The last domain of language use is transactional. In this domain of language use, the participants were asked to express the way they buy something from the street vendors. All of the participants used the forms of address either
“Ak”6, “Mas”, “Buk” or “Mang”7 to start the conversation with the vendors when they express the way they buy something.
There were seven participants who directly stated the amount of the food that they would buy. There were three participants who asked for the price to the street vendors before they stated the food of the things they would buy. There were one participants spoke in Krama Language when they would like to buy something to the street vendors. There were nine participants spoke in Indonesian Language when they would like to buy something to the street vendors.
Table 2: Expression used when buying something from street vendors
4Comes from the word ‘sayang’(Bahasa Indonesia). The meaning is the same with ‘darling’.
5 Comes from the word ‘honey’ (English). Used to address girlfriends or boyfriends.
6The form of address derived from the word “Aak” which is used to address the vendors from West Java
7The form of address which is used to address the street vendors Partici
pant # Expression Form of
address Language
1 Ak, beli ciloknya tiga ribu! Ak Bahasa Indonesia
2 Mas, ciloknya tiga ribu ya! Mas Bahasa Indonesia
3 Mas, beli! Mas Bahasa Indonesia
4 Mas, cilok dua ribu! Mas Bahasa Indonesia
5 Buk, ini berapa? Beli ini satu… Buk Bahasa Indonesia
6 Buk, beli ini satu bungkus. Buk Bahasa Indonesia
Partici
pant # Expression Form of
address Language
7 Buk, saya mau beli. Buk Bahasa Indonesia
8 Mas, pinten niku? Mas Javanese (Krama)
9 Mang, beli ciloknya tiga ribu dong! Mang Bahasa Indonesia
10 Mas, beli ini satu! Mas Bahasa Indonesia
To address the street vendors who were men, the form of address which they used varied. The word “Ak” is usually used to address the street vendors from West Java or a Sudanese. Usually, people who sell “cilok”, “cireng”, or “cimol” come from West Java for the those foods originate in West Java. However, nowadays, people from Central Java have been accustomed to sell these kinds of foods. That is why; very often we find that people call the street vendors who sell “cilok”, “cireng”, or “cimol” by “Mas”. The word “Mang” is more neutral. It can be used for the street vendors from West Java or Central Java or other regions in Indonesia. To address the street vendors who were women, the participants used the word “Buk”.
From table 2, we can see that almost all participants used Bahasa Indonesia when buying something from street vendors. This is because the street vendors who sell things in front of Sanata Dharma University are not all Javanese. In order to be more neutral, they tended to used Bahasa Indonesia because they did not speak the street vendors’ languages or dialects. Only one participant used Javanese Language (Krama) when buying something from street vendors.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
By doing this research, the researchers found that there were some expressions which are used by ELESP students in certain domains of language in certain contexts. There were five domains of languages in this research:
family, friendship, educational, relationship, and transactional. In the first language domain use: family, the participants use forms of address to their parents in asking for money to consider the politeness. The participants did not address their friends’ name in inviting their friends to have lunch together in the second domain of language use:
friendship. Related to the third domain of language use, educational, most of the participants spoke English to avoid ambiguity when they asked for permission to their lecturers. In the fourth language domain use, relationship, the participants used Bahasa Indonesia to ask for dating to their boyfriends or girlfriends. It is considered to avoid the sense of rudeness. In the last domain of language use, transactional, the participants tended to use Bahasa Indonesia in order to be more neutral because not all street vendors are Javanese. The research results showed that Fishman’s theory on Domain of Language Use was applied in multicultural life of English Language Education Study Program students. Another finding was that domains of language uses and the addressees influence the choice of words when one was speaking in terms of the formality and politeness.
For the better research, we, the researchers of this research, recommend that the next researchers that have the interest in the same field should be clearer in giving instructions to the participants. In the case that the participants were asked to ask for money from their parents, ask them to use the language which they usually speak.
If the researchers do not state that the participants have to use the language they usually speak, they tend to use Bahasa Indonesia in order to be more neutral. It may cause bias in the research itself.
For the speakers and the listeners, the researchers recommend that we have to understand one and another when we are speaking. It is because we are from different regional parts of Indonesia. We have different culture, language, and dialects of Bahasa Indonesia. Thus, we have to know how they speak first before coming to the conclusion that they are not polite.
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7Cilok, cireng, cimol are the foods which come from West Java
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DICTIONARY CONSISTENCY IN DEFINING LEXICAL ITEMS:
FLOWERS
Rieska Dwi Budiyanti, Titus Kristiawan, Gregorius Pambudi Laksono rieska.dwii@yahoo.co.id, tituskristiawan@ymail.com, the le_thonkk@yahoo.com
Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta
Abstract
Dictionary is a medium that many people both native speakers of English and foreign language learners usually put their trust indefining the meaning of certain words. Therefore, dictionary is expected to be consistent in defining the meanings of the words in the entry list to help the language learners discover the definitions of new words. This study aimed to discover whether or notthe online dictionary used by most language learners has been consistent in defining the meaning of certain words. This study focused on the consistency of Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary online(OALD) in defining lexical items, in this case, flowers. Sense of relations of meaning, in this case is hyponymy, was used to decide the appropriate referent to define the flowers’ description of the meaning.
Library study was conducted in order to attain the goal of this study. The writers made the list of flower and the definition of each flower listed before being compared one to another.The result showed that OALDonline was inconsistent in defining lexical items. It was proven by examining the definitions of some flowers which were defined as flowers and some otherswere defined as part of plants.
Keywords: consistency, dictionary definition, hyponymy INTRODUCTION
The research was done as the result of the fact that people are liable to discover the meaning or the description of certain words on certain dictionary. It made dictionaries become one of the main sources which were trusted by the language learners, in general, around the world. Dictionaries encapsulate words’ definition in terms of other words, making them easy to print in books, easy to access, and easy to memorize. In spite of the reliance of the people on dictionaries, they might not be usually precise in defining the words. Alongside the development of the technology, now we have online dictionary, for example, Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary (OALD) Online, Cambridge Dictionaries Online, and many others. This research was aimed to discover whether online dictionary, in this case is OALD Online, which is commonly used by the language learners, is consistent or not in delivering and defining special lexical items: flowers.
The research examined the consistency by looking at the definition of some hyponyms. As we know, most of dictionaries employ hyponymy to narrow down the terms definition. It was used to categorize the words based on certain characteristics, so the learner would be able to get the mental-image description of the terms easier.
OALD Online was chosen for its popularity among English language learners especially the language learners in English Language Education Study Program (ELESP) of Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. This research was going to find out how consistent OALD Online in delivering and defining some lexical items by comparing the description of the name of flowers in dictionaries. The names of flowers were chosen because it is common and feasible for this research to observe.
REVIEWS OF RELATED THEORY 1. Dictionary
Many ways can be used to define the meaning of words that are not familiar or to find the exact definition of a word. A dictionary is a central part of the description of any language. A good ordinary household dictionary typically gives (at least) three kinds of information about words, phonological information about how the word is pronounced, grammatical (syntactical and morphological) information about its part of speech (e.g. noun, verb) and inflection (e.g. for plural number or past tense), and semantic information about the words’ meaning (Hurford &
Heasley, 1983).
A dictionary tells you what words mean. The dictionary writers may have quite similar goal, which is to define everything, but they differ markedly in their style of approach and the emphasis which place on various goals.
Ordinary lexicographers are concern about describing meaning and not about prescribing meaning while academic semantics tend to be well educated people, and most of them speak a language, in which, for example, both bird and mammal are hyponyms of animals. Semantics aim to describe the sense relations between predicated, as they
understand them, in their own everyday language (Hurford & Heasley, 1983). Katz and Fodor (1963) state that dictionary explicates the meaning of the term by relating the word with the other words which have the similar sense of relationship such as synonym, antonym, and hyponym.