Proceedings of the United States National Museum

AND SOME OF THE SMALL ADJACENT ISLANDS.

By Marcus Ward Lyon,

^Jr.,

Assistant Curator, Division ofMammals, U. 8. National Museum.

INTRODUCTION.

Before collecting

on

the

mainland

of Borneo, Dr.

W.

L.

Abbott made two

expeditions to adjacent islands, the

mammalian

faunaof

which

is closely allied to that of Borneo.

One

^of these expeditions

was

tothe

Natuna

Islands,northofBorneo,

and was made

during the spring

and summer

of 1900; the other

was

to the

Karimata

Islands, off the west coast, during

August and

September, 1904. Lists of the

mammals

obtained

on

these expeditions were published

by

Mr.

Gerrit S. Miller, jr., in 1901

and

in 1906.^x

More

recently Doctor

Abbott

has visited the

mainland

of

Borneo

five times,

on

each occasion stopping at

some

of the adjacent islands.

An

account of the

mammals

collected

on

the first trip to the mainland, covering the

Kapuas

Riverregion,

was

published

by me

in 1907.²

The

present paper aims to give

an

account of the

mammals

obtained

on

the remaining four expeditions

— ^two

^to southwestern

Borneo and two

to southeastern

Borneo —

^{as well as those collected in thenear-by}

islands.

For

the sake of completeness, I

have

included in the present paper the species collected in the

Kapuas

Riverregion, as well as those

from Karimata

^Islands, the latter having been visited a second time.

Four

short papers³

have

appeared recently

which

iProc.Wash.Acad.Sci.,vol._3,pp.111-138,March26, 1901. Proe.U.S.Nat. Mus.,vol. 31,pp.55-66, July23, 190d.

2Proc.U.S.Nat.Mus.,vol. 33,pp. 547-572,December24, 1907.

3Lyon,Descriptionofanewsquirrelof theSciurus prevostiigroup from Pulo Temaju, westcoastof Borneo. Smiths. Misc.Coll.,vol. 4S,pp. 275-270,February4,1907.

Lyon, Remarksonthe Insecfovores of the genusGymnura. Proc.U.S.Nat.Mus.,vol. 36,p. 449,

May27, 1909. Doctor Abbott's Bornean specimens^listed.

Elliot,OnthegenusPresbylis Esch.,and LeTarsier Bufion,withdescriptionsoftwo newspeciesof Tarsius. Bull.Amer.Mus. Nat.Hist.,No.28,pp. 151-154,May 27,1910. Describes the tarsierfrom theKapuasRiverregion.

Elliot,DescriptionsofsomenewspeciesofmonkeysofthegeneraPithecusandPygathrii collectedby Dr.W.L.Abbottandpresentedto theUnited States NationalMuseum. Proc.U.S.Nat. Mus.,vol.

38,pp. 313-352,August6,1910. Describes the commonmacaquesfrom Karimata, theKapuas River region,BaweanIsland,and PuloMalaSiri.

Proceedings U.S. National Museum, Vol.40—No.1809.

54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

^vol.40.

deal in part with the

mammals

included in the present paper, but the collections as awhole are here published for the first time.

A

^{list of the localities visited}

by Doctor Abbott

is given below, togetherwithhisgeographical

and

natural historyfield-notes.

Many

of these localities are not to be

found on

the ordinary

maps, and

reference should be

made

^to the

maps ^on

pages 55

and

57.

LIST

OF

LOCALITIES,

WITH GEOGRAPHICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY FIELD-NOTES BY

DR. W. L.

ABBOTT.

West Bornean mainland,June 6-September16, 1907.

Sukadana(orSuJcudana).

—

AtSukudanaamassof hills 1,000 to2,000feethighrise rightfromthe seashore. Theyare well forested, but there are many plantations of durians and otherfruit upon theirslopes and manyclearings in the neighborhood.

Theseaisveryshallownear thecoast;otherwiseitwouldhave beenagoodcollecting ground for me,¹ asanimal life is abundant in the neighborhood. The inhabitants areallMalays exceptafew Chinesetradersandsmallplanters.

SempangRiver.

—

^{Thecountry along the SempangRiveris lowandswampy, very}

littleabovehigh water, asisalsonearly allwest Borneo near thecoast. The lower partofthe principal affluent, the Semandang,isalso lowand flat. The headwaters

ofbothrivers areamongthehills. Thelow countryisforthemostpartheavyforest,

with a ^{strip of} clearing along the river banks. The hilly country is inhabited by Dyaks and here there is comparatively little virgin forest remaining. The greater part of the surface^is covered with secondaryjungle.

A

fewrhinocerosesare said to inhabit the upper Sempang about Batu Dayeu (or Dajeuh).

A

much larger cat thanFelisnebulosaoccurs, called byMalays and Dyaks "rimow." Itmust bevery rare,asvery fewpeople

whom

Imet hadever seenit. Thebigred pig(Sus gargantuaf) Iheard offrom both DyaksandMalays, especiallyaboutthe upperSempangRiver, but not reported atall common.

Matan (or Matai) River.

—

^{The Sungei} Matan enters the Sempang at the rajah's

kampong(village) called Sempang. Icampedabout12milesup(A\hours)ataplace called Matan. Formerly there was a large kampong there but it was abandoned twenty to thirty years since. Mostof the neighborhood is large secondary jungle.

ThehillcalledMatanwascloseby. Animallifewas very abundant,andorang-utans plentiful. There are no permanent villages now upon the Sungei Matan, except on the slopes of the hill called Sepunchok, about 2\ hours above Sempang, where thereareeightfamilies.

MountPalung.

—

^{Palungis1,110metersinheight. IascendedPanti}andremained onenight;saw nomammalshigh up. Panti[notshownonmap]^isoneofthe hillsof Palung. It is somewhere about 3,500 feet. Rhinoceroses are said to inhabit the lowlandsaboutthebaseofPalung. No^tapirorbanting(Bos) in thispartofBorneo.

Southwest Bornean mainland,June 17-September29, 1908.

Kendawangan River.

—

^{The country} along the lower Kendawangan River, as else- where in west Borneo, is mostly swamp, just above high-water mark. Occasional higher patchesandtractsoccurwhich always remain dryandarecalled"pematong,"

aboutwhatwe^call "islands" inswampsor "hummocks" in Florida. Thereareno

hillsclose tothe lowerriverexceptatMankol. AtLanchut,30 milesfromthemouth, thereisquite alarge tract ofdrylandextendingbacktoMountKedio,4 milesfrom the^river. AboutKalang Anyer,aMalaykampongofthree houses, 70 milesfromthe mouth,thebanksbecomehigher,with butlittleswamp.

A

fewmileshigherupthe hilly and rolling country is reached, the Dyak country, where mostofthe original jungle hasbeendestroyedandnowcoveredwith secondaryjungle,scrub,and"alang

iDoctorAbbotttravelsaboutinaschooner,andtheanchorageprobablywaspoor.

alang" (longcoarsegrass). Ontheupperpartofthelargesttributary,theMambuluh, therearemany"danau,^"or lakes,which,however,dryupintimeofdrought. There are severalhundred Malayslivingalong the lowerKendawangan, Lobo^Batil,18miles

Fig.1.—Map of SouthwesternBorneo.

from the mouth, being the highest permanently inhabited place. The rattan and gutta gathererswanderallover theforestsandtheuninhabitedbeltlyingbetweenthe MalaysettlementsandtheDyakcountryonthehillyground,andtheyallcarryguns

56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

^vol.40.

withthem.

On

theupperKendawangan amongtheDyaksthereareabout200Malays, mostlyaboutMaro. Nearly every man, bothDyakand Malay,has agun;sogameis

remarkably scarce. Luckily,powder ^{is difficult} to obtain. The Dutch have not interferedwiththe nativesmuch as yet,andhave not takenawaytheir firearms, as theyaregraduallydoingallovertheir colonies,much totheadvantageoftheanimal

life, for Dyaks devour everything they cankill. I myselfsaw very much less life

than ontheSempang, andfarlessthaninsoutheastBorneo,wherethe nativeswereall

disarmedseveralyearsago. The Dyakskillfarmorewith their"betantik,^"orspear traps,thanbyshooting,exceptin the caseof orang-utan. The Dyaksare extremely fond ofthemeatofthese,and^{it is}useless tolookfororangsanywhereinthe neighbor- hoodofaDyaksettlement. I couldhearnothingofSusgargantua,and probablyit

does not occurin that partofBorneo, norcould Ihearanythingofthe"rimau," or tiger,whichwassaid toinhabit theSempangdistrict.

A

fewrhinoceroses aresaid to inhabittheneighborhood ofMount Kedio andafewsapiutan (Bos sondaicus) onits westslopes ontheheadwatersofthelittleriverTingar. Thisistheonly placeonor near thewestcoast ofBorneowherewildcattleoccur. TheMalaystold

me

theyalso existedinsomeplacesontheupper Pasaguan River

—

^thatisthenextlarge rivernorth oftheKendawangan. ThecountryaboutMountKedioisuninhabited,andthereis said tobemuchanimallifethere. Fiftyorsixtyyearsago thedistrictwasinhabited byDyaks,butthese,becominginvolvedinwar withtheMalayrajah,lefttheirhomes and fled into the interior. All over this corner of Borneo occurslightlyelevated sandy tractscovered with smalltrees (orsmallertreesthanthe surrounding forest);

theseare locally called^''padang,^''whichisMalayformeadow. Muchofthislandand agooddealofthedrier forestwasburnedoversix orsevenyearsago,duringa periodof excessive drought. Norainfell forfour or fivemonths,amost unusualoccurrencein

any^partofBorneo, whereordinarilyrain fallsevery 'monthintheyear,andthereis

noproperdryseason. Thefollowinganimals,inadditiontosomealreadymentioned, werewell known to the natives,but none was obtained during thistrip: Mydaus, called bobot by Malay and kalinsida by Dyaks; Reithrosclurus; Fells nebulosa, rimau dahan; Fells marmorata?,awild cat witha largetail,was caught byaMalay

in a snare,but for some reasonwas not brought tome; Paradoxurus philippinensis;

Gymnura,localnameangkis.

Batu Jurong.—Batu Jurong^isthe southerly pointofa rangeofhills whichstretch north-northeasttoMankolonthe KendawanganRiver. Ianchored ina small strait

between PuloIrasandthemainland.

Two

orthreeMalayfamilieslivedhereand had

their clearings. Pigs were plentiful; kijang(muntjacs)and rusawerealsocommon, buttheMalays werecontinuallyafterthemwiththeirdogs. Southofthisthere areno inhabitantsinthesouthwestcornerofBorneo, anduntilrecentlynone onthesouth coastwestofthe SungeiJelai. Lately, however, abouta dozen families ofMalays havemadeclearingsonthelower courseof the SungeiAyerHitam Besar. Animals weresaid tobeplentiful, especiallyrusa,about Tanjong Kepala,wherethereissaid tobelarge tractsofshort grass. Isaw two^orangsandthe sarongs(nests) ofmanymore about2mileseast ofBatuJurong,where^Ishotonefemale.

Mankol.

—

^{Mankol lies along the} Kendawangan River for about 2 miles. There areabout25 ormorehousesaltogether. Atthispoint the north endofthe range of hills(400to800feethigh)approachestheriver. Animals werescarce, asmostofthe peoplehadguns,andthe jungleinthehillsandalong the basewasfullofold jeratsand pagars(trapsandsnares).

A

feworangsweresaid to occur,butIsaw notraces.

Lanchut.

—

^{Lanchutisnowwithout}inhabitants. It was formerly the most impor- tantvillage on theriverand the residenceoftherajah. Theground along theriver isquitehighanddryandcovered with secondaryjungleand^longgrassforsomedis- tance back from the river. Four or five miles due east rises Mount Kedio, in an uninhabiteddistrictcoveredwithheavy forest.

Klumpang Bay, southeastern Borneo, January 8-March 13, 1908, and April 18-19, 1909,

Tanjong Batu lies at the north entrance of Klumpang Bay. The hill is 3 or 4 miles long and 1,200 feet at its highest point. It is covered with heavy forest,

58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

^vol.40.

ancientisland,joinedtothemainlandbythe elevationofthelandandalsobysilting

upawidetract ofmangroveswamplyinginthe intervening space. Asoneascends theriver,afewmilesfromthebay,evidencesofelevationbecomeeverywherevisible inthemassesoflimestonecoral projecting fromtheswampysurface. Inmanycases theflatsurfaceofthe ancientreefisbutafewinchesbelowthe

mud

oractuallyonthe surface.

A

little fartheranirregular line of limestonehills, mostly withprecipitous and waterworn sides, runs in a general direction parallel with the coast. The uncleared land is all heavyforest. Many old clearings and some new exist in the neighborhoodoftherivers. ThepopulationofthecoastismadeupofBugis, Banjer, and otherMohammedanMalaytribes. Inlandis a large Dyak(pagan) population.

The Dutch annexed this district in 1905.

Pangkallahan (or Bangkallaan) River.

—

^Kampong Pangkallahan is about 7 miles uptheriver ofthesamenameand^isthe residenceofthemankoh,orheadoftheDyaks

ofthe district. Thecountryiscovered withsplendid forest, withonly afewclear- ings. There are rangesand scattered hills ofprecipitous limestone rock. Animals seemedscarce, asusualin Dyakdistricts, everythinghunted offordrivenawayby' the Dyaks andtheirdogs. Theyhave very few gunsandno powder. Aboutahalf mileabovethevillageisthe lower entrancetotheTemmelungortunnelofthePang- kallahan. This tunnelcave,throughwhichtheriver flows,swarms withbatsaswellas with ediblebirds'-nest swifts, hundreds of thousands oftheir nests being collected annually. Icould not deviseanywayofcatching thebats, asIhad nonetandhad not broughtagun forfear ofacapsize,therebeingadangerousrapid near the lower endofthe tunnel. TheTemmelungmustbe about2mileslong,judgingbythetime wetook passingthrough it. Itis throughlimestone rock. I donotthink theroof wasanywhereverythick, atsomeplacesonly2or 3yards. Thatpartofthecountry

is full oflimestonehills androcksallhoneycombed with cavesand passages. But batsdid notseemtobepresentinthehundredsofholesIvisited,except anoccasional individualwhichI couldnotsecure. Judging fromthenoise, forthe lightfromthe torchesdid littlebutaccentuate the gloom, there mustbe hundreds ^ofthousandsin theTemmelung. Another tunnel occurs farther up the same river, but I did not visitit,asitwassaid tobe verydifficult ofpassageexceptbyaverysmall canoe.

Saratok River.

—

The Saratok is a small river flowing into Klumpang Bay.

Two

Dyakhouses stoodina smallnewclearing. Backofthisandextendingeastwardfor nearly2mileswasalarge tract ofalang alang(tall,coarsegrass)covering severalhun- dredacres. Ther; appeared tobeagood manyrusahere, butthe grass,4 to 5 feet high,madeitverydifficulttoshoot anything.

When

thegrassisburnedoffinthedry seasonthe placeissaid tobefrequentedbyaherdofsapiutan(Bossondaicus). There were notracksoftheseatthetimeof

my

visit. Mostof

my

collectingwas donenear somelimestonehillsandrocksaboutamilewestwardinthemidstofsplendidforest.

Onlythe redPresbytiswasseen here; near thecoastonly the blackoneexisted.

Besides theanimalsshotinKlumpang BayIsawthelong-tailedandthepig-tailed

macaques andPresbytiscristata.

Pamukangor TjengalBay,March^17-April7,1908,andMarch23-April13,1909.

Musangs were generally scarce except the tangalunga, which was common. I letmostofthose gowhich I caughtin traps. The Mydauswas wellknown, but no specimenswere obtained. Gymnura mustbe verycommon,asoneoftensmeltthem

inthejungle, althoughnone were^obtained. Thepig-tailedmacaquewastwice met within droves, butnone were secured. I met withReithrosciurus twice on Bukit Batu. Itwas running onthegroundinheavyforest. Itsmovementsweresoquick Icouldnotshootit. Itsbigbushytail,carried high overitsback,made theanimal veryconspicuous. I wasmuch surprised to find thatit isaground squirrel. The headmanofthe Bajausat Sungei Manungul, Pamukang Bay, saidthere used tobe somerhinosinthatlocality, but hehadseennotracesforyears.

Pasir River,December31,1908-January22, 1909.

Balik Papan Bay, February 1-February 24, 1909. Balik Papan Bay extends nearly 18 milesina northerlydirection. Severalriversempty intoit. Theeastern shoreishighandhillyforthemostpart,thewesternlowandcoveredwith mangroves.

There were very few inhabitants when the Royal Dutch Oil Company first estab- lisheditsheadquarters hereaboutfifteenyearsago.

Now

thereisalargesettlement, wharves, oilrefineries, paraffinworks, etc., andabout6,000 inhabitants, situatedon the easternentrance tothe bay. Itis anexcellent harbor. Theshoresofthe bay arestillmostlyheavyforest. Theline of thebay probablycoincideswith thatofa fault. Thehills aremostly redlaterite, butalineof limestonestretchessouthwest- wardnotfarfromtheheadofthebay. Animal lifeisfairly plentiful. Banting(Bos sondaicus)weresaid tooccur especiallyaround theheadof the bay.

Pulo Lamukotan,

May

7-10, 1907. PuloLamukotan^is thelargestof theBurong

Islands,andliesabout10milesoffthemainlandofBorneo. Itisabout4miles long by 1 mile wide. Itconsists of a long ridgewithalowrock near the middle of the island. Thehighestpointisnear the southernendandisnearly1,000 feet inheight.

Mostofthesurfaceisnowclearedandthelowerpartsentirelyplantedwithcoconuts, whichareveryfineandhealthy. Theonlyheavyforestremainingcovers thehighest summit and thecrest of the ridge on thesouthern partof the island, anda smaller pieceon thesummitofthe northern ridge. The soilseemsfertileand thesurfaceis

notveryrocky, exceptupontheshore. Theforesttreesareverylarge in theremain- ing jungle. Theother islands in the group, four innumber, are smaller and have been entirely cleared and planted with coconuts. The inhabitants are Malays from Sambas.

A

Sciuras vittatus, a Macacus cynomolgus, a large pig, and three or moreratsconstitute themammalianfauna. Pigsarenotnowverynumerous, having beenlargelyhuntedoffbyChinesefrom themainland,whoemploydogs. Pigswere formerly veryabundant upon the other islands of the group (Penata and Kebun), but have been entirely exterminated upon these since the clearing of the jungle.

Ratsseemed prettycommon.

My

trapsweresetin the jungleonthe ridge near the highestpeak. Fruit pigeonsandNicobarpigeonswerefairlycommon.

Pulo Temaju,

May

5-6, 1907. (First visited by Doctor Abbott in 1905.) Pulo Temaju is now mostly cleared and planted with coconut. The only heavy forest remaining covers the summit and upper slopes of the highest peak. There are no mammalsexcept Sciurus proserpinxand rats. Thecoconut treesarenot verypro- ductiveand seemmuchdiseased.

Pulo Datu,

May

2-4, 1907. PuloDatulies21milesfromthecoast ofBorneo. It isabout 1| miles long by three-fourths mile wide. It ^is very hilly(mountainous) and rocky, and rises to about 1,000 feet. It is covered with heavy forest, except at some places on theeast side, where some clearings have been made and a few coconuts planted. The clearings are now overgrown with large secondaryjungle, as the rats swarm to such an extent it is impossible to grow anything. Squirrels (Sciurus vittatus group) were plentiful. No monkeys. I put out about forty rat trapsonenight. Nearly every one was sprunginthemorning, butmanyof therats had been devouredbylandorhermitcrabs. WhitefruitpigeonsandNicobarpigeons werecommon. Thereareno sandbeaches,butplentyoffreshwaterflowsoutbeneath the rocks, on theeast side at any rate, between high and low water marks. Mus

"rattus"appeared to be more abundantthen M. "lingensis," butthehermit crabs showedmarkedpreferenceforthelatterandspoiled mostofthosecaught.

Pulo Panebangan,

May

16-26, June 2-3, and September 20-21, 1907. Pulo Panebanganlies8milesfrom PuloMaja,whichispracticallythemainlandofBorneo.

Itisabout4miles long by 2 to 3 wide, containingabout6,000 to7,000 acres, It^is very hilly, scarcely any level ground. The highest point is said to be 1,700 feet.

It is uninhabited and covered with densejungle. Rattans (ofanalmost valueless variety) abound, and the jungle is so matted up with rattans and their flagella as tobe impenetrable. Insomeplaces the jungleseemstohave beenclearedatsome

60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

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previousperiod, as attheheadofthe smallbayonthe north^side. Macacuscynornolgus wasthe onlymonkey^{seen. There isno lotong} (Presbytia). Theratufa isprobably fairlycommon, asI frequentlyheardit. I onlyactuallysawthe threewhich were shot. IthoughtIsawandheard Nannosciurus on oneoccasion, but

am

notcertain.

Thereis no napu or large tragulus. No deer occurs; nootter tracks seen; and the tangalunga trapped was the only musang seen. The small Hipposideroswas very common,flyingaboutinthedaytime; thelargeronewas^lesscommon. There were several other species of bats flyingabout in the forest in daylight, but I failed to secure any. NoRhinolophus were seen. Anothermusang is said to occurand also a redflying squirrel. Pigswereplentiful. Allthose noticed uponthebeachseemed

tobemales.

We

did notonceseea smallone outoftwoor threedozenindividuals.

Possibly the oldmalesappropriate thebeachesandreefs, whichare the bestfeeding grounds,anddriveaway intruders. Thepigswere all verylean and gaunt.

Up

to the present thereare noinhabitants, although there aremanydurians, mangos, and chempadak.

We

^{heard that} some Karimata people propose tocome in July, 1907,

andformplantations.

Pulo Pelapis,

May

29-June1, 1907. Pelapis, agroupoffourislands,lies3^ miles southwestof Panebangan and 17milesfrom Karimata. The islands areallhillyand rockyandcovered withforest. Thehighest pointisabout1,200feet. Thetotalarea

isabout5,000 acres. South Island (alsocalled Pelapis Tengah) isthelargest and is

nearly 2| mileslong. Allcollectingwas doneuponthisisland. Some^yearsagosome Malays and Karimata peoplesettled uponSouthIslandandfarmedsomeplantations ofcoconuts,etc., butthree years agoan epidemic brokeout, manydiedandtherest ofthe^{settlersfled,}andto-day scarceatrace ofhumanoccupancy can beseen. Besides theanimalsobtained, theflying lemurand thecommonlong-tailed macaque occur.

No ^tragulus, no musangs, or no ratufas occur. The pigs come out upon the sand beaches andreefs at lowtide, andcan be shot withoutmuch difficulty. Bats were flying aboutinthe^forest on Pelapis, butnot nearly so manyasupon Panebangan.

None wereobtained.

KarimataIslands,TelokEdar,KarimataIsland,October4-7,1908. (Firstvisited

byDr. W.^L. Abbottin1905.)

Pulo Juanta, September 10-11, 1907. Pulo Juanta is a small island, 6^ miles from the mainland, about 1 kilometer long by \ wide. It is about 300feet high.

The greaterpartis covered withheavyforest, buta clearingwas made about four yearsagoandan attemptmadeto plant coconuts,but nothingcouldbegrownowing tothe rats and-pigs. Aboutthirtypigswere killed,butmanyremained. Thereare

stillafewontheisland,butI could neither shoot nor trapthem. Therearenosquir- relsonthe island.

PuloBauwal, June 12-16, 1908. Pulo Bauwal (or Rendezvous Island)lies near thesouthwest corner of Borneo. It isabout 15 miles fromTanjong Sambar, which

is the extreme southwest point. Bauwal is about 6 geographic miles long by 5 in extreme width and containsabout 12,000 acres. The strait separatingit from the mainland is from 4 to 6 miles wide and 4 to 12 fathomsdeep. The island is sur- rounded by wide coral reefs and hard rocks. The island is composed of hard red rock (iron ore?)and ^israther low. Thereare two orthree hills, rising to about300 feet tothe topsofthetrees. Thesurfaceis rollingandcovered withforest. There

issomemangroveswamp.

A

house, inhabited by Pontianak Malays, isontheeast coast,andfivehousesinhabited byOrang Laut from Karimata were established near the northwestcorneraboutthree yearsago. Thefaunaisrather peculiarinthatthere arenosquirrels, traguli, rusa, or pigs. Muntjacsandtangalungasare common.

Solombo (not shown on map), December 4-G, 1907. The island of Solombo, or

MasolomboBesar,isabout4miles longbyabout2 wide. Thesurfaceismostlyrather lowandrolling,andthereisonehillabout250feethigh. Therockseemstobenearly allvolcanic, except,ofcourse,the coralaround theshore. The island issurrounded

byacoralreef. ItliesmidwaybetweenMadura andBorneo, 84 milestoeach. There

isquite alargepopulation, 300 to400ofBugisand Madurese. The islandhasbeen settledaboutforty years. Mostoftheheavyforesthasbeencleared,except aboutthe hill. Thesoil,darkred,withmanystonesandrocksoflavauponthesurface, isvery

fertile,andproduceslargecropsofpaddy and maize. The onlymammalsIsaw were flying foxes,which were quitecommon. Rats weresaid to be plentiful. There are nomonkeysor squirrels. Thereare said tobemanysapi or feral cattle(Bossondaicus), andthe natives were very anxiousfor

me

to goandshootsome, but Idid nothave timetodoso. Theyare said tohave been runningwild a long time. Birdsarevery plentiful. Theanxiety as tothesafety of

my

schoonerprevented

me

from doingas

muchasIwouldhaveliked, besidescuttingshort

my

stay, forthewind wentaround tothenorthwestandwehad toget outonshort notice. I shouldlike tohave putin severalmoredaysandvisited Pulo SolomboKitchil. Therearenopeopleupon the latterandit isstillunclearedforest. Birdsare said tobe veryplentiful there.

Bawean

Island, November 24-27, 1907. (Not shown on map.) Bawean Island liesabout 60 miles north oftheStraits of Madura. It isabout 11 miles long by 10 wide, the areabeingabout 100squaremiles. Thesurfaceismountainous, severalof thehillsrisingfrom2,000to2,200feet. Theislandisvolcanic,the rocksbeing mostly lava andbasalt, with some limestone. There are extensive coral reefs around the coast. Many volcanic conesare scattered about and there are several hot springs.

A

beautifullakeofabout15 acres calledthe Telagaoccupies the extinctcraterofthe mountain of the same name. The island is densely inhabited around the coasts, the population being about 50,000. Most of the men go to Java, the Straits, and Sumatra ^is search of work. Nearly all the saises in Singapore and Penang are Beyanese. Oneseesbut few malesbetweenthe ages of18and40inBawean. The womenweave thematsofpandanus, forwhich theisland is famous,andwhichare exported all over the archipelago. Animal life is not plentiful. Remarkably few birdsare tobeseen. Asformammals,pigs areverycommon. Theonlyones obtained, however, were young

—

too small tobe ofany use as specimens. The rusa (Cervus kuhli)^misnotnumerous, and is only found inafew localities. The only specimens obtained were three pairs ofhorns fromthe kampongof Tombakon the north side ofthe island. It is more numerouson the hillsbehind Tombak thanat any other place. Thereisalsoaporcupine, possiblytwospecies,amusang,a Mam's,and what appearstobe anotter, but they donotseem tobecommon,and none wereobtained.

Pteropus was very common, but noother bats were seen. The cattleare thetame varietyofBos sondaicus, whichhasbeen introducedfromBali. Theyarenotused for milk, but are employed to some extentfor draft and plowing.

A

fewbuffaloes are also kept. Thereis butlittle virginforest leftupon Bawean. The largestpiece liesuponthe northern slopes ofthecentralmountainmass, especiallyGunongBesar and the Telaga. There is also a tract upon the west coast which I did not visit,

however, andtherearesomesmallpatchesonthe easternandsouthern slopes ofthe mountains. Therest ofthe island istoagreatextentcovered withsmall scruband giantbamboos. Mangos and jack fruit escaped from cultivation form muchof the jungle. The scrub is everywhere traversed by the trails formed by thenumerous

cattle.

Arends^(orKeramian") Island, November24, 1908. (Seemap, p. 57.)

Pulo Mata Siri, December 7-11, 1907, and November 25-December 1, 1908.

MataSiriisthelargest oftheLaurotorLautKitchil Islands. It^is7£ miles longby

1J broad, is 1,400 feet high. There is scarcely any level ground, the wholeisland being^hilly, consisting of a long ridge dividing intotwo peninsulas atitsnortheast end,inclosingthe bayofTelokSungei. Itisa good,safeharbor,andwe^{lay therein}

security, although the westerlymonsoonwas blowing strongatthe time. Theother twoislands of the group, Kalambau and Kadapangan, are each about one-half the eize of Mata Siri, and each consists of one long ridge. The islandsare of granite

62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

^vol.40.

formation,withbut little coral reef around them. Rats of one species were very- plentiful; avery pale Sciurus vittatus was common, so wastheordinary long-tailed macaque. IshotonePteropusandapair ofCynopterus,alsoanother bat(Megaderma?), but itwas lostin thejungle.

A

muntjac(orkijang) is common, but I onlyhad a glimpseof one. As the island is covered with dense unbroken jungle it is almost impossible to shoot them. Theanimal only occurs on Mata Siri. It is possible it

mayhave beenintroduced by man.

We

heardthembarking daily, and theymust be very numerous. Noneof thegroup is permanently inhabited, but Malaysvisit theislandsfrom Pulo Lautand Pasir to collect turtles'eggs and birds' nests. Evi- dently therehave been someclearings andcultivations in the past, asthere is sec- ondaryjungleinsomeplaceswhich^isnowalmost indistinguishablefromtheoriginal forest.

My

crewsawadugonginthebay.

Pulo Laut, December 16-29, 1907. Pulo Laut is a large island lying at the southeast cornerof Borneo. Thestraitseparatingit isabout30 miles longandfrom

1to 3miles wide. Thedepthis4to 10 fathoms. Theisland is55 geographic miles longby20 wide. Thenorth end^isveryhilly, the highest pointsbeing about2,300 feet. Mostoftherestofthe surface^iscomparativelyflat,withisolatedhills. There

is alarge populationofBugis and Banjer people. Thehigher hillsare still mostly covered with heavy forest, but much ofthe lower land has beencleared for paddy andpeppercultivation. Thislastisthestapleproductionoftheisland. Somecoal isminedinthehillsatthenorth end. KotaBaru, near the northern entrancetothe strait, is the seat of the Dutch Kontroleur ofthedistrict,and is quite a busy ^little place. Themammals^of PuloLautare as follows: Rusa andSusbarbatus, bothcom"

mon; someverybigpig(Sus gargantua?)said to occur;thereissaid to bealargered flying squirrel; napus were common, anda smaller kanchil was said tobelesscom mon, but Idid not seeit;Bos sondaicusmaybetruly wild (notferal)on Pulo Laut, asitis common onthe opposite mainland; it is said to benumerous on Pulo Bira Birahan onthe southcoastofPuloLaut;itisonlyonemile longandmusthave been introduced there. Gibbons, Nasalis larvatus, pig-tailed macaques, and Mydausdo

not occuron PuloLaut. ^•

Pulo Sebuku, December31, 1907-January5, 1908. PuloSebukulieseast ofPulo Laut,fromwhichit isseparatedbyashallowstraitonlyamilewideinsomeplaces.

The Btraitabout the middlehas only about afoot of waterat lowtide. Sebuku is

17£ geographic miles long by about 5 wide. The highest point is only about 400 feet and the whole island is low but not swampy. The surface is mostly rolling.

Theinhabitantsaremostly Bugisand Banjerpeople. Itisthinly inhabitedandthe surface is still covered with heavy forest. The soil is red. Some black pepper is

grown, and billian wood is cut. The Bugis build small praushere. As the strait separatingSebukufromLautissoshallow, particularlyatthenorthern end, Ihadto anchortheschooner near the northernendoftheisland,betweenthenorthwest point and the smallcoconut-covered island of Manti. Herewelay a mile offshore, just afloatatlowtide. Rats wereveryplentiful in the jungle, Sciurus "vittatus" com- mon; so wasthe ratufa, which seems much thesameas thatof PuloLaut, butisa littlesmaller. Theordinarylong-tailedmacaqueistheonlymonkey.

A

smallnapu

isverycommon,althoughIsecuredbut onepair. Pigsandrusaoccur,andmusangs are said to occur,althoughIdid notmeetwith them. Notupaiaswerenoticed.