The demands of the individual are of two kinds: fundamental requirements and habitat requirements. However, Blair (1960), writing of the same species in the same area, concluded that the juveniles never approach the limit of their food supply.
NO. 3505 ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND H
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 13 shade rather than an abrupt change in hue, it is difficult to measure
Anolis lineatopus can remain active at body temperatures significantly below its preferred body temperature range. The effects of temperatures below the preferred body temperature are almost completely unknown not only in this species but also in most lizards.
NO. 3505 ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 15
Cannibalism is probably relatively rare, partly because the young lizards are too active to be easily captured. There is a small white cap extruded on the end first; Presumably the dark material is fecal material from the intestine and the white cap is nitrogenous waste from the kidneys.
NO. 3B95 ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 17 Habitat Requirements
Anolis lineatopus usually rests on the side of a vertical perch or on the upper surface of an inclined or horizontal one, most often with the head pointed towards the ground, a habit which I suspect is connected with the large amount of food consumed on the ground, as I suggested for A. Sleeping Places.—Anolis lineatopus sleeps overnight in exposed situations above the ground, generally at heights of 1 to 10 feet, usually at the ends of branches, the larger ones usually climbing higher than smaller individuals.
NO. 3596 ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 19 small predator would probably be unable to reach a lizard wdthout
Anolis lineatopus may sleep in the same area where it spends the day, perhaps climbing up and out on one of the branches of its main roost. First, it takes little account of the animal's vertical reach, and, for an animal that spends most of its smart horn above the ground, that's important.
ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 21
The size of the activity range of adult females is usually considerably smaller than that of adult males, and here again habitat structure influences size and shape. The activity range of lizards below adult size is slightly smaller than that of adults of the same sex and increases as the lizards grow.
ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 23
The best data on juvenile females come from the Barbican Brush Mountain (Fig. 5), where the activity ranges of six small females are plotted. These ranged in area from 1 to 16 square meters and their shape was strongly influenced by the distribution of the larger branches in the brush pile.
ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 27 The best data on young males come from a study of the Mona
ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — EDGE 27 The best data on young males come from a study of the Mona. These records for each individual were compiled and three convex polygons were drawn, one connecting the outer points, then the smallest, including 75 percent of the observations, and a third, the smallest including 50 percent of the records. Fifty percent of the data falls in areas ranging from 4 to 35 percent of the respective areas comprising all census data.
As he found in the raccoon-like coatimundis, the core area is not only the most used part, but also a part of the home range with the least overlap with that of others (see p. 46).
NO. 3595 ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 29 A number of the adults marked in September through October but not seen in
NO. 3595 ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 31
NO. 3595 ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 33 two months under observation showed no sign of attempting to return
34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
NO. 3595 ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 35 This line of poui trees was somewhat unusual in the small number
Although the contours of many ranges of activity overlap, there is considerable overlap between the areas in which Uzards spent 75 percent of their time. Among lizards of roughly the same size, there is little overlap even at the outer limits of their activity ranges. 1 adult male, 4 adult females and 7 small lizards (5 females and 2 males) were present in this section of Barbican scrub shown in Figure 5.
Again, although there is considerable overlap between lizards of different sizes, there is overlap within size classes.
ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 37
The areas of activity of the small males are often like those of females of similar size, but also, and much more often than females, they are in areas unoccupied by other lizards, either male or female, and some of which, due to the structure or situation, seemed less preferable. These interactions, and the display associated with them, are common and make up most of the social behavior of the species. Before agonistic behavior and courtship are described and their effects on the spatial organization of the population are discussed, it is necessary to digress briefly to a description of the various displays that occur in A.
Step Slide: In this display, the head and front of the body are raised sharply in a series of short steps and then lowered similarly, producing a slow, jerky slide that is usually repeated several times in a row.
40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
Posture: Associated with lateral orientation are postural displays that increase the apparent size of the lizard when seen in side view. Often the mouth is opened slightly and the tongue, which is short and broad, is raised and pushed forward, so that the tip appears as a small ball between the ends of the jaws. Finally, and only in males and most noticeably in adults, the tissue along the center of the neck and back can be raised into nuchal and dorsal crests.
Some males are found with a swelling on one of the lower jaws, probably due to wounds. these kinds of conflicts that have become infected.
NO. 3595 ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 43
There might be an inviting or welcoming display from the female side, but I couldn't tell. When he reached the vicinity of the pole and inspected it, he mated with a free female that was nearby and with whom I had previously seen him. This is possible since all the copulations I have observed involving marked lizards took place within the normal home range of the coiled lizards.
The cumulative effect of the display may result in the female remaining aware of the male's presence, making her sexually receptive (as in many birds), or reducing her fear or aggression toward him.
NO. 3595 ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 45
Agonistic behavior.- The information about the role of agonistic behavior in the spatial organization of A. In the following series of examples, I started with interactions between individuals of similar size living in adjacent activity ranges. In the preceding two examples, the encounters were brief and resulted in no changes in activity range boundaries.
In some of the encounters between residents and strangers, the strangers came quickly, as in the following two incidents.
NO. 3596 ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 51
Between the extremes of tolerance and intolerance described above, there are several cases where a smaller lizard is tolerated by a larger one in parts of the latter's range, usually in those areas less frequented by the larger individual, but attacked by the latter in others, especially on its usual roosts. 162 was a 39mm female that spent most of its time in a small area of scrub to the east of the tree, although it was seen visiting the tree on its own several times. 145, which was in the brush north of the tree, comes across the ground between no.
She has spent most of her time in the part of the thicket just east of the trees, with very rare excursions north and further east.
NO. 3595 ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 53
Repeated chases from the hibiscus, and I recorded 15 of them, didn't seem to deter #3 from returning to it. lived primarily on the ground among the dead leaves and used adead stick as a main perch. 4 along the way, sometimes No. 4 would move out of the way without being chased, and when No. 5 once approached him near No. Before the end of the study period, No. 4 disappeared from the study area. moved away I don't know and if he has moved I have no idea about the influence of no.
He stopped chasing the smaller lizard and chased No. When these two interactions occurred, No. 6 was living on the ground near the hibiscus and was often chased by No. 5. He ran towards him and disentangled; no.
NO. 3595 ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 55
Some of the small amount of interaction is due to a difference in preferred seating positions, but sometimes two adult males sit quietly half a meter apart and ignore each other. Interactions between females and subadults of the two species were much more frequent and more vigorously pursued than between the adult males. A . of these, No. 145 (c. 43 mm long) used the tree as one of her main perches, and also used the mound of shrubs surrounding it.
As described, the larger lineatopus female (No. 145) chased the smaller ones from the tree, and so did the grahamia, once after the smaller female, No.
NO. 3505 ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 57
Extending this approach, one can consider agonistic behavior in terms of the type of information needed to predict the outcome of disputes. Both territory and hierarchy can be described in these terms: territory as a system in which the outcome can be predicted based on where the encounter takes place, and hierarchy as a system in which the outcome can be predicted based on the results of previous encounters . The cues that ethologists use seem to be largely evidence that indicates the internal state of the animal, which in turn determines what it will do.
Brown (1963) found that in SteUer's jays, the most important factor in determining (or predicting) which of the two males would dominate was where the encounter occurred.
ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 59 But this could be modified somewhat by sex, state of reproductive
Obviously, in addition to relative size and location, other factors influence the outcome of conflicts in areas of insecurity. These likely include the past experiences of both individuals (including previous disputes between them) and the psychological and physiological state of the individuals at the time of the dispute. Nevertheless, a system such as the present one, which gives a successful prediction rate approaching 95 percent, is a good description of the factors influencing the outcome.
The nature of a dispute, that is, the form it takes, is also strongly influenced by relative size and location.
ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 61 Table 9
Certain aspects of the behavior of these lizards suggest that the latter two topics have a greater fundamental biological significance. In the vast majority of aggressive encounters I observed, the lizards acted as if they were doing the same thing themselves, ie. predict the outcome of the dispute. In other words, it is not the dispute itself that can resolve a dispute, but rather the reactions of the individuals involved to the circumstances surrounding the dispute, and these reactions can be determined before the dispute begins.
That Uzard is more likely to attack an opponent, less likely to run away, and travel further to attack when the opponent is in the resident's home range (and especially when in the resident's normal seats), strongly suggests that the meeting place has a significant influence on the aggressive behavior of animals.
NO- 3595 ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 63 The same sort of informatiou suggests that relative size is also
The first of the two patterns in the distribution of activity areas, the overlap between adult males and adult females, has an obvious advantage in mating. Two are closely related and affect the entire population: the distribution of the population in terms of available food and the control of. From this discussion it seems quite possible that one of the important ecological inhabitants of the social organization of-^4.
There is another element in the structure of the environment besides available perches that can affect the density and.
NO- 3305 ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 69 becomes less tolerant and begins to chase the young lizard, not only
In previous sections, I have discussed various aspects of A's ecology and behavior by topic. It was light now, and three minutes later he left his sleeping place for the inner branches of the tree. A small branch of the tree. seemed particularly attractive and he visited it eight times, spending 3 hours and 48 minutes there.
The activity reached its highest peak in the early morning, probably because I often moved to the edge. of sunlight and shade spots to thermoregulate.
NO. 3595 ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 77
NO. 3535 ANOLIS LINEATOPUS — RAND 79
