹†‘‡•‹ƒ

P R E S U P P O S I T I O N I N J O E B I D E N ’ S I N A U G U R A T I O N S P E E C H

PRESUPPOSITION IN JOE BIDEN’S

INAUGURATION SPEECH

Sadam Rahmadianto, Yayuk Widyastuti Herawati

‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ••Žƒ‡‰‡”‹ƒ—ŽƒƒƒŽ‹„”ƒŠ‹ƒŽƒ‰

ƒ‹Žǣ•ƒ†ƒ”ƒŠƒ†‹ƒ–‘̷‰ƒ‹ŽǤ…‘

Abstract: Š‹••–—†›ƒ‹•–‘ˆ‹†–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘—•‡†„›‘‡‹†‡

‹ Š‹• ‹ƒ—‰—”ƒ–‹‘ •’‡‡…ŠǤ Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰• ‘ˆ –Š‡ —––‡”ƒ…‡• ƒ”‡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡

…‘–‡š–‘ˆ–Š‡•’‡‡…Š—•‡†–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ…‘–‡š–’”‘’‘•‡†„›—ƒ‰ȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ Š‹•

•–—†›—•‡†ƒ“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡†‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡‡–Š‘†„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•†‡•…”‹„‡

’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†‡ƒ‹‰‹•’‡‡…ŠǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒ‹•–ƒ‡ˆ”‘‡™•ǤŠ‡

”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›ˆ‘—†͵ʹ—––‡”ƒ…‡•–Šƒ–‹†‹…ƒ–‡†’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ǤŠ‡•‡

—––‡”ƒ…‡•™‡”‡…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†‹–‘‹‡–›’‡•‘ˆ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘™‡”‡—•‡†„›‘‡

‹†‡ ‹ Š‹• ‹ƒ—‰—”ƒ–‹‘ •’‡‡…ŠǤ Š‡› ƒ”‡ –Š‹”–‡‡ —––‡”ƒ…‡• ‘ˆ †‡ˆ‹‹–‡

†‡•…”‹’–‹‘ǡ–Š”‡‡—––‡”ƒ…‡•‘ˆˆƒ…–‹˜‡’”‡†‹…ƒ–‡•ǡ–™‘—––‡”ƒ…‡•‘ˆƒ•’‡…–—ƒŽ

‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡’”‡†‹…ƒ–‡•ǡ–Š”‡‡—––‡”ƒ…‡•‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•ǡ‘‡—––‡”ƒ…‡‘ˆ‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹˜‡

’”‡†‹…ƒ–‡•ǡ –Š”‡‡ —––‡”ƒ…‡• ‘ˆ “—ƒ–‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ ‘‡ —––‡”ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ –‡’‘”ƒŽ …Žƒ—•‡ǡ

–Š”‡‡ —––‡”ƒ…‡• ‘ˆ …Ž‡ˆ– •‡–‡…‡•ǡ ƒ† –Š”‡‡ —––‡”ƒ…‡• ‘ˆ …‘—–‡”ˆƒ…–—ƒŽ

…‘†‹–‹‘ƒŽ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ǤŠ‡•–—†›†‹†–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•„ƒ•‡†‘–™‘–›’‡•‘ˆ

…‘–‡š––Š‡›ƒ”‡Ž‹‰—‹•–‹……‘–‡š–ƒ†‘ǦŽ‹‰—‹•–‹……‘–‡š–Ǥ‡•‹†‡•ǡ–Š‡•–—†›

ˆ‘—†–Šƒ––Š‡—––‡”ƒ…‡•‘ˆ‘‡‹†‡‹Š‹•‹ƒ—‰—”ƒ–‹‘•’‡‡…ŠŠƒ˜‡‹’Ž‹‡†

‡ƒ‹‰•–Šƒ–™‡”‡‘–…‘˜‡›‡††‹”‡…–Ž›Ǥ

Keywords: Pragmatics, presupposition, inauguration speech.

INTRODUCTION

”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘‹•ƒ‹’Ž‹…‹–ƒ••—’–‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”•—’’‘•‡•–‘„‡

–Š‡„ƒ…‰”‘—†–‘…‘†—…–ƒ—––‡”ƒ…‡Ǥ–‹•–Š‡„ƒ…‰”‘—†‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Šƒ–

–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”Šƒ•‹‹†™Š‹Ž‡…‘†—…–‹‰ƒ—––‡”ƒ…‡Ǥ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡

•’‡ƒ‡” ƒ••—‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ Ž‹•–‡‡” ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‘™• •‘‡–Š‹‰ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡

’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”•—„Œ‡…–„‡‹‰†‹•…—••‡†ȋ—Ž‡ǡʹͲͳͲȌǤ•’‡ƒ‡”‡‡†•–‘’”‡•—’’‘•‡

–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”̵•„ƒ…‰”‘—†‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”‡‡†•–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡

‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ …‘–ƒ‹‡† ‹ –Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡”̵• —––‡”ƒ…‡•Ǥ ƒ…‰”‘—† ‘ˆ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡

ƒ† ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ …ƒ „‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ ƒ› …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘…‡••Ǥ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡

262

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts

P R E S U P P O S I T I O N I N J O E B I D E N ’ S I N A U G U R A T I O N S P E E C H

Sadam Rahmadianto, Yayuk Widyastuti Herawati

’‡‡…ŠŠƒ•ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡Ž‹•–‡‡”••Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‰‘‘†

‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘ˆ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ –‘ ‰ƒ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• •–—†› ƒ‹• –‘

ƒƒŽ›œ‡’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘‹•’‡‡…Š†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†„›ƒ‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰’‡”•‘ƒ‡Ž›

‘‡ ‘„‹‡––‡ ‹†‡ ”Ǥ ‹ Š‹• ‹ƒ—‰—”ƒ–‹‘ •’‡‡…ŠǤ ‘‡ ‹†‡ ‹• –Š‡ Ͷ͸–Š

’”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆŠ‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ‡”‹…ƒǤ……‘”†‹‰–‘Š‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘‘•–

‘‘˜‡„‡”͹ǡ‹Š‹•ˆ‹”•–•’‡‡…Šƒ•’”‡•‹†‡–ǡ‘•‡’Š‹†‡–ƒŽ•ƒ„‘—––Š‡

—‹–›ǡ–”—–Šǡƒ†”ƒ…‹ƒŽŒ—•–‹…‡‹‡”‹…ƒǤ–Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆƒ”ƒ‰‹‰’ƒ†‡‹…

ƒ†‹–‡•‡’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ†‹˜‹†‡ǡŠ‡†‡•…”‹„‡†Š‘™–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ˆƒ…‡†‘‡‘ˆ‹–•

†ƒ”‡•– Š‘—”•Ǥ ˆ–‡” ƒ ˆ‡™ †ƒ›• ‘ˆ ˜‹‘Ž‡– ƒ••ƒ—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ’‹–‘Žǡ Š‡ ‰ƒ˜‡ Š‹•

‹ƒ—‰—”ƒ–‹‘ •’‡‡…ŠǤ —”‹‰ –Š‹• •‹‡‰‡ǡ –Š‡ •—’’‘”–‡”• ‘ˆ ‘ƒŽ† ”—’ǡ –Š‡

ˆ‘”‡”’”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ǡƒ•…‘‰”‡••ƒ••‡„Ž‡†–‘ƒ’’”‘˜‡‹†‡̵•‡Ž‡…–‹‘ǡ

ƒ‘„„—”•–’ƒ•–’‘Ž‹…‡„ƒ””‹‡”•ƒ†”ƒ•ƒ…‡†–Š‡ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–›Ǥ

e of Joe Biden’s utterances in his speech on his first inauguration speech is “I will make America respected around the world again.Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”•

—•–ƒ••—‡–Šƒ–‡”‹…ƒŠƒ•„‡‡—”‡•’‡…–‡†„›ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†

„‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• ‰‘˜‡”‡–̵• …‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽ ’‘Ž‹…‹‡• ƒ†‡ „› –Š‡

ˆ‘”‡” ’”‡•‹†‡– ”—’Ǥ Š‹• —––‡”ƒ…‡ ’”‡•—’’‘•‡• –Šƒ– ‡”‹…ƒ ‹•

—”‡•’‡…–‡†‘™Ǥ–‹•Šƒ”†–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†™Š‡™‡ƒ•–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”•†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡

–Š‡ „ƒ…‰”‘—† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‹••—‡ –‘ ‰‡– ”‡ƒ…Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‡†‡†

‡ƒ‹‰™Š‡Ž‹•–‡‹‰–‘‘‡‹†‡̵••’‡‡…ŠǤ›–Š‡•’‡‡…Šǡ‘‡‹†‡Šƒ•ƒ

„‹‰‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘†‡Ž‹˜‡”Š‹•–Š‘—‰Š–•ƒ†‹†‡ƒ•–‘Š‹•…‘—–”›‡Ǥ

Š—• ˆƒ”ǡ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹• ƒƒŽ›œ‡† ‹ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ …‘–‡š–•ǡ •—…Š ƒ•

™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘˜‹‡ȋ‹†ƒǡʹͲʹͲȌǡ–Š‡–‡ƒ…Š‡”–ƒŽȋ›ƒ•ǡʹͲʹͲȌǡƒ†–Š‡‘˜‡Ž

ȋŠƒŽ‹Ž‹ǡ ʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž› ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ† –Š‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ

’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘„›–Š‡–Š‡‘”›’”‘’‘•‡†„›—Ž‡ȋʹͲͳͲȌ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡’”‡•‡–•–—†›

†‹•…—••‡†–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘—•‹‰–Š‡‘”‡”‡…‡––Š‡‘”›’”‘’‘•‡†

„›—ƒ‰ȋʹͲͳͶȌǤƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡…‘–‡š•‘ˆ•’‡‡…Š•—…Šƒ•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š

ˆ”‘ ƒ”„— ȋʹͲͳͷȌǤ Š‹• •–—†› …‘…‡”‡† ™‹–Š ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ —•‡† „›

”‡•‹†‡–ƒ”ƒ…„ƒƒ‹Š‹••’‡‡…ŠǤŠ‡‘Ž›ˆ‘…—•‡†‘ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰–›’‡•‘ˆ

’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘•– †‘‹ƒ– –›’‡ ‘ˆ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹ „ƒƒ̵•

•’‡‡…ŠǤ  ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰ †ƒ–ƒǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•used Yule’s Theory about the six

–›’‡•‘ˆ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ

‡•–ƒ”‹ȋʹͲͳ͹ȌŠƒ•ƒƒŽ›œ‡†–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘‹’”ƒŠ̵•–ƒŽ

•Š‘™Ǥ Š‡ —•‡† ƒ —ƒ‰̵• –Š‡‘”› –‘ ƒƒŽ›œ‡ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒǤ Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹•

•–—†› ‹• –‘ ˆ‹† ™Šƒ– ‹† ‘ˆ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ’”‡•‡–‡† „› –Š‡ Š‘•– ‹ ’”ƒŠ

‹ˆ”‡›̵• –ƒŽ •Š‘™Ǥ Š‹• •–—†› ‘Ž› ƒƒŽ›œ‡† –Š‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘

’”‡•‡–‡† ‘ –Š‡ –ƒŽ •Š‘™Ǥ Š‡ ’”‡•‡– •–—†› ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† –Š‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ

’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––Š‡‘”›ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•’”‘’‘•‡†„›—ƒ‰ȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ–‹•

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Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media

P R E S U P P O S I T I O N I N J O E B I D E N ’ S I N A U G U R A T I O N S P E E C H

’‡‡…ŠŠƒ•ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡Ž‹•–‡‡”••Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‰‘‘†

‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘ˆ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ –‘ ‰ƒ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• •–—†› ƒ‹• –‘

ƒƒŽ›œ‡’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘‹•’‡‡…Š†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†„›ƒ‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰’‡”•‘ƒ‡Ž›

‘‡ ‘„‹‡––‡ ‹†‡ ”Ǥ ‹ Š‹• ‹ƒ—‰—”ƒ–‹‘ •’‡‡…ŠǤ ‘‡ ‹†‡ ‹• –Š‡ Ͷ͸–Š

’”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆŠ‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ‡”‹…ƒǤ……‘”†‹‰–‘Š‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘‘•–

‘‘˜‡„‡”͹ǡ‹Š‹•ˆ‹”•–•’‡‡…Šƒ•’”‡•‹†‡–ǡ‘•‡’Š‹†‡–ƒŽ•ƒ„‘—––Š‡

—‹–›ǡ–”—–Šǡƒ†”ƒ…‹ƒŽŒ—•–‹…‡‹‡”‹…ƒǤ–Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆƒ”ƒ‰‹‰’ƒ†‡‹…

ƒ†‹–‡•‡’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ†‹˜‹†‡ǡŠ‡†‡•…”‹„‡†Š‘™–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ˆƒ…‡†‘‡‘ˆ‹–•

†ƒ”‡•– Š‘—”•Ǥ ˆ–‡” ƒ ˆ‡™ †ƒ›• ‘ˆ ˜‹‘Ž‡– ƒ••ƒ—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ’‹–‘Žǡ Š‡ ‰ƒ˜‡ Š‹•

‹ƒ—‰—”ƒ–‹‘ •’‡‡…ŠǤ —”‹‰ –Š‹• •‹‡‰‡ǡ –Š‡ •—’’‘”–‡”• ‘ˆ ‘ƒŽ† ”—’ǡ –Š‡

ˆ‘”‡”’”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ǡƒ•…‘‰”‡••ƒ••‡„Ž‡†–‘ƒ’’”‘˜‡‹†‡̵•‡Ž‡…–‹‘ǡ

ƒ‘„„—”•–’ƒ•–’‘Ž‹…‡„ƒ””‹‡”•ƒ†”ƒ•ƒ…‡†–Š‡ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–›Ǥ

e of Joe Biden’s utterances in his speech on his first inauguration speech is “I will make America respected around the world again.Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”•

—•–ƒ••—‡–Šƒ–‡”‹…ƒŠƒ•„‡‡—”‡•’‡…–‡†„›ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†

„‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• ‰‘˜‡”‡–̵• …‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽ ’‘Ž‹…‹‡• ƒ†‡ „› –Š‡

ˆ‘”‡” ’”‡•‹†‡– ”—’Ǥ Š‹• —––‡”ƒ…‡ ’”‡•—’’‘•‡• –Šƒ– ‡”‹…ƒ ‹•

—”‡•’‡…–‡†‘™Ǥ–‹•Šƒ”†–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†™Š‡™‡ƒ•–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”•†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡

–Š‡ „ƒ…‰”‘—† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‹••—‡ –‘ ‰‡– ”‡ƒ…Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‡†‡†

‡ƒ‹‰™Š‡Ž‹•–‡‹‰–‘‘‡‹†‡̵••’‡‡…ŠǤ›–Š‡•’‡‡…Šǡ‘‡‹†‡Šƒ•ƒ

„‹‰‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘†‡Ž‹˜‡”Š‹•–Š‘—‰Š–•ƒ†‹†‡ƒ•–‘Š‹•…‘—–”›‡Ǥ

Š—• ˆƒ”ǡ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹• ƒƒŽ›œ‡† ‹ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ …‘–‡š–•ǡ •—…Š ƒ•

™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘˜‹‡ȋ‹†ƒǡʹͲʹͲȌǡ–Š‡–‡ƒ…Š‡”–ƒŽȋ›ƒ•ǡʹͲʹͲȌǡƒ†–Š‡‘˜‡Ž

ȋŠƒŽ‹Ž‹ǡ ʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž› ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ† –Š‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ

’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘„›–Š‡–Š‡‘”›’”‘’‘•‡†„›—Ž‡ȋʹͲͳͲȌ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡’”‡•‡–•–—†›

†‹•…—••‡†–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘—•‹‰–Š‡‘”‡”‡…‡––Š‡‘”›’”‘’‘•‡†

„›—ƒ‰ȋʹͲͳͶȌǤƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡…‘–‡š•‘ˆ•’‡‡…Š•—…Šƒ•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š

ˆ”‘ ƒ”„— ȋʹͲͳͷȌǤ Š‹• •–—†› …‘…‡”‡† ™‹–Š ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ —•‡† „›

”‡•‹†‡–ƒ”ƒ…„ƒƒ‹Š‹••’‡‡…ŠǤŠ‡‘Ž›ˆ‘…—•‡†‘ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰–›’‡•‘ˆ

’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘•– †‘‹ƒ– –›’‡ ‘ˆ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹ „ƒƒ̵•

•’‡‡…ŠǤ  ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰ †ƒ–ƒǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•used Yule’s Theory about the six

–›’‡•‘ˆ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ

‡•–ƒ”‹ȋʹͲͳ͹ȌŠƒ•ƒƒŽ›œ‡†–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘‹’”ƒŠ̵•–ƒŽ

•Š‘™Ǥ Š‡ —•‡† ƒ —ƒ‰̵• –Š‡‘”› –‘ ƒƒŽ›œ‡ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒǤ Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹•

•–—†› ‹• –‘ ˆ‹† ™Šƒ– ‹† ‘ˆ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ’”‡•‡–‡† „› –Š‡ Š‘•– ‹ ’”ƒŠ

‹ˆ”‡›̵• –ƒŽ •Š‘™Ǥ Š‹• •–—†› ‘Ž› ƒƒŽ›œ‡† –Š‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘

’”‡•‡–‡† ‘ –Š‡ –ƒŽ •Š‘™Ǥ Š‡ ’”‡•‡– •–—†› ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† –Š‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ

’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––Š‡‘”›ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•’”‘’‘•‡†„›—ƒ‰ȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ–‹•

P R E S U P P O S I T I O N I N J O E B I D E N ’ S I N A U G U R A T I O N S P E E C H

‘–‘Ž›–‘ˆ‹†–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘„—–ƒŽ•‘ƒƒŽ›œ‡•Š‘™–Š‘•‡–›’‡•

‘ˆ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘’”‡•‡––Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•’‡‡…ŠǤ

—”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡’”‡•‡–•–—†›Šƒ•ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘„Œ‡…–‹–Š‡’Š‡‘‡ƒ

‘ˆ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ –Šƒ •‘‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†‹‡• ‡–‹‘‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ǣ ‘‡ ‹†‡̵•

‹ƒ—‰—”ƒ–‹‘ •’‡‡…ŠǤ Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• …Š‘‘•‡ –Š‹• ‘„Œ‡…– –‘ †‘ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǣ

ˆ‹”•–ǡ‘‡‹†‡‹•ƒ˜‡”›†‹’Ž‘ƒ–‹…’‡”•‘ƒ†‰‘‘†ƒ–•’‡‡…ŠǤ‡Šƒ••‹‰‡†–‘

•–”‹‡†‘™ˆ”‘’‘Ž‹…‹‡•‹’‘•‡†„›–Š‡†‡’ƒ”–‹‰ˆ‘”‡”’”‡•‹†‡–”—’Ǥ

Š‡ ’‘Ž‹…‹‡• ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ƒ „ƒ ‘ ˜‹•‹–‘”• ˆ”‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ —•Ž‹ …‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ Š‡

…‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽ„ƒ™ƒ•‹–”‘†—…‡††—”‹‰”—’̵•ˆ‹”•–™‡‡„‡‹‰’”‡•‹†‡–Ǥ–

…ƒ—•‡†™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†’”‘–‡•–ƒ†…‘†‡ƒ–‹‘Ǥ”—’…Žƒ‹‡†–Š‡„ƒ†‹†‘–

–ƒ”‰‡–—•Ž‹•ǡƒ†™ƒ•‡ƒ––‘‡‡’–Š‡̶•ƒˆ‡ƒ†ˆ”‡‡Ǥ̶‡…‘†ǡ‘‡‹†‡

Šƒ• ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž •’‡‡…Š –‘ ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ƒ† •—’’‘”– Š‹ –‘ ˜‘–‡ ˆ‘” Š‹ ‹ –Š‡

‡Ž‡…–‹‘ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›–‘—•Ž‹’‡‘’Ž‡‹–Š‡Ǥ

LITERATURE REVIEW

Pragmatics

”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…•‹•–Š‡•–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†‡†‡ƒ‹‰ǤŽ‹‡•‡ƒ–‹…•ǡ™Š‹…Š …‘…‡”•–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ™‘”†•ǡ”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…•†‡ƒŽ•™‹–Š–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰

–Šƒ– ‡–ƒ‹Ž• —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ •’‡ƒ‡”•̵ ‡ƒ‹‰ ‹ ƒ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†

†‡–‡”‹‹‰Š‘™–Š‡…‘–‡š–ƒˆˆ‡…–•™Šƒ–‹••–ƒ–‡†Ǥȋ—Ž‡ǡʹͲͳͲȌǤ–…‘…‡”•–Š‡

‡ƒ‹‰ƒ•…‘—‹…ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–‡†„›–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”ǤŠ‹•

–›’‡ ‘ˆ •–—†› ‡š’Ž‘”‡• ™Šƒ– ‹• —•ƒ‹† ‘” —™”‹––‡ –‘ „‡ ”‡…‘‰‹œ‡† ƒ†

—†‡”•–‘‘†„›–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”Ǥ

‘‡‘‡™‹ŽŽ–‡†–‘•ƒ›•‘‡–Š‹‰‹–Š‡•ƒ‡–‡”•ǡ„—––Š‡‡ƒ‹‰

™‹ŽŽ„‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ǥ‡‘’Ž‡…ƒ‘–’”‡•—‡–Šƒ–™Šƒ–‘‡’‡”•‘•ƒ›•‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡

ƒ• ™Šƒ– ƒ‘–Š‡” ’‡”•‘ •ƒ›•Ǥ ‡ —•– ˆ‹”•– —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ …‘–‡š– –‘

…‘’”‡Š‡† –Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡”̵• ‡š’Ž‹…‹– ƒ† ‹’Ž‹…‹– ‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…

ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹•”‡“—‹”‡†‹–Š‹•…‹”…—•–ƒ…‡Ǥ‡‘’Ž‡™‹ŽŽ—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡‡š’Ž‹…‹–

ƒ†‹’Ž‹…‹–‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆƒ•–ƒ–‡‡–‹ˆ–Š‡›—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…Ǥ‘–Š‡”

™‘”†•ǡ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…• ‹• –Š‡ •–—†› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ •‡–‡…‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡

…‘–‡š–‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”’”‘˜‹†‡•‹–ǡƒ†–Š‡–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”‹–‡”’”‡–•–Š‡

‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ•Šƒ”‹‰‘ˆ‘™Ž‡†‰‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”ƒ†

–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”Ǥ

……‘”†‹‰ –‘ —Ž‡ ȋʹͲͳͲȌǡ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…• ‹• …‘…‡”‡† ™‹–Š ˆ‘—” †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–

’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡•‘ˆ˜‹‡™Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…•‹•–Š‡•–—†›‘ˆ™Šƒ–ƒ•’‡ƒ‡”‡ƒ•Ǥ–̵•

ƒ„‘—– Š‘™ ƒ •’‡ƒ‡” …‘˜‡›• –Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ† Š‘™ ƒ Ž‹•–‡‡” ‹–‡”’”‡–• ‹–Ǥ

264

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts

P R E S U P P O S I T I O N I N J O E B I D E N ’ S I N A U G U R A T I O N S P E E C H

Sadam Rahmadianto, Yayuk Widyastuti Herawati

ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ™‘”†•‘”’Š”ƒ•‡•ǡ–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”‡‡†•

–‘…‘•‹†‡”™Šƒ––Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”‡ƒ•„›–Š‡‹”•–ƒ–‡‡–•Ǥ‡…‘†ǡ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…•‹•

–Š‡ •–—†› ‘ˆ …‘–‡š–—ƒŽ ‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ †‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ –‹‡ǡ Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ…–‹‘ǡ ƒ†

”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹… …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• ˆ‘” …‘–‡š– ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  –Š‹• …ƒ•‡ǡ –Š‡

•’‡ƒ‡”•ƒ•–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡”•‘ˆ™Šƒ––Š‡›™ƒ––‘•ƒ›ǤŠ‹”†ǡ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…•‹•–Š‡

•–—†› ‘ˆ Š‘™ ‘”‡ ‹• …‘—‹…ƒ–‡† –Šƒ ‹• ‡š’”‡••‡†Ǥ ‹•–‡‡”• †”ƒ™

ƒ••—’–‹‘•–‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡ƒƒ……—”ƒ–‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ™Šƒ––Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”‡ƒ–Ǥ

‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…•‹•–Š‡•–—†›‘ˆ‹’Ž‹‡†‡ƒ‹‰Ǥƒ•–„—–‘–Ž‡ƒ•–ǡ

’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…• ‹• –Š‡ •–—†› ‘ˆ Š‘™ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ †‹•–ƒ…‡ ‹• ‡š’”‡••‡†Ǥ ’‡ƒ‡”•

†‡–‡”‹‡Š‘™—…Š‡‡†•–‘„‡•’‘‡ƒ†Š‘™—…ŠŠƒ•–‘„‡Ž‡ˆ–—•ƒ‹†

†‡’‡†‘†‹•–ƒ…‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”•ƒ†Ž‹•–‡‡”•

‡Žƒ–‡†–‘’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…•ˆ‘…—•‡•‘–Š‡‹’Ž‹…‹–‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ

ƒ••—’–‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡” •—’’‘•‡• –‘ „‡ –Š‡ „ƒ…‰”‘—† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ –Šƒ–

–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‘™•Ǥ–‹•ƒ’”‘…‡••‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”•—‰‰‡•–•ƒ†–Š‡

Ž‹•–‡‡”‹ˆ‡”•Ǥ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡̵•‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ””—Ž‡•

‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘‹•”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…•ǤŠ‡‡ƒ‹‰•‘ˆ™‘”†•ƒ”‡ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›

•—‰‰‡•–‡†”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ†‹”‡…–Ž›‡š’”‡••‡†‹‡˜‡”›†ƒ›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ‘”†•…ƒŠƒ˜‡

ƒ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…‡ƒ‹‰‹…‡”–ƒ‹…‘–‡š–•Ǥ Presupposition

”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘‹•ƒ‹’Ž‹…‹–ƒ••—’–‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”•—’’‘•‡•–‘„‡

–Š‡„ƒ…‰”‘—†–‘…‘†—…–ƒ—––‡”ƒ…‡Ǥ–‹•–Š‡„ƒ…‰”‘—†‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Šƒ–

–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”Šƒ•‹‹†™Š‹Ž‡…‘†—…–‹‰ƒ—––‡”ƒ…‡Ǥ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡

•’‡ƒ‡” ƒ••—‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ Ž‹•–‡‡” ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‘™• •‘‡–Š‹‰ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡

’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”•—„Œ‡…–„‡‹‰†‹•…—••‡†ȋ—Ž‡ǡʹͲͳͲȌǤ•’‡ƒ‡”‡‡†•–‘’”‡•—’’‘•‡

–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”̵•„ƒ…‰”‘—†‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”‡‡†•–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡

‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ …‘–ƒ‹‡† ‹ –Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡”̵• —––‡”ƒ…‡•Ǥ ƒ…‰”‘—† ‘ˆ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡

ƒ†’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘…ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹ƒ›–›’‡‘ˆ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••Ǥ‡‘ˆ

–Š‡ …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘…‡••‡• –Šƒ– ƒ…–—ƒŽ‹œ‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ —––‡”ƒ…‡• ‹• ƒ

•’‡‡…ŠǤ

”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ‹–‘ –Š”‡‡ …‘…‡’–—ƒŽǤ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹•

’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹… ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ȋ—ƒ‰ǡ ʹͲͳͶȌǤ Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡”̵• …‘ˆ‹†‡…‡ ‹

…‘•–”—…–‹‰ƒ•–ƒ–‡‡–‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ•‡–‡…‡‹•

’”‡•—’’‘•‡†„›–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”‘”‡–Šƒ–Š‡•‡–‡…‡‹–•‡ŽˆǤ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‡

•’‡ƒ‡”̵• —––‡”ƒ…‡ ‘” •–ƒ–‡‡– †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† ’”‡•—’–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ Ž‹•–‡‡”Ǥ 

ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ ‡˜‹•‘ ȋͳͻͺ͵Ȍ …‘…Ž—†‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹… ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹•

†‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ• ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡” ƒ† ƒ ’Š”ƒ•‡̵• …‘–‡š–—ƒŽ

”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡Ǥ

265

Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media

P R E S U P P O S I T I O N I N J O E B I D E N ’ S I N A U G U R A T I O N S P E E C H

ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ™‘”†•‘”’Š”ƒ•‡•ǡ–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”‡‡†•

–‘…‘•‹†‡”™Šƒ––Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”‡ƒ•„›–Š‡‹”•–ƒ–‡‡–•Ǥ‡…‘†ǡ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…•‹•

–Š‡ •–—†› ‘ˆ …‘–‡š–—ƒŽ ‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ †‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ –‹‡ǡ Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ…–‹‘ǡ ƒ†

”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹… …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• ˆ‘” …‘–‡š– ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  –Š‹• …ƒ•‡ǡ –Š‡

•’‡ƒ‡”•ƒ•–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡”•‘ˆ™Šƒ––Š‡›™ƒ––‘•ƒ›ǤŠ‹”†ǡ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…•‹•–Š‡

•–—†› ‘ˆ Š‘™ ‘”‡ ‹• …‘—‹…ƒ–‡† –Šƒ ‹• ‡š’”‡••‡†Ǥ ‹•–‡‡”• †”ƒ™

ƒ••—’–‹‘•–‘ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡ƒƒ……—”ƒ–‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ™Šƒ––Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”‡ƒ–Ǥ

‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…•‹•–Š‡•–—†›‘ˆ‹’Ž‹‡†‡ƒ‹‰Ǥƒ•–„—–‘–Ž‡ƒ•–ǡ

’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…• ‹• –Š‡ •–—†› ‘ˆ Š‘™ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ †‹•–ƒ…‡ ‹• ‡š’”‡••‡†Ǥ ’‡ƒ‡”•

†‡–‡”‹‡Š‘™—…Š‡‡†•–‘„‡•’‘‡ƒ†Š‘™—…ŠŠƒ•–‘„‡Ž‡ˆ–—•ƒ‹†

†‡’‡†‘†‹•–ƒ…‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”•ƒ†Ž‹•–‡‡”•

‡Žƒ–‡†–‘’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…•ˆ‘…—•‡•‘–Š‡‹’Ž‹…‹–‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ

ƒ••—’–‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡” •—’’‘•‡• –‘ „‡ –Š‡ „ƒ…‰”‘—† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ –Šƒ–

–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‘™•Ǥ–‹•ƒ’”‘…‡••‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”•—‰‰‡•–•ƒ†–Š‡

Ž‹•–‡‡”‹ˆ‡”•Ǥ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡̵•‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ””—Ž‡•

‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘‹•”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…•ǤŠ‡‡ƒ‹‰•‘ˆ™‘”†•ƒ”‡ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›

•—‰‰‡•–‡†”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ†‹”‡…–Ž›‡š’”‡••‡†‹‡˜‡”›†ƒ›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ‘”†•…ƒŠƒ˜‡

ƒ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…‡ƒ‹‰‹…‡”–ƒ‹…‘–‡š–•Ǥ Presupposition

”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘‹•ƒ‹’Ž‹…‹–ƒ••—’–‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”•—’’‘•‡•–‘„‡

–Š‡„ƒ…‰”‘—†–‘…‘†—…–ƒ—––‡”ƒ…‡Ǥ–‹•–Š‡„ƒ…‰”‘—†‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Šƒ–

–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”Šƒ•‹‹†™Š‹Ž‡…‘†—…–‹‰ƒ—––‡”ƒ…‡Ǥ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡

•’‡ƒ‡” ƒ••—‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ Ž‹•–‡‡” ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‘™• •‘‡–Š‹‰ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡

’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”•—„Œ‡…–„‡‹‰†‹•…—••‡†ȋ—Ž‡ǡʹͲͳͲȌǤ•’‡ƒ‡”‡‡†•–‘’”‡•—’’‘•‡

–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”̵•„ƒ…‰”‘—†‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”‡‡†•–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡

‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ …‘–ƒ‹‡† ‹ –Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡”̵• —––‡”ƒ…‡•Ǥ ƒ…‰”‘—† ‘ˆ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡

ƒ†’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘…ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹ƒ›–›’‡‘ˆ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••Ǥ‡‘ˆ

–Š‡ …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘…‡••‡• –Šƒ– ƒ…–—ƒŽ‹œ‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ —––‡”ƒ…‡• ‹• ƒ

•’‡‡…ŠǤ

”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ‹–‘ –Š”‡‡ …‘…‡’–—ƒŽǤ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹•

’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹… ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ȋ—ƒ‰ǡ ʹͲͳͶȌǤ Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡”̵• …‘ˆ‹†‡…‡ ‹

…‘•–”—…–‹‰ƒ•–ƒ–‡‡–‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ•‡–‡…‡‹•

’”‡•—’’‘•‡†„›–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”‘”‡–Šƒ–Š‡•‡–‡…‡‹–•‡ŽˆǤ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‡

•’‡ƒ‡”̵• —––‡”ƒ…‡ ‘” •–ƒ–‡‡– †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† ’”‡•—’–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ Ž‹•–‡‡”Ǥ 

ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ ‡˜‹•‘ ȋͳͻͺ͵Ȍ …‘…Ž—†‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹… ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹•

†‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ• ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡” ƒ† ƒ ’Š”ƒ•‡̵• …‘–‡š–—ƒŽ

”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡Ǥ

P R E S U P P O S I T I O N I N J O E B I D E N ’ S I N A U G U R A T I O N S P E E C H

‡ƒ–‹… ƒ† ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹… „‘–Š Šƒ˜‡ ƒ …‘‡…–‹‘ ‹ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ

‡ƒ–‹…‹•–Š‡•–—†›‘ˆ‡ƒ‹‰‹Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‹•ˆ‹‡Ž†”‡ˆ‡”•–‘…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ

‡ƒ‹‰™Š‹…Š…‘…‡”•Ž‹‰—‹•–‹…”—Ž‡•Ǥ‡ƒ–‹…‹•ƒ•–—†›™‹–Š‹†‡’‡†‡–

…‘–‡š–ƒ†ƒ†›ƒ†‹…”‡Žƒ–‹‘™Š‹…Š‘Ž›‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ˆ‘”ƒ†‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ

•‡ƒ–‹… ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹• …‘–‡š– ˆ”‡‡Ǥ – ‹• ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘• ƒ†

concerns truth and falsehood of propositions. For example, “Mary got an A grade in her oral examination” has multiple meanings that Mary is a student,

ƒ”›‹•ƒ„”‹ŽŽ‹ƒ–•–—†‡–ǡ•Š‡Šƒ†•–—†‹‡†Šƒ”†„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‘”ƒŽ‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ

•Š‡…‘—Ž†ƒ•™‡”ƒŽŽ‘”ƒŽ‘•–ƒŽŽ“—‡•–‹‘•ǡƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‘”™ƒ•ˆƒ‹”‹

‰”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ

”ƒ‰ƒ–‹… ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ Šƒ• ™‹†‡” ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ •‡ƒ–‹…

’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ – ‹• ‘– ‘Ž› ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ —––‡”ƒ…‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡

…‘–‡š– ™‹–Š‹Ǥ ”ƒ‰ƒ–‹… ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ”‡Žƒ–‡• –‘ …‡”–ƒ‹ ‹†• ‘ˆ

„ƒ…‰”‘—†‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Šƒ–ƒ”‡’”‡•—‡†–‘‡š‹•–™Š‡—––‡”ƒ…‡•ƒ”‡•’‘‡Ǥ Types of Presupposition

Š‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹ –Š‹• •–—†› —•‡† –Š‡ –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ

’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ’”‘’‘•‡† „› —ƒ‰ ȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ –Š‡‘”›ǡ

’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ”‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘‹‡–›’‡•‘ˆ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‡

†‡•…”‹’–‹‘•ǡˆƒ…–‹˜‡’”‡†‹…ƒ–‡•ǡƒ•’‡…–—ƒŽȀ…Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡’”‡†‹…ƒ–‡•ǡ‹–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ

‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹˜‡ ’”‡†‹…ƒ–‡•ǡ “—ƒ–‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ –‡’‘”ƒŽ …Žƒ—•‡•ǡ …Ž‡ˆ– •‡–‡…‡ǡ …‘—–‡”ˆƒ…–—ƒŽ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ȋ—ƒ‰ǡʹͲͳͶȌǤ

1) Definite Description

‡ˆ‹‹–‡†‡•…”‹’–‹‘’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘‹†‹…ƒ–‡•–Š‡‡š‹•–‡…‡‘ˆ•‘‡–Š‹‰Ǥ

– …ƒ „‡ ’”‘’‡” ƒ‡•ǡ ’‘••‡••‹˜‡•ǡ ƒ† …‡”–ƒ‹ ™ŠǦ’Š”ƒ•‡•Ǥ Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ

’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘…‘‡•™Š‡–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”…‘˜‡›•ƒ—––‡”ƒ…‡™Š‹…Š‹†‹…ƒ–‡•

•‘‡–Š‹‰ ‡š‹•– ‹ ”‡ƒŽ Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ̶‘—” …ƒ– ‹• …—–‡̶ ’”‡•—’’‘•‡• –Šƒ–

›‘—Šƒ˜‡ƒ…ƒ–Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”–Š‡–”—–Šˆ”‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡–‹–Š‡—––‡”ƒ…‡…ƒ„‡

’”‘˜‡ –Šƒ– ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ ƒ „‘‘Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ̶The Red Car is new’’ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ

‘„˜‹‘—• ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ”‡† …ƒ”Ǥ – ‹• …Ž‡ƒ” –Šƒ– –Š‡ —––‡”ƒ…‡

†‡•…”‹„‡• •‘‡–Š‹‰ –Šƒ– ‡š‹•–• ‹ –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡” ‡š’‡…–• –Šƒ–

‘there is a red car' before saying that statement. It can be concluded that the

–›’‡‘ˆ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ„‘˜‡‹†‹…ƒ–‡•–Š‡‡š‹•–‡…‡‘ˆ•‘‡–Š‹‰Ǥ 2) Factive Predicates

ƒ…–‹˜‡’”‡†‹…ƒ–‡•’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘…‘–ƒ‹•…‡”–ƒ‹˜‡”„•‘”…‘•–”—…–‹‘•

–Šƒ– ‹†‹…ƒ–‡ •‘‡–Š‹‰ ‹• ƒ ˆƒ…–Ǥ  —ƒ‰̵• „‘‘ ‡–‹–Ž‡† ̶”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…•̶ǡ ‡

ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ– ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ”‹•‡• ˆ”‘ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ –Šƒ– •–ƒ–‡† –Š‡ –”—–Š ™‹–Š

™‘”†•–Šƒ–†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡–Š‡ˆƒ…–‘”‡™•–Šƒ–Šƒ•‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡†–Š‡–”—–Šȋ—ƒ‰ǡ ʹͲͳͶȌǤŠ‹•–›’‡‹•†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–™‘•—„–›’‡•ǤŠ‘•‡ƒ”‡ǣ

266

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts

P R E S U P P O S I T I O N I N J O E B I D E N ’ S I N A U G U R A T I O N S P E E C H

Sadam Rahmadianto, Yayuk Widyastuti Herawati

ƒǤ’‹•–‡‹…‘”…‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆƒ…–‹˜‡•

Š‹• •—„–›’‡ ‹• …‘…‡”‡† ™‹–Š ˆƒ…–—ƒŽ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ —…Š ƒ• ‘™ ƒ†

”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ—––‡”ƒ…‡̶Salman knows that Adam bought a new car”

’”‡•—’’‘•‡•–Šƒ–†ƒ„‘—‰Š–ƒ‡™…ƒ”Ǥ

„Ǥ‘–‹˜‡ˆƒ…–‹˜‡•

Š‹••—„–›’‡‹•…‘…‡”‡†™‹–Šƒ’‡”•‘̵•‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒ…–‹‘–‘ˆƒ…–•Ǥ

—…Šƒ•”‡‰”‡–ǡ‰Žƒ†ǡ‡–…Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ƒ—––‡”ance “The teacher regrets that Oca was coming late over” presupposes that Oca was coming late.

3) Aspectual of State Predicates

•’‡…–—ƒŽ ‘ˆ •–ƒ–‡ ’”‡†‹…ƒ–‡• ‘……—”• ™Š‡ –Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡” ‹–‡”’”‡–‡† –Š‡

•–ƒ–‡‡– ‹ ƒ •‡–‡…‡ ‘ˆ ƒˆˆ‹”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ —––‡”ƒ…‡ ‹• ‡š’”‡••‡† ‹’Ž‹…‹–Ž›

™‹–Š–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ‘„–ƒ‹‹‰…‘ˆ‹”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ••—’–‹‘‹•’‡‡…Šƒˆ–‡”–Š‡

—––‡”ƒ…‡‹•ƒ†‡ǤŠ‹•–›’‡‘ˆ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘”‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ˆ”‘‘‡

•–ƒ–‡–‘ƒ‘–Š‡”ǡ‹’Ž›‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡‘˜‡†Ǧˆ”‘•–ƒ–‡‡š‹•–‡†ƒ–•‘‡•–ƒ–‡‹

–Š‡’ƒ•–Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ—––‡”ƒ…‡̶Agus stopped smoking” presupposes that

‰—•—•‡†–‘•‘‡Ǥ 4) Iterative

–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹†‹…ƒ–‡• ”‡’”‡•‡–• ƒ ”‡’‡–‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ’”‡˜‹‘—•

ƒ…–‹˜‹–› ‘” …‹”…—•–ƒ…‡Ǥ –‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‘™ ƒ• –Š‡

’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡’‡–‹–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• –›’‡ ƒŽ•‘ …ƒ „‡ •ƒ‹† ƒ• –Š‡ ”‡’‡–‹–‹‘

’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ—ƒ‰ȋʹͲͳͶȌ†‹˜‹†‡†–Š‹•–›’‡‹–‘–Š”‡‡•—„–›’‡•ǤŠ‘•‡ƒ”‡ǣ a. Iterative verbs. For example: “Cindy returned to Malang” presupposes

‹†›™ƒ•‹ƒŽƒ‰„‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥ

„Ǥ –‡”ƒ–‹ve adverbs. For example: “The boy won again” presupposes the

„‘›™‘„‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥ

c. Iterative prefixes. For example: “Luna remarried” presupposes that Luna

ƒ””‹‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥ

5) Implicative Predicates

Š‡ ‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹˜‡ ˜‡”„• †‡–‡”‹‡ –Š‡ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹˜‡

’”‡†‹…ƒ–‡•Ǥ˜‡”›‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹˜‡˜‡”„Šƒ•ƒ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒ‹‰–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡

‹–‡”’”‡–‡† ‹ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ™ƒ›•Ǥ •’‡…–—ƒŽ ‘ˆ •–ƒ–‡ ’”‡†‹…ƒ–‡•ǡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ ƒ†

‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹˜‡’”‡†‹…ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•Ž‡š‹…ƒŽ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘„›—Ž‡ȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ

–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘–Š‡ƒ••‡”–‡†‡ƒ‹‰‹•…‘•–”—‡†…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›

™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ••—’–‹‘–Šƒ–ƒ‘–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‰‹•—†‡”•–‘‘†Ǥ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‹•

–›’‡‘ˆ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘‹•†‡†—…‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‘Ǧƒ••‡”–‡†‡Ž‡‡–‡ƒ‹‰‹

ƒ —––‡”ƒ…‡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ƒ••‡”–‡† ‡ƒ‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ •’‡‡…ŠǤ – ƒ‡• –Š‡

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ „‡–™‡‡ Ž‡š‹…ƒŽ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” –›’‡• ‘ˆ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ—––‡”ƒ…‡̶Jackson managed to give up training” presupposes

–Šƒ–ƒ…•‘–”‹‡†–‘‰‹˜‡—’–”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ

267

Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media

P R E S U P P O S I T I O N I N J O E B I D E N ’ S I N A U G U R A T I O N S P E E C H

ƒǤ’‹•–‡‹…‘”…‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆƒ…–‹˜‡•

Š‹• •—„–›’‡ ‹• …‘…‡”‡† ™‹–Š ˆƒ…–—ƒŽ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ —…Š ƒ• ‘™ ƒ†

”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ—––‡”ƒ…‡̶Salman knows that Adam bought a new car”

’”‡•—’’‘•‡•–Šƒ–†ƒ„‘—‰Š–ƒ‡™…ƒ”Ǥ

„Ǥ‘–‹˜‡ˆƒ…–‹˜‡•

Š‹••—„–›’‡‹•…‘…‡”‡†™‹–Šƒ’‡”•‘̵•‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒ…–‹‘–‘ˆƒ…–•Ǥ

—…Šƒ•”‡‰”‡–ǡ‰Žƒ†ǡ‡–…Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ƒ—––‡”ance “The teacher regrets that Oca was coming late over” presupposes that Oca was coming late.

3) Aspectual of State Predicates

•’‡…–—ƒŽ ‘ˆ •–ƒ–‡ ’”‡†‹…ƒ–‡• ‘……—”• ™Š‡ –Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡” ‹–‡”’”‡–‡† –Š‡

•–ƒ–‡‡– ‹ ƒ •‡–‡…‡ ‘ˆ ƒˆˆ‹”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ —––‡”ƒ…‡ ‹• ‡š’”‡••‡† ‹’Ž‹…‹–Ž›

™‹–Š–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ‘„–ƒ‹‹‰…‘ˆ‹”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ••—’–‹‘‹•’‡‡…Šƒˆ–‡”–Š‡

—––‡”ƒ…‡‹•ƒ†‡ǤŠ‹•–›’‡‘ˆ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘”‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ˆ”‘‘‡

•–ƒ–‡–‘ƒ‘–Š‡”ǡ‹’Ž›‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡‘˜‡†Ǧˆ”‘•–ƒ–‡‡š‹•–‡†ƒ–•‘‡•–ƒ–‡‹

–Š‡’ƒ•–Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ—––‡”ƒ…‡̶Agus stopped smoking” presupposes that

‰—•—•‡†–‘•‘‡Ǥ 4) Iterative

–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹†‹…ƒ–‡• ”‡’”‡•‡–• ƒ ”‡’‡–‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ’”‡˜‹‘—•

ƒ…–‹˜‹–› ‘” …‹”…—•–ƒ…‡Ǥ –‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‘™ ƒ• –Š‡

’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡’‡–‹–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• –›’‡ ƒŽ•‘ …ƒ „‡ •ƒ‹† ƒ• –Š‡ ”‡’‡–‹–‹‘

’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ—ƒ‰ȋʹͲͳͶȌ†‹˜‹†‡†–Š‹•–›’‡‹–‘–Š”‡‡•—„–›’‡•ǤŠ‘•‡ƒ”‡ǣ a. Iterative verbs. For example: “Cindy returned to Malang” presupposes

‹†›™ƒ•‹ƒŽƒ‰„‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥ

„Ǥ –‡”ƒ–‹ve adverbs. For example: “The boy won again” presupposes the

„‘›™‘„‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥ

c. Iterative prefixes. For example: “Luna remarried” presupposes that Luna

ƒ””‹‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥ

5) Implicative Predicates

Š‡ ‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹˜‡ ˜‡”„• †‡–‡”‹‡ –Š‡ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹˜‡

’”‡†‹…ƒ–‡•Ǥ˜‡”›‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹˜‡˜‡”„Šƒ•ƒ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒ‹‰–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡

‹–‡”’”‡–‡† ‹ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ™ƒ›•Ǥ •’‡…–—ƒŽ ‘ˆ •–ƒ–‡ ’”‡†‹…ƒ–‡•ǡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ ƒ†

‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹˜‡’”‡†‹…ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•Ž‡š‹…ƒŽ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘„›—Ž‡ȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ

–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘–Š‡ƒ••‡”–‡†‡ƒ‹‰‹•…‘•–”—‡†…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›

™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ••—’–‹‘–Šƒ–ƒ‘–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‰‹•—†‡”•–‘‘†Ǥ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‹•

–›’‡‘ˆ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘‹•†‡†—…‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‘Ǧƒ••‡”–‡†‡Ž‡‡–‡ƒ‹‰‹

ƒ —––‡”ƒ…‡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ƒ••‡”–‡† ‡ƒ‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ •’‡‡…ŠǤ – ƒ‡• –Š‡

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ „‡–™‡‡ Ž‡š‹…ƒŽ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” –›’‡• ‘ˆ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ—––‡”ƒ…‡̶Jackson managed to give up training” presupposes

–Šƒ–ƒ…•‘–”‹‡†–‘‰‹˜‡—’–”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ

P R E S U P P O S I T I O N I N J O E B I D E N ’ S I N A U G U R A T I O N S P E E C H

6) Quantifiers

—ƒ–‹ˆ‹‡”•’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘‘……—”•™Š‡–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”‡–‹‘•“—ƒ–‹ˆ‹‡”

ƒ– –Š‡ „‡‰‹‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ ‘— ’Š”ƒ•‡ǤŠ‡› ƒ”‡ —•‡† –‘ ‡š’”‡•• ƒ ƒ‘—–‘” ƒ

†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ•‘‡–Š‹‰ǤŠ‹•–›’‡‹•ƒ„‘—––Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ•‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–‡‡†‡†–‘

’”‡•—’’‘•‡Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ—––‡”ƒ…‡̶The headmaster greets all new students in the first ceremony”’”‡•—’’‘•‡•–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‡™•–—†‡–•Ǥ

7) Temporal Clauses

‡’‘”ƒŽ …Žƒ—•‡ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹• —•—ƒŽŽ› …‘’‘•‡† ‘ˆ –™‘ ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ

…Žƒ—•‡ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡–Š‡‹†‡’‡†‡–ƒ††‡’‡†‡–…Žƒ—•‡•™Š‹…Šƒ”‡Ž‹‡†„›

–‹‡…‘‡…–‘”•ǤŠ‹•–›’‡—•—ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›–‹‡…‘‡…–‘”••—…Šƒ•„‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ

ƒˆ–‡”ǡ™Š‡ƒ†™Š‹Ž‡Ǥ–…ƒ„‡…‘…Ž—†‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•ƒ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘‹ƒ

•–ƒ–‡‡– –Šƒ– Šƒ• ƒ –‡’‘”ƒŽ ‹†‹…ƒ–‘” ‹ –Š‡ —––‡”ƒ…‡ ‘” •‡–‡…‡Ǥ ‘”

‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ƒ —––‡”ƒ…‡“After she finished her homework, Lisa played with her friends”’”‡•—’’‘•‡•–Šƒ–‹•ƒŠƒ•ˆ‹‹•Š‡†Š‡”Š‘‡™‘”Ǥ

8) Cleft Sentences

Ž‡ˆ–•‡–‡…‡•’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘‘……—”•™Š‡–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”‡–‹‘•…Ž‡ƒ˜‡

˜‡”„• •—…Š ƒ• ™Š‘ǡ ™Šƒ–ǡ ™Š›ǡ ƒ† ™Š‡ –‘ ˆ‘…—• ‘ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ” ’ƒ”–‘ˆ –Š‡

•‡–‡…‡ƒ†‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡™Šƒ––Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”™ƒ–•–‘•ƒ›ǤŽ‡ˆ–•ƒ”‡ƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ

’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ƒŽ•›–ƒ…–‹…•–”—…–—”‡•–Šƒ–‡š‹•–‹ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ•Šƒ’‡•ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡

‹–Ǧ…Ž‡ˆ– ȋ•‘‡–‹‡• ‘™ •‹’Ž› ƒ• ƒ …Ž‡ˆ–Ȍ ƒ† –Š‡ ™ŠǦ…Ž‡ˆ– „‡‹‰ –Š‡ ‘•–

’”‡˜ƒŽ‡–ȋƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•ƒ’•‡—†‘Ǧ…Ž‡ˆ–ȌǡŠ‹•–›’‡‹•†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–™‘–›’‡•ǣ

ƒǤ–Ǧ…Ž‡ˆ–ǣ–̵•–Šƒ–ǤǤ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ƒ—––‡”ƒ…‡“It was Adam who bought a new car” ’”‡•—’’‘•‡•–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹••‘‡‘‡„‘—‰Š–ƒ‡™…ƒ”Ǥ

„ǤŠǦ…Ž‡ˆ–‘”•‡—†‘Ǧ…Ž‡ˆ–ǣŠ›‹•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ—––‡”ƒ…‡“What Adam bought is a new car?” ’”‡•—’’‘•‡•–Šƒ–†ƒ„‘—‰Š–•‘‡–Š‹‰Ǥ

Š‡ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ …ƒ „‡ ‡š’Ž‘”‡† ‘”‡ –Š‘”‘—‰ŠŽ› —•‹‰ –Š‡ …Ž‡ˆ–

ƒ”‡”•—‹–‘ˆ–Š‘•‡’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘•Ǥ–ˆ‘…—•‡•‘–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”̵••–ƒ–‡‡–•ǡ

ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘̵•„ƒ…‰”‘—†ƒ†…‘‘‰”‘—†Ǥ 9) Counterfactual conditional

‘—–‡”ˆƒ…–—ƒŽ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹†‹…ƒ–‡• ƒ ‘’’‘•‹–‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡

–”—–Š ‘ˆ ƒ •–ƒ–‡‡–Ǥ – ƒ••—‡• –Š‡ ‡šƒ…– ‘’’‘•‹–‡ ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– ‹• –”—‡Ǥ Š‡

—––‡”ƒ…‡–Šƒ–‰‡‡”ƒ–‡•ƒ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘Ž‹‡–Š‹•‹•ƒ†‡—’‘ˆ‹ˆǦ…Žƒ—•‡•–Šƒ–

…‘–”ƒ†‹…– –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •‡–‡…‡Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ƒ —––‡”ƒ…‡“If he was my brother, he should have helped me”’”‡•—’’‘•‡•–Šƒ–Š‡‹•‘–›„”‘–Š‡”Ǥ Context

‘–‡š–ƒ†’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…•ƒ”‡–™‘‹–‡””‡Žƒ–‡†…‘…‡’–•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡”‡“—‹”‡†–‘

”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ —•‡ ‹ ƒ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹… ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡Ǥ ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ —ƒ‰ ȋʹͲͳͶȌǡ …‘–‡š– …ƒ „‡ †‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ• ”‡ˆ‡””‹‰ –‘ ƒ› ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †›ƒ‹…

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Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts

P R E S U P P O S I T I O N I N J O E B I D E N ’ S I N A U G U R A T I O N S P E E C H

Sadam Rahmadianto, Yayuk Widyastuti Herawati

•‡––‹‰ ‘” ‡˜‹”‘‡– ‹ ™Š‹…Š ƒ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹… —‹– ‹• •›•–‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ› —•‡†Ǥ ‘”

‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ™Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• …‘—‹…ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡”•ǡ –Š‡› ’‡”…‡‹˜‡ –Š‡

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ —•‡ǡ ™Š‘ ‘” ™Š‡ ‘” ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ –ƒŽ‹‰ –‘ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ …‘–‡š– ‹

™Š‹…Š—––‡”ƒ…‡•ƒ”‡•’‘‡Ǥˆ•’‡ƒ‡”•†‘‘–‡š’Žƒ‹™Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡–ƒŽ‹‰

ƒ„‘—–ǡŽ‹•–‡‡”•™‹ŽŽˆƒ‹Ž–‘‰‡–…‘’Ž‡–‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‹–Š‘—–…‘–‡š–ǡŽ‹•–‡‡”•

…ƒ‘– ƒƒŽ›œ‡ –Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡”•̵ —––‡”ƒ…‡• ƒ† ƒŽŽ‘™ Ž‹•–‡‡”• ™”‘‰ ‹

”‡•’‘†‹‰Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ…‘–‡š–‹• –Š‡ ‡› –‘…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘•‹…‡ ‹– ’”‘˜‹†‡•

–Š‡ Ž‹•–‡‡”• ™‹–Š ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡› —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡”•̵

—––‡”ƒ…‡•ƒ†”‡•’‘†ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ

‘–‡š–‹•†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–™‘–›’‡•Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡Ž‹‰—‹•–‹……‘–‡š–ƒ†

‘ǦŽ‹‰—‹•–‹……‘–‡š–ǣ Linguistic context

‹‰—‹•–‹……‘–‡š–‘”…‘Ǧ–‡š–‹•–Š‡•‡–‘ˆ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•—•‡†‹–Š‡•ƒ‡

’Š”ƒ•‡ ‘” •‡–‡…‡Ǥ – …ƒ ƒŽ•‘ „‡ †‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ• ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡• ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡

—––‡”ƒ…‡• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ •’‘‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›Ǥ —ƒ‰ ȋʹͲͳͶȌ •–ƒ–‡† –Šƒ–

Ž‹‰—‹•–‹……‘–‡š–”‡ˆ‡”•–‘™Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡‡–‹‘‡†‹–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•†‹•…‘—”•‡Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ƒ —––‡”ƒ…‡ǣ ̶‘‡ ‹†‡ Šƒ• –ƒ‡ ƒ •ƒ…”‡† ‘ƒ–Š ‡ƒ…Š ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡

’ƒ–”‹‘–•Šƒ˜‡–ƒ‡̶ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡̶Šƒ•̶™ƒ•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ…–‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡

‹–‡”Ž‘…—–‘”Šƒ††‘‡‹–Š‡’ƒ•–Ǥ Non-linguistic context

‘ǦŽ‹‰—‹•–‹… …‘–‡š– ‹• ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ’‹‡…‡ ‘ˆ …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘Ǧ

Ž‹‰—‹•–‹… …‘–‡š– †‹•…—••‡• „”‘ƒ†‡” ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡• „‡…ƒ—•‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡• …ƒ „‡

ƒ›–Š‹‰ ‘—–•‹†‡ –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –Šƒ– —†‡”Ž‹‡• –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ –‡š–Ǥ ‘ǦŽ‹‰—‹•–‹…

…‘–‡š–†‡ƒŽ•™‹–Šˆ‘—”‡Ž‡‡–•ǣ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ…‘–‡š–ǡ’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ…‘–‡š–ǡ•‘…‹ƒŽ

…‘–‡š–ǡƒ†–Š‡Žƒ•–‹•…‘–‡š–‘ˆ•Šƒ”‡†‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ—––‡”ƒ…‡ǣ

̶‘‡ ‹†‡ Šƒ• –ƒ‡ ƒ •ƒ…”‡† ‘ƒ–Š ‡ƒ…Š ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ ’ƒ–”‹‘–• Šƒ˜‡ –ƒ‡̶Ǥ Š‡

”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ ̶ƒ •ƒ…”‡† ‘ƒ–Š̶ ’”‡•‡–• –Š‡ ‹’Ž‹‡† ‡ƒ‹‰ –Šƒ– ‹• ‘‡ ‹†‡

™ƒ–‡†–‘•ƒ›–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ•–ƒ‡ƒ•ƒ…”‡†‘ƒ–ŠŽ‹‡–Š‡’ƒ–”‹‘–•†‹†‹‹–‡†

–ƒ–‡• ”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ ƒ—‰—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ’ƒ–”‹‘–• Š‡”‡ ”‡ˆ‡” –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡”

’”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•Ǥ‘‡‹†‡‡–‹‘‡†–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡

‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡ‡‘”‰‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ™Š‘Šƒ•–ƒ‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•ƒ…”‡†‘ƒ–ŠǤ

METHOD Data collection

…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‰†ƒ–ƒǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•—•‡†–Š‡Ž‹„”ƒ”›•–—†›ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•

™ƒ–…Š‡†–Š‡˜‹†‡‘ƒ†”‡ƒ†–Š‡–”ƒ•…”‹’–‹‘ƒ•–Š‡•‡…‘††ƒ–ƒ–Šƒ–”‡Žƒ–‡•–‘

269

Language, Literature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media

P R E S U P P O S I T I O N I N J O E B I D E N ’ S I N A U G U R A T I O N S P E E C H

•‡––‹‰ ‘” ‡˜‹”‘‡– ‹ ™Š‹…Š ƒ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹… —‹– ‹• •›•–‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ› —•‡†Ǥ ‘”

‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ™Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• …‘—‹…ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡”•ǡ –Š‡› ’‡”…‡‹˜‡ –Š‡

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ —•‡ǡ ™Š‘ ‘” ™Š‡ ‘” ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ –ƒŽ‹‰ –‘ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ …‘–‡š– ‹

™Š‹…Š—––‡”ƒ…‡•ƒ”‡•’‘‡Ǥˆ•’‡ƒ‡”•†‘‘–‡š’Žƒ‹™Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡–ƒŽ‹‰

ƒ„‘—–ǡŽ‹•–‡‡”•™‹ŽŽˆƒ‹Ž–‘‰‡–…‘’Ž‡–‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‹–Š‘—–…‘–‡š–ǡŽ‹•–‡‡”•

…ƒ‘– ƒƒŽ›œ‡ –Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡”•̵ —––‡”ƒ…‡• ƒ† ƒŽŽ‘™ Ž‹•–‡‡”• ™”‘‰ ‹

”‡•’‘†‹‰Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ…‘–‡š–‹• –Š‡ ‡› –‘…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘•‹…‡ ‹– ’”‘˜‹†‡•

–Š‡ Ž‹•–‡‡”• ™‹–Š ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡› —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡”•̵

—––‡”ƒ…‡•ƒ†”‡•’‘†ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ

‘–‡š–‹•†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–™‘–›’‡•Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡Ž‹‰—‹•–‹……‘–‡š–ƒ†

‘ǦŽ‹‰—‹•–‹……‘–‡š–ǣ Linguistic context

‹‰—‹•–‹……‘–‡š–‘”…‘Ǧ–‡š–‹•–Š‡•‡–‘ˆ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•—•‡†‹–Š‡•ƒ‡

’Š”ƒ•‡ ‘” •‡–‡…‡Ǥ – …ƒ ƒŽ•‘ „‡ †‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ• ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡• ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡

—––‡”ƒ…‡• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ •’‘‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›Ǥ —ƒ‰ ȋʹͲͳͶȌ •–ƒ–‡† –Šƒ–

Ž‹‰—‹•–‹……‘–‡š–”‡ˆ‡”•–‘™Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡‡–‹‘‡†‹–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•†‹•…‘—”•‡Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ƒ —––‡”ƒ…‡ǣ ̶‘‡ ‹†‡ Šƒ• –ƒ‡ ƒ •ƒ…”‡† ‘ƒ–Š ‡ƒ…Š ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡

’ƒ–”‹‘–•Šƒ˜‡–ƒ‡̶ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡̶Šƒ•̶™ƒ•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ…–‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡

‹–‡”Ž‘…—–‘”Šƒ††‘‡‹–Š‡’ƒ•–Ǥ Non-linguistic context

‘ǦŽ‹‰—‹•–‹… …‘–‡š– ‹• ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ’‹‡…‡ ‘ˆ …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘Ǧ

Ž‹‰—‹•–‹… …‘–‡š– †‹•…—••‡• „”‘ƒ†‡” ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡• „‡…ƒ—•‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡• …ƒ „‡

ƒ›–Š‹‰ ‘—–•‹†‡ –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –Šƒ– —†‡”Ž‹‡• –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ –‡š–Ǥ ‘ǦŽ‹‰—‹•–‹…

…‘–‡š–†‡ƒŽ•™‹–Šˆ‘—”‡Ž‡‡–•ǣ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ…‘–‡š–ǡ’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ…‘–‡š–ǡ•‘…‹ƒŽ

…‘–‡š–ǡƒ†–Š‡Žƒ•–‹•…‘–‡š–‘ˆ•Šƒ”‡†‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ—––‡”ƒ…‡ǣ

̶‘‡ ‹†‡ Šƒ• –ƒ‡ ƒ •ƒ…”‡† ‘ƒ–Š ‡ƒ…Š ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ ’ƒ–”‹‘–• Šƒ˜‡ –ƒ‡̶Ǥ Š‡

”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ ̶ƒ •ƒ…”‡† ‘ƒ–Š̶ ’”‡•‡–• –Š‡ ‹’Ž‹‡† ‡ƒ‹‰ –Šƒ– ‹• ‘‡ ‹†‡

™ƒ–‡†–‘•ƒ›–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ•–ƒ‡ƒ•ƒ…”‡†‘ƒ–ŠŽ‹‡–Š‡’ƒ–”‹‘–•†‹†‹‹–‡†

–ƒ–‡• ”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ ƒ—‰—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ’ƒ–”‹‘–• Š‡”‡ ”‡ˆ‡” –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡”

’”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•Ǥ‘‡‹†‡‡–‹‘‡†–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡

‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡ‡‘”‰‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ™Š‘Šƒ•–ƒ‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•ƒ…”‡†‘ƒ–ŠǤ

METHOD Data collection

…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‰†ƒ–ƒǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•—•‡†–Š‡Ž‹„”ƒ”›•–—†›ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•

™ƒ–…Š‡†–Š‡˜‹†‡‘ƒ†”‡ƒ†–Š‡–”ƒ•…”‹’–‹‘ƒ•–Š‡•‡…‘††ƒ–ƒ–Šƒ–”‡Žƒ–‡•–‘

P R E S U P P O S I T I O N I N J O E B I D E N ’ S I N A U G U R A T I O N S P E E C H

–Š‡–‘’‹…ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ƒŽ•‘—•‡†–ƒ‹‰Ǧ‘–‡‡–Š‘†–‘ˆ‘—†–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǤŠ‹•

‡–Š‘†™ƒ•—•‡†–‘Š‡Ž’–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•…‘†—…––Š‹••–—†›ƒ•–Š‡•—’’‘”–‹‰

ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ† †ƒ–ƒ „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• …‘—Ž† …‘’ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ˜‹†‡‘• •…”‹’–

ƒ† —––‡”ƒ…‡ ‹ –Š‡ ˜‹†‡‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• Šƒ†Ǥ Š‹• ’”‘…‡•• †‹† „› –Š‡

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•†—”‹‰™ƒ–…Š–Š‡˜‹†‡‘ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•™”‘–‡–Š‡—––‡”ƒ…‡•–Šƒ–

…ƒ ‹…Ž—†‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ˜‹†‡‘ǡ ‹– ‹• —•‡† –‘ ƒƒŽ›œ‡ –Š‡

‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•…‘ŽŽ‡…–†ƒ–ƒ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘„›…Š‡…‹‰

–Š‡ ‘–‡ ƒ† •…”‹’–Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‹–‘ –›’‡• ‘ˆ

’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡‘”› ’”‘’‘•‡† „› —ƒ‰ ȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ  –Š‹• •–‡’ –Š‡

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‡ —––‡”ƒ…‡ ˆ‘—†‹ –Š‡ ˜‹†‡‘ „ƒ•‡†‘ –Š‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ

’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘‹–‘•‘‡–ƒ„Ž‡•Ǥ Data analysis

Š‡ˆ‹”•–•–‡’‹•†ƒ–ƒ”‡†—…–‹‘Ǥƒ–ƒ”‡†—…–‹‘‹•–Š‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆ•‡Ž‡…–‹‰ǡ …Žƒ”‹ˆ›‹‰ǡ•‹’Ž‹ˆ›‹‰ǡƒ„•–”ƒ…–‹‰ǡƒ†ƒŽ–‡”‹‰†ƒ–ƒ‹ƒˆ‹‡Ž†‘–‡‘”–”ƒ•…”‹’–

–Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡™”‹––‡—’Ǥ–Š‹••–—†›ǡ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ‹•ˆ”‘˜‹†‡‘ƒ†–”ƒ•…”‹’–‹‘

‘ˆ‘‡‹†‡̵•‹ƒ—‰—”ƒ–‹‘•’‡‡…Š‹ʹͲʹͳǤ

Š‡•‡…‘†•–‡’‹•†ƒ–ƒ†‹•’Žƒ›Ǥ–Š‹••–‡’ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•’”‡•‡––Š‡

–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ …‘–ƒ‹• –Š‡ ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡

™Š‹…Š •‡–‡…‡• ‘” —––‡”ƒ…‡• …‘–ƒ‹‡† ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ „› —†‡”Ž‹‹‰ –Š‡

—––‡”ƒ…‡•ǤŠƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‘•‡•‡–‡…‡•

‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ˆ‘—†‹‘‡‹†‡̵•‹ƒ—‰—”ƒ–‹‘•’‡‡…Š‹ʹͲʹͳǤ

Š‡–Š‹”†•–‡’‹•†ƒ–ƒƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ–Š‹••–‡’•ǡƒˆ–‡”…Žƒ••‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǡ–Š‡

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ƒƒŽ›œ‡† –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ „ƒ•‡† –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ …‘–‡š– ’”‘’‘•‡† „› —ƒ‰

ȋʹͲͳͶȌǤŠ‹••–‡’ƒŽ•‘‡š’Žƒ‹•™Š›–Š‘•‡–›’‡•‘ˆ’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ”‡…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†

ƒ••—…Šǡƒ†–Š‡‡š–”ƒ…–‡†–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰ǤŠ‡•‡…‘†ƒƒŽ›•‹•‹•‘ǦŽ‹‰—‹•–‹…

…‘–‡š– ™Š‹…Š ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ …‘–‡š–ǡ ’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ …‘–‡š–ǡ •‘…‹ƒŽ

…‘–‡š–ǡƒ†…‘–‡š–‘ˆ•Šƒ”‡†‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ

Š‡ Žƒ•– •–‡’ ‹• †”ƒ™‹‰ …‘…Ž—•‹‘Ǥ  –Š‹• •–‡’ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•

…‘…Ž—†‡† –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ’”‘„Ž‡• ƒ†

’”‡•—’’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†…‘–‡š––Š‡‘”›–Šƒ–ƒ”‡—•‡†Ǥ

FINDINGS

Š‡•–—†›ƒƒŽ›œ‡†–Š‡‹‡–›’‡•‘ˆ’resupposition found in Joe Biden’s

ƒ—‰—”ƒ–‹‘’‡‡…ŠǤŠ‡‹‡–›’‡•‹…Ž—†‡ƒ•’”‡•‡–‡†‘ƒ„Ž‡ͳ„‡Ž‘™ǣ

270

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts

P R E S U P P O S I T I O N I N J O E B I D E N ’ S I N A U G U R A T I O N S P E E C H

Sadam Rahmadianto, Yayuk Widyastuti Herawati

ƒ„Ž‡1. Types of Presupposition in Joe Biden’s Inauguration Speech

No. Types of

Presupposition Utterances Presupposition

ͳǤ ‡ˆ‹‹–‡

‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ‘†ƒ›™‡…‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡–Š‡–”‹—’Š

‘–‘ˆƒ…ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡„—–‘ˆƒ…ƒ—•‡ǡ

ƒ…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ†‡‘…”ƒ…›Ǥ

Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ –”‹—’Šǡ ƒ …ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ǡ ƒ†

†‡‘…”ƒ…›Ǥ ʹǤ ‡ˆ‹‹–‡

‡•…”‹’–‹‘ –Šƒ › ’”‡†‡…‡••‘”• ‘ˆ „‘–Š

’ƒ”–‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’”‡•‡…‡Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ’”‡†‡…‡••‘”•

ƒ†’ƒ”–‹‡•Ǥ

͵Ǥ ‡ˆ‹‹–‡

‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ̵˜‡Œ—•––ƒ‡ƒ•ƒ…”‡†‘ƒ–Š‡ƒ…Š

‘ˆ–Š‘•‡’ƒ–”‹‘–•Šƒ˜‡–ƒ‡ Š‡”‡‹•ƒ•ƒ…”‡†‘ƒ–Š

™Š‹…Š ‹• –ƒ‡ „› ‘‡

‹†‡Ǥ ͶǤ ‡ˆ‹‹–‡

‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ‘ ‘™‘–Š‹•ŠƒŽŽ‘™‡† ‰”‘—†

™Š‡”‡ Œ—•– ƒ ˆ‡™ †ƒ›• ƒ‰‘

˜‹‘Ž‡…‡ •‘—‰Š– –‘ •Šƒ‡ –Š‡

ƒ’‹–‘Ž̵• ˜‡”› ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ™‡

…‘‡ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ƒ• ‘‡ ƒ–‹‘

—†‡”‘†

Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ˜‹‘Ž‡…‡

™Š‹…Š •Šƒ‡• ƒ’‹–‘Ž

—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ

ͷǤ ‡ˆ‹‹–‡

‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ƒ‘–Š‡”ƒ—ƒ”›‘‡™‡ƒ”̵•

ƒ› ‹ ͳͺ͸͵ǡ „”ƒŠƒ ‹…‘Ž

•‹‰‡† –Š‡ ƒ…‹’ƒ–‹‘

”‘…Žƒƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• •‘‡‘‡

ƒ‡† „”ƒŠƒ

‹…‘Ž ™Š‘ •‹‰‡†

–Š‡ ƒ…‹’ƒ–‹‘

”‘…Žƒƒ–‹‘Ǥ

͸Ǥ ‡ˆ‹‹–‡

‡•…”‹’–‹‘ –̵•…ƒŽŽ‡†‡”‹…ƒ–Š‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ •‘‰ …ƒŽŽ‡†

‡”‹…ƒ–Š‡Ǥ

͹Ǥ ‡ˆ‹‹–‡

‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ‘™ –Š‡ ”‡•‹Ž‹‡…‡ ‘ˆ ‘—”

‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ •–”‡‰–Š ‘ˆ

‘—” ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ• †‘‡• ”‡•‹†‡–

ƒ”–‡”Ǥ

Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ’”‡•‹†‡–

ƒ‡†ƒ”–‡”Ǥ

ͺǤ ‡ˆ‹‹–‡

‡•…”‹’–‹‘ Š‡ ‘ƒ–Š ˆ‹”•– •™‘” „› ‡‘”‰‡

ƒ•Š‹‰–‘Ǥ Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• •‘‡‘‡

ƒ‡† ‡‘”‰‡

ƒ•Š‹‰–‘Ǥ ͻǤ ‡ˆ‹‹–‡

‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ‘…‡ ‹ ƒ …‡–—”› ˜‹”—• –Šƒ–

•‹Ž‡–Ž› •–ƒŽ• –Š‡ …‘—–”› Šƒ•

–ƒ‡ ƒ• ƒ› Ž‹˜‡• ‹ ‘‡ ›‡ƒ”

ƒ•‹ƒŽŽ‘ˆ‘”Ž†ƒ”™‘Ǥ

Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘”Ž†ƒ”

™‘ǡ ™Š‹…Š –ƒ‡•

ƒ›Ž‹˜‡•Ǥ ͳͲǤ ‡ˆ‹‹–‡

‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ‘™ –Š‡ ˆ‘”…‡• –Šƒ– †‹˜‹†‡ —•

ƒ”‡†‡‡’ǡƒ†–Š‡›ƒ”‡”‡ƒŽǤ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”…‡• –Šƒ–

†‹˜‹†‡†—•Ǥ ͳͳǤ ‡ˆ‹‹–‡

‡•…”‹’–‹‘ Š‡ „ƒ––Ž‡ ‹• ’‡”‡‹ƒŽǡ ƒ†

˜‹…–‘”›‹•‡˜‡”•‡…—”‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ „ƒ––Ž‡ ‹

‡”‹…ƒǤ ͳʹǤ ‡ˆ‹‹–‡

‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ›ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™‡”‹…ƒ•ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘

„‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––Šƒ–Š‹•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ‡”‹…ƒ

’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ ͳ͵Ǥ ‡ˆ‹‹–‡

‡•…”‹’–‹‘ • ‡–‹‘‡† ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ …‘’Ž‡–‡†

‹–Š‡•Šƒ†‘™‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‹Žƒ”Ǥ Š‡”‡‹•ƒ…‹˜‹Ž™ƒ”Ǥ ͳͶǤ ƒ…–‹˜‡”‡†‹…ƒ–‡• •™‡Ž‘‘ƒŠ‡ƒ†‹‘—”—‹“—‡Ž›

‡”‹…ƒ ™ƒ›ǡ ”‡•–Ž‡••ǡ „‘Ž†ǡ

‘’–‹‹•–‹…ǡƒ†•‡–‘—”•‹‰Š–•‘ƒ

ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™‡ ‘™ ™‡ …ƒ „‡ ƒ†

—•–„‡Ǥ

‡ …ƒ „‡ ƒ† —•–

„‡Ǥ