B. Discussion
2. Types of errors
110
Each participant applied the accent in different target of performance even though all of participants drew similar outputs on the errors as general. Through those three tasks, errors can be seen clearly in series though every partici- pant shows various quantities of errors.
The errors were analyzed through contrasting the received phonetics symbols that has been
acknowledged universally with the phonetics symbols after those are transcribed into written symbols.
Human errors that based on level of auditory sensitivity will affect the judgment of errors and the frequency of errors calculation.
It is suggested that it is better to conduct further research on how to decrease errors frequencies in [b], [d], and [ð] sounds for Blitar Javanese learners with related teaching and learning methodologies as resources for teachers to help improving learners in acquiring L2’s speech sound successfully.
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CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING IN SELECTED FANPAGES ON FACEBOOK
Ahmad Taufik attaufiq90@gmail.com Dehasen University Bengkulu
Abstract
This paper underlies in what context and what is the dominant type used by the member of the object of this paper in using code switching and code mixing. This paper intends to determine the focus of the study in selected fanpages on Facebook. Fanpage is one of the features on Facebook that promotes a brand, a product, and in the fanpage on Facebook the phenomena of code switching and code mixing often occur.
Code switching and code mixing have two types. Each type of these codes is established by the use of each type in an utterance. The analysis focuseson figuring out in what context that code switching and code mixing are usually used. The frequency in using each type is the way in determining what kind of code that is dominantly used.
The collecting data method is analyzed by using descriptive qualitative method.
The result of the analysis shows that there are 57 utterances of code switching and code mixing. The result of the presentation is internal code switching 21.12%, external code switching 30.10%, inner code mixing 34.21%, outer code mixing 14.57%. Besides, the contexts that usually apply code switching and code mixing are bilingual- ism, prestige, habit and when there is no other exact word to express the idea.
Keywords: code switching, code mixing, fanpage on Facebook INTRODUCTION
Fanpage is a public profile facebook meant to promote a brand, a product, an artist, a website, and an organ- ization. A facebook fanpage is similar to a profile. It is used as well as a website. It gives them an additional yet free way to advertise and interact with the people interested in them, their product or their problem. Facebook fanpage grows and gets new traffic when fans “like,” “share” and “comment” on items, thus they promote the page on their walls and their friends’ news feeds (Clifton :2011).
Fanpage is one of many social networking phenomena that contain many aspects that can be analyzed. The writer interested in analyzing the phenomenon of the fanpages’ user in using code when they write a post or give comment towards a post.
In this paper, the writer is interested in investigating what type and in what context that code switching and code mixing are usually used in selected fanpages on facebook. The selected fanpages are “Sahabat PCMI Bengku- lu” and “The Corner of Conversation Sponsored by KITA”. In these fanpages, the members are accustomed to use code switching and code mixing when they post some posts and when they give some comments. The first is
“Sahabat PCMI Bengkulu”s containing the people who have ever been joining the selection of international ex- change program that is committed by DISPORA of Bengkulu. The second fanpage is “The Corner of Conversation Sponsored by KITA”, a kind of community that always uses English language in their community. The special thing of this community is that it is always guided by native speaker during their study.
Therefore, in this paper, the writer will discuss and explain about the types of code switching and code mix- ing that are dominantly used in the selected fanpages. Then, the writer will try to figure out in what context code switching and code mixing are usually used. In supporting the researcher to find the classification and to decide what context of code switching and code mixing, the writer uses Thelander and Suwito’s theory.
REVIEW OR RELATED LITERATURE Code Switching
Code switching is a situation when the speaker changes the code of the conversation that is used. Generally, code switching is a phenomenon that usually happens in bilingual or multilingual society, but it does not close the chance that code switching is happening in monolingual society in order to increase prestige or just to make the con- versation more attractive.
Thelander in Chair and Agustina (2004) says that when there is a switching from one clause of language in a conversation, it is called switching. Pietro in Jendra (1977:74) says that code switching is the use of more than one language done by speakers in speech act. In addition, Hugen (1973:521) also says that code switching is the alterna- tive use of two languages including everything from the introduction of a single, unassimilated word up to a com-
plete sentence or more into the context of another language. In accordance with Suwito in Chaer and Agustina, (2004:114), code switching is divided by two types, namely Intern Code Switching and Extern Code Switching. In- tern code switching is the phenomenon when the speaker changes language to another language in which both are in the same group of language. The used language is switched into another variant. For instance, in Bengkulu, urban language is changed into Bengkulu rural language. Extern code switching is a phenomenon when in a conversation the speaker switches the language that is used into another language. For example, Bahasa Indonesia is switched into French or vice versa. Therefore, we can state that code switching is the use of more than one language by speakers of two languages in a conversation.
Code Mixing
Basically, code mixing is the way of speakers in increasing their prestige of their conversation by putting some codes of another language into their conversation. As stated at Thelander (2004 :115), if in the single utterance the clauses and the phrases that are used are hybrid clause or hybrid phrase and each clause or phrase does not sup- port the function of clause and phrase, it is called code mixing. In accordance with Suwito (1983:76), the traits of code mixing is the elements to insert language or variations in other languages which are no longer having its own function. Wardaugh (1998:103) says that code mixing occurs when the conversant use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of single utterance. Suwito in Chair and Agusti- na (2004:114) says that code mixing is divided by two types, they are inner code mixing and outer code mixing. In- ner code mixing occurs when the speakers insert their own language code into their conversation in which they put only a code of their variant language, or they put a national language into their conversation that uses traditional lan- guage. On the other hand, outer code mixing happens when the speakers insert the element of foreign language into their conversation that uses Indonesian language or vice versa.
METHODOLOGY
This study applies qualitative method that deals with the non-numerical linguistics units in the forms of words, phrase, clauses, or sentences (Dornyei, 2007: 38, 243,; Creswell, 2003: 182, 184), by means of which this research attempts to identify and interpret the use of code switching and code mixing as found in selected fanpage on facebook. The data for this study are the posts and comments of the members of the selected fanpage in “Sahabat PCMI Bengkulu” and “The Corner of Conversation Sponsored by KITA”.
FINDING AND DICUSSION
In accordance with the data sources, the case found in the use of code switching and code mixing is 118 cas- es in two selected fanpages. At the first fanpage, “Sahabat PCMI Bengkulu” the cases that are found are about 92 cases about the use of code switching and code mixing. Code switching consists of two kinds, namely extern code switching and intern code switching. The case of code switching found in the first fanpage is 29 cases and there are only 2 cases of the use of intern code mixing in the first fanpage. Meanwhile, the use of code mixing is obviously different with the case of code switching. There also two kinds of code mixing, namely inner and outer code mixing.
In inner code mixing, there are only 7 cases that is found, but the bigger amount is found in the use of outer code mixing. There are 54 cases that is found.
On the other side, the smaller amount is found in the second fanpage “The Corner of Conversation Spon- sored by KITA”, the cases that are found are only about 26 cases of the use of code switching and code mixing. 13 cases are found in the use of code switching consisting of 11 cases of extern code switching; and there are only 2 cases of intern code switching usage. Meanwhile, the cases of code mixing are 13 cases which consists of 12 outer code mixing and 1 case of inner code mixing.
a. Sahabat PCMI Bengkulu Code switching
There are 31 cases of the use of code switching, consist of 29 cases of extern code switching and 2 cases of intern code switching. The following explanation will show some examples of the use of both extern code switching and code mixing.