Some terms have not been translated, as evidenced by the retention of the SL words in the TT. The degree of fidelity varied depending on how close the translation was to the meaning in the ST.
Cultural Substitution
Retention
Paraphrase
Generalisation
Direct translation
Addition
Explicitation
Mixed strategies
Occurrence No. 4 (data 12), the switch to English at the end of the word is to maintain the formal setting of the conversation. There are three meanings of the word 'dog' as a noun based on the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (1995).
Derivational Morphology
It appears that adding per- to the noun tanda meaning "signs" does not change the word category of the base words into adjective or even verb (Sneddon, et al., 1996). Therefore, it can be said that there is no absolute theory that strictly determines the addition of affixes and defines the effects of the addition to the word category.
Inflectional Morphology
Multiple Affixation
It can be seen that there is a process of changing the first vowel in the first syllable of the word banci to "e". The word penti undergoes the process of replacing the last syllable "-tat" with -i and replacing the vowel "a" in the first syllable with "e".
Derivational Morphology
Inflectional Morphology
According to Ellis (2012, p. 153), the term 'task' has two nuances, namely 'the actual materials given to the students and the actual implementation of the task materials'. Language learning requires activity and purpose. One of the women said in English, “The headmaster ate the school fees,” and then the other replied in Oshikwanyama, the national language of Namibia, “Omukulunhufikola okwa lyapo iimaliwa yofikola.”
Drilling
Holmes (2001) explained that Received Pronunciation, abbreviated as RP, is the accent of the most educated and prestigious members of English society. 80% of correspondents agree that their accent is one of the obstacles they encounter. The sounds like /S/ and /T/ are the examples of the English sounds that don't exist in Indonesian.
Aspects to Consider in Acquiring Received Pronunciation
They have a hard time remembering a stressed syllable because they can change the meaning of a word if they stress the wrong syllable. For example, in the words "and I.." From the last sound "in" they must pronounce the sound /d/ and the sound /ai/ from the word. They have to choose between rising and falling intonation and use them in different circumstances.
Aspects Emphasized in Pronunciation 2 Class
They think that their pronunciation is monotonous and emotionless, which makes their English speech not naturally spoken. Since they are new to learning English, they find it difficult to pronounce the words they rarely hear. They do not know how to distinguish focused attention, whereas Zsiga (2006) states that intonation distinguishes different focused attention on a particular word.
Drilling As a Technique to Help the Students Acquire Received Pronunciation
JOSHUA FISHMAN LANGUAGE USE DOMAINS IN RELATION TO MULTICULTURAL LIFE IN THE SANATA ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION PROGRAM OF STUDY. The five domains of language use in this research were family, friendship, education, relationship and transaction. In this research, the researchers would like to explore Joshua Fishman's theory about the domains of language use in relation to multicultural life in ELESP.
Domains of Language Use
Another depiction can be seen from the fact that there are so many ethnic groups, races, religions/beliefs and languages spread across Indonesian territory. In Indonesia there are 700 hundred living languages; and most of them belong to the same language roots. Two language roots that give great influence to Indonesian native languages are Sanskrit and Malay languages.
Politeness
A person who speaks Sundanese can be predicted to be from West Java or at least know some Sundanese culture.
Formality
Dialect
Speech Community
Research Participants
Sampling
Qualitative Research
Family
Using the form of address to ask for pocket money was considered more polite than simply saying "minta uang". Regarding the culture, the expression 'minta uang' was considered a must either in Bahasa Indonesia or in many dialects. Six out of ten participants preferred to speak Bahasa Indonesia rather than their dialects.
Friendship
The participants tend not to address their friends by name when they invite their friends to have lunch together. The contestants said straight to the point when they invited their friends to have lunch together. On the other hand, the non-Javanese participants tended to use Bahasa Indonesia to talk with their friends.
Educational
There were seven participants who did not use forms of address before inviting their friends to lunch, such as "Makan yuk!" or "Ayo Makan". It showed that the participants had a close relationship with their friends because they asked the intention directly to their friends. The participants' dialect influenced the participants' language when they asked their friends to lunch.
Relationship
They should speak politely because their lecturers were the people they needed to accept their requests.
Transactional
Related to the third domain of language use, educational, most participants spoke English to avoid ambiguity when asking permission from their teachers. Therefore, the dictionary is expected to be consistent in defining the meanings of the words in the input list to help the language learners discover the definitions of new words. Sense of relations of meaning, in this case hyponymy, was used to determine the appropriate referent to define the meaning description of the flowers.
Hyponymy
Consistency
Jasmine a plant with white or yellow flowers with a sweet scent, sometimes used to make perfume and to flavor tea. Lotus a tropical plant with white or pink flowers that grows on the surface of lakes in Africa and Asia. Violet a small wild or garden plant with purple or white flowers with a sweet scent that appear in spring.
Plant Vs Flower and the Hyponymy
In this research, a library study was conducted. The main data were collected from third grade vocabulary list materials and Paul Nation's fourteen family lists of 1000 words. Nation in the Asian EFL Journal titled Teaching V ocabulary says, "A positive effect of teaching vocabulary is that it can provide help when students feel it is most needed". In other words, a word family list is a group that shares the same root—the part of a word that gives its basic meaning.
Background
This article focused on exploring the real life examples of using standard and non-standard variation from Love Actually. The writers analyzed the category and factors of language variation use in the film. The result showed that the use of standard and non-standard variation was influenced by socioeconomic class and social network.
Research Questions
Aprilliya_182@rocketmail.com, diana_chandra@ymail.com, agnesanya@yahoo.co.uk fina.sangkekhun@gmail.com,yulianti_usdfun@yahoo.co.id. The writers used the film analysis method and used the scenario "Love Actually" as an instrument to get the data.
Limitation
The research will explore the standard and non-standard language variation used by the Prime Minister and Natalie in Love Actually. In the film, the Prime Minister tends to use standard variation, while Natalie mostly uses non-standard variation. Moreover, the theory also states that the use of standard and non-standard variation also takes gender into account.
HENRY’S SHORT STORIES Romadi Topa
In the line "the difference between poetry and rhetoric" black is from Africa and white is from America. It can be seen in the poem Lored's entitled "A W oman Speaks (1968)", women's voices to raise their status in society. The line "I am black because I come from the interior of the earth", the expression of Lorde as a black feminist and leader in the black American poet.
The poems are "The Black Unicorn (1978)", the expression written by Lorde's as a black woman, mother, feminist and daughter, who has many challenges in life. In the last poem entitled "Power (1982)", Lord's description of finding an identity to resist oppression.
Participants
James (1980) in his book entitled "Contrastive Analysis" defines that "CA is a linguistic enterprise whose purpose is to produce inverted (ie contrastive, not comparative) two-valued typologies (CA always deals with a pair of languages) and is based on the assumption , that languages can be compared,". The aim of CA is actually to analyze the effects that mother tongues have on the target language being learned by a native L1. As James states, CA is only concerned with how the first language affects the acquisition of the target language.
Research design
Contrastive analysis is a belief that difficulties in learning a language can be predicted in the relevant features to compare the system of the learner's first language (its grammar, phonology and lexicon) with the system of a second language. He states that individuals tend to transfer the forms and meanings, and the distribution of forms and meanings of their first language and culture to the target language and culture (p.2). CA is not a theory that generalizes effects by conducting analyzes on all aspects of students as a whole.
Data collection
The theoretical basis of contrastive analysis was popularly formulated by Robert Lado in 1957, which he has written about in his book entitled "Language Across Cultures". It is committed when there is a gap or differences affecting the execution of errors between two language sources. Can errors in English production by Blitar Javanese learners be predicted in relation to contrastive analysis hypothesis.
Data Analysis
Each participant had a different number of word productions in the conversation, so each participant had a different number of error productions. The frequency of errors in reading the paragraph can be seen in the table below. Across these three tasks, errors can be clearly seen in series, although each participant shows different amounts of errors.
Discussion
- Predictability of errors
- Types of errors
- Extern code switching
- Intern Code Switching
- Inner Code Mixing
- Extern Code Switching
- Outer Code Mixing
- Speaker
- Background of Language
- Topic
The analysis result shows that there are 57 utterances of code switching and code mixing. In the first fanpage, "Sahabat PCMI Bengkulu" there are about 92 cases of using code switching and code mixing. On the other hand, the smallest amount is found in the second fanpage "Talk Corner Sponsored by KITA", the cases found are only about 26 cases of using code switching and code mixing.
Need You Imperatives
Here are the imperative sentences which are included in the imperative without subject classification found in the film. Sentence (1) is an imperative sentence held in the film when Anna Fitzgerald comes to Mr. Sentence (2) is an imperative sentence said by Jesse, Anne's older brother, in the middle of the trial.
Need Y ou Imperatives in My Sister’s Keeper Movie This is an idiomatic I need you imperative found in the movie
It is indicated in the word please he uses for an imperative sentence. Since Sara asks Brian to wait, this imperative is included in an imperative request function. From the structure of the sentence that uses a bare infinitive, sentence (31) is an imperative sentence.
THANKS TO
Undergraduate Conference on ELT, Linguistics, and Literature 2013
Undergraduate Conference
