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J-PAL, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2021 ISSN: 2087-3522
DOI: 10.21776/ub.jpal.2021.012.02.03 E-ISSN: 2338-1671
Production and Distribution of Durian (Durio Zibethinus Murr.) in Wonosalam, Jombang
Djuhari1, Siti Muslikah1, Lia Rohmatul Maula2, Rose Novita Sari Handoko1*
1Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Islam Malang, Malang, Indonesia
2Department of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas of Islam Malang, Malang, Indonesia
Abstract
The pattern of durian planting in the community, in general, uses the agroforestry pattern so that in one area of land there is more than one annual crop cultivated (multiple cropping). However, there is no distribution data map and its production potential. Research on mapping and potential of durian production in Wonosalam district is needed as an effort to provide data-based and to develop durian crop farming. The purpose of this study is to map the distribution of plants and the potential for durian production in the Wonosalam sub-district, Jombang district. The research is descriptive with surveys, observation, and in-depth interview methods. Farmer respondents were taken by "purposive sampling" from 4 hamlets. Each hamlet was taken from 15-20 durian farmer respondents. The mapping of the distribution of durian plants was made using Principle Component Analysis (PCA) using the Past (Palaeontological statistic) version 3.14 open source. The results showed that the distribution of durian trees in Wonosalam village was found in the four hamlets studied, namely Sumber, Wonosalam, Notorejo, and Mangirejo. The highest population of durian trees is in the highest order in Sumber hamlet, followed by Mangirejo, Wonosalam, and the lowest is Notorejo.
The most planted varieties are local varieties, Bido, other local seedlings, and Introduction varieties (Montong and Weasel King). Bido variety were found in all four hamlets, but the number of farmers who plant these varieties is a maximum of 5 people. Bido variety as a national superior variety needs to be developed and spread to farmers so that it does not become extinct. The total potential of plant population in Wonosalam village is only 0.75% (2,075 trees) out of 278,369 trees in Jombang district.
Keywords: durian, distribution, mountains, conservation INTRODUCTION1
Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr) is one of the horticultural plants whose fruit is dubbed the king of tropical fruits, tastes good and has high economic value [1]. The title as the King of Fruits was first expressed by Alfred Russel Wallace in the Journal in 1856 which contained an article entitled "On the Bamboo and Durian of Borneo"
[2]. Durian has a natural habitat in the form of forests in tropical climates. The distribution of durian plants stretches from the lowlands to a maximum altitude of 800 meters above sea level, covering Southeast Asia, India, to Pakistan.
Environmental conditions that have humidity between 50-80%, with a temperature range of 25-32oC are suitable places for the growth of durian trees [1]; [3]. The prove that Katingan Central Kalimantan is the center of the distribution of durian plants in Indonesia [4].
The highest durian fruit production in 2017 in each province per year was East Java (227,952 tons), Central Java (91,385 tons), and West Sumatra province (74,580 tons). The total
Correspondence address:
Rose Novita Sari Handoko Email : [email protected]
Address : Department of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas of Islam Malang, Malang, Indonesia
production of durian fruit in Indonesia is 795,200 tons from a land area of 63,533 ha with a productivity of 12.52 tons/ha [5]. Wonosalam is a rural area in Jombang regency which is known as the center of durian fruit in East Java. As a center for producing durian, Wonosalam has many superior local varieties whose quality is not inferior to superior durians introduced from outside (Bangkok Durian, Musang King). The durian planting pattern in the community generally uses an agroforestry pattern so that in one area of land there are more than one annual crop that is cultivated (multiple cropping). The multiple cropping model which is commonly applied in the community is often not recorded for its production potential or productivity.
Durian fruit in the community is very popular because of its taste and aroma, and has a relatively high economic value compared to other fresh fruits. Durian fruit contributed more than 84% of the total income of farmers in Karangsalam village, Kemranjen Banyumas [6].
Besides being in the form of fresh fruit, durian also has a very large and prospective economic potential to be developed in processed form. [7]
reported that durian fruit processing is a potential core business to support the development of BUMDes in Pajahan and Munduk Temu villages, Pupuan sub-district, Tabanan, Bali.
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Production and Distribution of Durian (Durio Zibethinus Murr.) (Djuhari, et al.)
The wealth of Indonesian durian germplasm is threatened with extinction if efforts are not made to preserve it through vegetative plant propagation techniques. Vegetative propagation of plants produces plants that are exactly the same as the parent, so that it can be used as a means of preserving germplasm. Besides that, the nursery method can speed up the fruiting time.
The local superior durian varieties such as Jendral, Sitokong, Brongkol Kuning, Sunan, Gendol, and Matahari are already quite popular in the community. According to [8] the assembly of new superior varieties through the formation of recombinants is greatly helped by the diversity of Durio sp. in Indonesia. The Minister of Agriculture in 2006 released Bido Durian as a superior variety through the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture Number:
340/kpts/SR.120/5/2006. This durian comes from the village of Distance, Wonosalam sub-district, Jombang district. Durian Bido has advantages such as the flesh of the fruit is quite Giang et al.
thick and yellow in color with a fluffier sweet taste and slightly bitter when ripe, with a slightly oval cone-shaped fruit, harvesting three times a year. [9] succeeded in re-identifying the superior Bido durian from Wonosalam whose single parent seed had been cut down. In order for local durians to compete with imported durians, they must have good quality. Correct and appropriate cultivation techniques to support optimal durian plant growth are a prerequisite for durian fruit quality [10]. Wonosalam sub-district has a land form that is assumed to be suitable for durian plants. The shape of the land in question is the lower slopes of the mountains and the middle slopes of the mountains. This is based on the influence of topography and temperature which is more suitable for durian plants, namely in mountainous areas [11]. Wonosalam already has a tradition called Ken-Duren Wonosalam, which is the tradition of the people of Wonosalam district as long as it has meaning for gratitude for the durian fruit harvest, besides that it also functions as a tourism promotion medium. There is no distribution data map and its production potential, research on mapping and potential of durian production in Wonosalam district is needed as an effort to provide data-based and to develop durian crop farming.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The research was conducted in Wonosalam district, Jombang regency and was carried out
from September to November 2019. The research is descriptive in nature with the sampling method "purposive sampling" from 4 durian center hamlets in the Wonosalam sub- district, Jombang. From each hamlet, 15-20 respondents were durian farmers. Thus, 60-80 respondents will be obtained as primary data sources which will be collected by means of observation, documentation, and in-depth interviews (indeep interviews). Mapping the distribution of durian plants was made using Principle Component Analysis (PCA) using the open source Past (Palaeontological statistics) version 3.14.
RESULT
The data obtained were described by histogram graphs and analyzed multivariately with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to see the correlation between demographic variables and crop cultivation variables, the following picture was obtained:
The distribution of durian plants in Wonosalam hamlet was found in four hamlets, namely Sumber, Wonosalam, Notorejo, and Mangirejo hamlets. In general, farmers' durian plants are local durians. The national superior variety, namely Bido, is relatively not found, the remaining 14 trees with a distribution of 3 in Sumber hamlet, 5 in Wonosalam, 1 in Notorejo, and 5 in Mangirejo (Figure 1). Figure 2 shows that each season the largest supplier of durian fruit from the garden is Dusun Sumber (88029 fruits).
Notorejo hamlet has the least number of suppliers (1962 fruits).
The land area and plant population of durian farmers are the most extensive and also the hamlets of Sumber, followed by Mangirejo, Wonosalam, and Notorejo (Figures 3 and 4).
Figure 5 shows that durian variety is negatively correlated with production (vector line forming an angle > 90°), while the number of plants is positively correlated with production (vector angle < 90°). Plant age is positively correlated with production and varieties.
DISCUSSION
Dusun Sumber is a center for durian production in Wonosalam village. Abundant harvests during the harvest season from Sumber hamlet make Wonosalam village an agro-tourism destination. In that area there is a durian picking agro-tourism known as Kampung Durian [12].
Compared to the other 3 hamlets, Sumber hamlet does have the widest, largest, and highest
16 Production and Distribution of Durian (Durio Zibethinus Murr.) (Djuhari, et al.)
planting area, number of plants, and yields.
Figure 5 shows Yield (Yields) and plant age were positively correlated with the Number of Plants (NoP) which was indicated by the vector line both forming an angle of < 90 degrees. The uncorrelated plant varieties indicated by the vector both formed an angle of 90 degrees. The circular shapes are blue (Sourcejo), light blue (Wonosalam), light green (Notorejo), and golden yellow (Mangirejo). The Biplot graph shows that the hamlets of Sumberejo, Notorejo, and Mangirejo have a high diversity of varieties and plant ages. The variable number of plants and the dominant harvest is in the Wonosalam hamlet.
Figure 1. Distribution (Trees) of Durian Varieties in Wonosalam, Jombang
Figure 2. Production (Fruit) of Durian in Wonosalam, Jombang
Figure 3. Land Area (m2) of Durian in Wonosalam, Jombang
Figure 4. Durian Population (Trees/Hamlet) in Wonosalam, Jombang
Figure 5. Correlation of Several Durian Tree Variables on Yields in Wonosalam, Jombang
Conclusion
The durian distribution map in Wonosalam village is spread over 4 hamlets with the following distribution: Sumberejo hamlet (1,248 trees), Mangirejo (631 trees), Wonosalam (135 trees), and Notorejo (61 trees). There are very few Bido varieties, so it is necessary to spread the seeds of Bido durian. The potential of durian in Wonosalam village from the research results is very low, namely only 0.75% (2,075 trees) compared to the potential of Wonosalam district of 278,369 trees. The biggest production potential in Sumber hamlet is 88,029 fruits per season.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of funding by research grant funds 2020 in University of Islam Malang.
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Production and Distribution of Durian (Durio Zibethinus Murr.) (Djuhari, et al.)
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