Modul 1:
Produksi dan Produktivitas Konstruksi
SI-5151 Produktivitas Konstruksi Muhamad Abduh, Ph.D.
Outline Modul 1
Produksi sebagai sebuah Sistem
Organisasi Konstruksi
Konstruksi vs Manufaktur
Pengaruh pada Produktivitas
Discussion on the Meaning of Productivity
Produksi Sebagai Sebuah Sistem
Input Proses Output
Teknologi Konversi Workhours
Dollars Material
Energy
Quantities
Value of Work ($)
Organisasi Konstruksi
Konstruksi vs Manufaktur
Produksi
Lokasi
Basis Proyek
Hierarki Proses Konstruksi
Organisasi Konstruksi
Proses Konstruksi Berulang
Produksi
Manufaktur Konstruksi
Mass
Craft Customized
Unik
Hanya sekali Masterpiece
Jumlah terbatas Sistem batch Sesuai pesanan
Tdk unik
Banyak batch
Standard
Lokasi
Manufaktur:
Produk berjalan melalui station dimana pekerja menunggu
Pekerja tidak berpindah
Pekerja di suatu station memberikan produk hasil kerjanya ke station berikutnya
Konstruksi:
Pekerja berpindah dari suatu lokasi ke lokasi lain
Produk tidak berpindah
Pekerja memberikan lahan untuk bekerja
kepada pekerja lain
Berbasis Proyek
Product Development (project)
Construction (project) Operation &
Maintenance Production Manufaktur
Konstruksi
Karakteristik Proyek:
Terbatas waktu
Organisasi temporer
Customized
Cenderung unik
• Daur Hidup Proyek:
– Definisi proyek
– Perancangan
– Pengadaan
– Implementasi
– Serah terima
Pengaruh pada Produktivitas
Productivity
Effective Labor
Nature of Work
Design Constructability
Supply, Quality, Quantity of
Elements
Management System
Work Process
Work
Distribution Crew-level Methods
Labor Inactivity
Voluntary Inactivity
Worker
Motivation Discipline System
Involuntary Inactivity
Resource
Availability Planning &
Coordination
Pihak2 dan
Hubungannya dgn Proses
Konstruksi
Pengaruh Lingkungan
Kegiatan Manajemen
Discussion on the Meaning of Productivity
What can have productivity?
Interpretations of the meaning of productivity:
Productivity is a form of efficiency
Productivity is a Rate of Return
Productivity is the utilization of resources or the effectiveness of utilization of resources
Productivity is a ratio
Other definitions
Productivity is the magnitude of productiveness
What can have productivity?
Production is the means to the end of obtaining goods and services
Usually there is an input in the form of raw materials, pre- fabricated parts, or a source of energy
Production process involves a physical, chemical, or radioactive change in these inputs, to convert them to finished goods
For services, production involves a physical or other change
applied to some object or person, or a change in place
Things that can have productivity:
Energy Sources
Changes need energy in some form
Effectors
Effect the task in hand
Directors
Control or program the application of energy
Most of the factors that can affect productivity are not the characteristics of the source of energy,
effectors, and directors
Discussion in 30 minutes…
Existing Definitions of Productivity
Productivity is efficiency
“…rate at which we convert work and raw material into useful goods and services… a measure of our economic efficiency.”
(US Chamber of Commerce Economic Research Department)
“…a measure of efficiency with which the resources at work are utilized.” (Federal Reserve Bank)
“…a measure of efficiency with which the resources are
converted into the commodities and services that men want.”
(Solomon Fabricant)
“…yardstick for net efficiency of our industrial system in
delivering goods to the final customer.” (Harry Jerome)
Existing Definitions of Productivity
Productivity is the utilization of resources
“…The degree to which the power to make or provide goods or services having exchange value is utilized.” (Industrial
Relations Research Association, US)
“…Utilization of resources in relation to some standard.”
(Organization for European Economic Cooperation)
Existing Definitions of Productivity
Productivity is a ratio
“…Ratio between output and the input associated with given productive activities.” (Irving H. Siegel)
“…Any ratio of the output of a worker, machine, plant or industry to the amount of one of the factors of production
used or to some weighted sum of the amounts of two or more factors.” (T.E. Easterfield)
“…Is the ratio between units of results obtained and units of effort or expenditure required to gain that output.” (Charles S.
Young)
“…Output per unit of associated input in a sequence of compared periods.” (Organization for European Economic Cooperation)
“…is always a ratio of output to input.” (Solomon Fabricant)
Interpretations of the meaning of productivity (Russel W. Fenske):
Productivity is a form of efficiency
This interpretation is rejected
Efficiency, in regard to production, is a relative measure of what has been produced compared to some standard that theoretically or actually could have been produced
Productivity and efficiency sometimes are not positively correlated
Productivity is a Rate of Return
It is also rejected
Rate of return is the ratio of an incremental loss or gain in a parameter to the original quantity of that parameter or a related parameter
Productivity is the utilization of resources or the effectiveness of utilization of resources
The first one is too general
The second one is defective since effectiveness involves comparison to a standard
Productivity is a ratio
This is an abstract concept, a mathematical relationship
The productiveness does not involve ratio calculation
Productivity Definition (by Russel W.
Fenske)
Productivity is the magnitude of productiveness;
the amount of goods and services produced by a unit of a productive factor in a specific period of time, or
the average amount of goods and services produced by a unit of the productive factor in a specific period of time
If only one productive factor is required in a process → single productivity
If two or more factors are utilized jointly, then the joint magnitude of productiveness is called the combined
productivity; the net productiveness of each factor is
termed the partial productivity
Definisikan Kata-kata Berikut
Input Proses Output
• Efisiensi
• Efektivitas
• Produktivitas ?
Tugas #1
Tugas perorangan, online
Waktu 1 minggu.
1. Apa definisi istilah berikut terkait dengan komponen sistem produksi:
1.
Efisiensi
2.
Efektivitas
3.
