The history of the various halting stages of development through which inventions have come to our hands from the horrible interest. The series is intended to take the reader to the threshold of the inventive period that marks the present. California indian manufacturing fre hy friction. - California Indian man, dressed in native costume, making fire using the fire drill.
Behind the burner along the line of development comes the lamp, which separates from the stem of the burner in the period when oils and fats began to be used. With Argand came this important invention, the regulation of air supply to the wick, together with the use of a. The history of the spoon begins with the introduction of methods of cooking food by boiling and stewing.
HISTORY OF TOOLS
ABORIGINAL AMERICAN AX
One of the highest forms of the simple tool is the adz steel hand of the present period (No. 12). 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. was created, which gave the user greatly increased power. In very early times with our race the hammer served as a weapon, and still serves as such with most primitive people.
The Eskimos have three styles of piercing apparatus - the hand. drill, belt drill and bow drill. The shaft is held between the palms of the hands and driven or worked on by reciprocating motion. In the first operation the hair was not removed, but in the case of the larger animals it was the inner part of the skin.
HISTORY OF HAND WEAPONS WITH BLADES
HAND WEAPONS FOR PIERCING OR STABBING
African curved knife with crescent-shaped blade, pointed and with angular projections from the edges near the base; pliers pulled into the hilt. Baghdad dagger saber with curved blade; ribbed along the center on each face; tang driven into the handle, which is a flat ellipse in cross-section. The saber cuts through flesh and blood vessels, and in its modern form with its dull edge it also makes ugly bruises, thus falling into the category of bruising weapons.
The latter is octagonal in section at the butt, curved, tapering towards the front, and decorated with hair and basketwork. Nepaul's sword (kookri) with curved, leaf-shaped blade, thick at the back and chisel edge; hilt of wood, matching the blade, which has a shoulder on the thorn; sword breaker on the blade nearby. Japanese saber with almost straight blade, pentagonal in cross-section; handle of wood, with copper cap and ferrule and decorated with knotted leather strap; guard against thrust.
HISTORY OF PIERCING PROJECTILE WEAPONS
BOW AND ABBALEST
Blade of steel, thin, broad, curved at the end, double grooved at the back; tang flat, riveted between two pieces of. The blade is slightly tapered, acutely angled, chased brass shoulder covering the end of the scabbard; handle of bone, knurled. The inner layer provides the element of rigidity; the outer layer or the back of the elastic, and these two layers are held firmly in place by side pieces glued on.
The limitation of a simple bow is the muscular effort required to bend it; but if the bow is attached to a. An Eskimo bow of fragile wood, supported by sinew, reinforced with fanciful wrappings of braided cord, which is also laid in a cable along the back. These are held together by entanglements of putty threads and rivets and all reinforced with putty.
HISTORY OF FISHING
When the animal hits the barb, the game is shaken under the skin, the movements of which pull the head back from the shaft so that it does not break. Patagonian harpoon heads, arrow-shaped; pliers that fit into a socket at the end of the shaft; attached to the shaft with a short line. In the form of arrowheads with many barbs; made to fit loosely into the end of the shaft; short connecting wire tied in a hole or around #6 pliers.
A pin is attached to the end of the line, and when the shaft is withdrawn, it turns crosswise in the body of the game, allowing the hunter to return. In the end, catching intelligent and careful fish with equipment adapted to the habits of different species becomes a sport in which large sums of money are paid for individual equipment. A sinker is a heavy object attached to a fishing line or net to bring the hook into the area of the animal or to hold the line or net upright in the water.
HISTORY OF WEAVING
The stick is rolled over the thigh with the palm of the hand and then the twisted fiber is wound onto it. Added were the spindle whorl, the hook at the top of the spindle that allowed the operator to walk around, and the fixed bearings that turned the device into a machine. Shank a twig with a notch and groove at the top; wreath of clay at the bottom of the shaft.
This process was first carried out by human fingers in weaving, as in the mat-making of the Polynesians, Africans and. The objects presented in this series suggest prominent features in the line of progress. The fingers are the only armor and often the side of the hand acts as a club. at home with a wooden sword.
HISTORY OF METAL WORKING
REDUCTION IN METAL WORKING
By this phrase is meant that art practiced on metals to prepare them for the manufacture of useful things. This series begins with those metallic ores which have been treated by the lower races after their manner of stonework, for paint, for simple tools, or for ornaments. The next steps in these primitive processes are the cold hammering of ore, the forging of rich ores, smelting, casting, riveting, welding, alloying and soldering.
The processes of metalworking include all those arts which go by the general names of hammering, casting, lapping, inlaying, damasking, forging, turning, joining, chassing, embossing, carving, niello work, and others of a more refined character. . In the series shown here, the results of these processes are outlined in order of refinement, although the presentation is far from complete. Stilletto or staff of wood; handle covered with thin copper plates pressed into recesses of the wood and marked with cross lines.
TOOLS AND APPLIANCES USED IN METAL WORKING
The latest manifestations of this series are found in trip hammers, rolling mills, hydraulic welding and riveting, mobile derricks, which are merely sophisticated tongs, and the countless mechanical tools in foundries and machine shops.
HISTORY OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
OPEN-STRINGED INSTRUMENTS OF MUSIC
Stringed instruments are divided into two classes, namely open and stopped, and each of these is divided into the plucked, the. The simplest form of the open string instruments is a bow, which is both plucked and. Of the stopped strings as a simple form is the Africanzeze, which has only two frets and often only one string, while the most complex forms are the lutes, guitars and violins.
The few examples shown here illustrate the progress of invention in perfecting the open stringed instruments. Body, a trapezoid; gut strings of graduated lengths set in groups of three; fixed bridge at inclined end; raised bridge resting on four squares of fish skin.
WIND INSTKTJMENTS OF MUSIC
Conical tube bent on itself; lateral holes closed with finger keys; sizeoffinger holes corresponding to the diameter of the bore 95.272 No.10. Cylindrical pipe of brass, with sliding joint long enough to give seven notes; mouth trumpet shape.
KEED INSTRUMENTS OF MUSIC
Petersburg, but it was known in the Far East, as seen in the Chinese Ching and instruments of the same class in Japan, Siam, Burmah, and the Malay Archipelago. Section of bamboo with thumb hole and seven finger holes; doppelrefl, a section of thin reed scraped. Double pipe, a section of bamboo reduced and flattened; thumb hole and seven finger holes 95.211 no.3.
Pipes of wood with conical bore; one thumb hole and seven finger holes; brass mouthpiece, tapered; rush, sec-. Pipes of wood; bore conical; four joints, six finger holes and thumb keys; brass mouthpieces; double pipe of two. Tube, section of bamboo open at both ends; finger holes four; reed smaller section of bamboo, with tongue cut and split on one side.
Two tubes, made of reed, with four finger holes each, and two reeds, also made of reed. Four-piece tube, made of maple, with conical bore, six finger holes and eight valves; double reed of two pieces. A tapered cylinder of wood, split, dug out to form a tube that is open at the top.
This differs from the preceding in that the frame of the instrument is vibrated instead of the tongue__ 5.692.
HISTORY OF THE CERAMIC ART
IMPLEMENTS USED IN POTTEEY MAKING
The processes involved in the manufacture of pottery are varied, and the course of their development is perhaps better understood than the processes of other arts, for the plastic clay has received and preserved record in peculiar ways. In the last part of the series are shown illustrations of the higher forms of forming, covering, decorating, and firing, concluding with that wonderful prod-. No.2, Bowl of the Andaman Islanders, one of the most primitive pottery-making peoples known.
Smooth; decorated with incised lines in highly developed combinations; Advanced Stone Age-Copper Age No.8. The potter's wheel was at first merely a crude device for turning the work into a proper position in front of the potter without deforming it. The support of the vessel may have been a stone slab first raised by the potter in the required position.
A huge improvement is seen with the continuously rotating wheel, which is moved by muscle energy at a speed sufficient to "spin" the clay. It rotates between the soles of the potter's feet on a soaped or greased board while the vessel is being shaped. The potter's feet are used to turn a disc attached by a vertical shaft to the wheel on which the modeling is done.
A striking wheel in which the wheel is turned by a lever operated by the potter's foot. There are really no primitive steps in this art, as culture must have been quite advanced before the properties of materials were discovered or the necessary processes developed. The discovery of processes by which glass compounds could be produced or applied to the surface of clay vessels with the aid of fusion opened up new fields for the clay worker and metal decorator.
In the first vase (No. 1), the colored glass is applied to the plain metal surface; in the second vase (No. 2) it fills in designs dug into the surface of the metal; and in the third vase (No. 3) the design is outlined by metal wire attached to the surface and then.
HISTORY OF SCULPTURE
ABORIGINAL AMERICAN SCULPTURE
The series of objects presented here covers almost the full range of native achievement, although the best examples presented are far from the highest types of Aztec and Maya work. Many tribes are still practicing the lowest forms of the art, while others, such as the peoples of the northwest coast, are quite advanced. Simple flakes used as tools and worked into useful shapes; also a nucleus like those from which they were struck.
IMPLEMENTS USED IN SHAPING STONE
- S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
