View of Prototype of Wireless Sensor Networks as a Monitoring System for Environmental Conditions in Buildings

Jurnal Teknik Informatika dan Sistem Informasi ISSN 2407-4322

Vol. 10, No. 3, September 2023, Hal. 13-20 E- ISSN 2503-2933 13

Prototype of Wireless Sensor Networks As A Monitoring System For Smart Buildings

Ari Kusyanti, Kasyful Amron, Reza Andria Siregar Fakultas Ilmu Komputer Universitas Brawijaya

Abstract

The development of a wireless sensor network prototype as a monitoring system for environmental conditions in buildings was built to view and monitor sensors that work in buildings centrally. This system uses several sensors, namely DHT11 and MQ7. The ESP32 microcontroller is used as a gateway that collects data from sensor nodes by utilizing BLE communication media. Data from the gateway will be sent via Wi-Fi which will be displayed on a Grafana-based website. In this study, the implementation can be applied and used to monitor the state of the building by displaying temperature data and carbon dioxide levels.

Keywords—Wireless Sensor Network, Bluetooth Low Energy, ESP32

1. INTRODUCTION

Sensing is a technique used to collect information about the penomena or behavior of a physical object or process [1]. Devices that perform the sensing function are referred to as sensors. Furthermore, sensors are defined as devices whose role is to translate events in the physical world into electrical signals that can be measured, processed and analyzed [2].

Advances in microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology allow the formation of sensing devices or commonly called nodes in the form of low-power nanocomputers [3].

Therefore, a node is not only a sensing sensor but also has computing and storage capabilities.

The addition of a wireless communication module allows the placement of nodes closer to the monitored target and can transmit data to other nodes in different places. This wireless communication between nodes then forms a network known as a wireless sensor network [4].

Wireless sensor networks, or better known as WSN have become the center of attention from academics, researchers, and professionals. As the underlying technology of the Internet of Things, WSNs have played an important role in the last decade and became the trigger of 4.0 revolution era [5]. Professional organizations, especially enterprises, are racing to implement WSN to gain as much convenience and benefits as possible. With small-sized devices and self- contained power supplies, WSNs can be applied as disaster warning systems, environmental monitoring, health care, detection and surveillance systems, automation systems, and so on [6].

One of these WSN utilizations can be used for the development of smart buildings, which have played a central role in energy management in many commercial and industrial facilities. The development of this system has switched from a traditional system in the form of a pneumatic system to a computer-based system [7]. The development of smart buildings aims to improve energy efficiency and management and control for the realization of a sustainable society and carbon-neutral economy by 2050.

Smart buildings rely heavily on the use of efficient and reliable monitoring systems. In addition to the academic research community, there are a large number of multinational companies, as well as small industrial companies engaged in the development of these products.

For example, according to [8], some of the largest companies dealing with smart buildings and

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Electric, and Siemens [9]. In addition, products from Texas Instruments have also been utilized in [10], other microcontrollers that have been used to implement smart buildings are Atmega microcontrollers [11] and Jennic microcontrollers [12].

Unfortunately, the monitoring systems offered by these vendors are not easily accessible to the public. Therefore, this research offers an alternative for the development of a prototype wireless sensor network as a low-cost in-building environmental condition monitoring system that is expected to be easily and cheaply accessible.

In terms of communication media, several other studies that have utilized wireless sensor networks to build this smart building include Zigbee [13] [14][15], and Wi-fi [16].

Research that utilizes Zigbee as a communication medium can be found in [17]. Other studies that utilize ZigBee include [18] and [19]. In addition, the use of Wifi is also implemented in [20].

This research uses the ESP32 microcontroller [21] as an IoT device that is equipped with Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) features. BLE is an innovative technology developed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which aims to be an alternative to a large number of existing wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and Bluetooth Classic [22].

The selection of BLE is based on several advantages compared to other IoT devices, such as easy configuration, data transmission methods, speed and coverage that is quite wide.

Additionally, it offers data transmission speed of 1Mbit/s and a signal range of approximately 100 meters. Furthermore, BLE can save power by being in sleep mode until there is a connection initialization [23].

In this research, the prototype of a wireless sensor network as an environmental condition monitoring system is implemented with ESP32-based products as sensor nodes and gateways. Implementation of BLE technology as a communication protocol from each sensor node to the gateway. WiFi technology as a communication protocol between the Gateway and the Web Server.

Based on the introduction and discussion in the background section, this research is focused on the problem (a) How to build sensor nodes with BLE communication protocol? And (b) How to establish communication and organize data transmission from the gateway to the server with WiFi communication protocol?

2. METHODOLOGY

System design is the initial stage of creating a system. The design will be carried out if all system requirements have been met. The design stage is made in a block diagram. The general depiction of this research design can be seen in Figure 1.

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Figure 1. System Overview

There are several sensors used for input, including DHT 11, MQ7 sensors. The data obtained from these sensors will be sent to the system gateway via the BLE communication module. The system gateway itself is an ESP32 microcontroller equipped with a BLE communication module and Wi-Fi. The data that has been collected at the gateway will be displayed on a Grafana-based web [24].

3. IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULT

The system development is implemented using the C++ Language on the Arduino IDE [25]. Arduino IDE is paired with libraries from devices related to system design which will function to carry out the control process on the device. The initial step taken in the implementation process is to create a communication flow between the sensor device connected to the Bluetooth Low Energy device on the ESP32 as a server. Subsequently, communication with the ESP32 device as a client to receive data from the server and to display it to the user.

DHT11 sensors and MQ7 sensors are used to generate sensor data. The DHT11 sensor is a temperature and humidity object sensing sensor module that can be further processed using the ESP32 microcontroller. In the system there are 2 ESP32 with BLE protocols used as client- server, namely BLE_Notify and BLE_Client. The client-server system will be run on the open source Arduino IDE. BLE_Notify used as a server that will send DHT11 and MQ7 sensor data to the BLE_Client. The sensor data from BLE_Notify will then be sent to BLE_client. Then BLE_client will display to the user.

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Figure 2. BLE Notify

Figure 2 is the flow of the BLE_Notify system. Before running the advertising packet, the system will first create a BLE server, BLE service, BLE characteristic, BLE descriptor, start the service and start BLE advertising to notify its existence. Once it is established, the BLE_client will handle the data and acts as a client. BLE_Client will receive sensor data from BLE_Notify, which will then be displayed to the user. Figure 3 below explains the flow of the client system.

Figure 3. BLE Client

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Figure 4. Grafana Temperature Monitoring

The data itself are generated from each node that send temperature and carbon monoxide using DHT 11 and MQ7 sensors, and will be received to be displayed to the users.

This process is evaluated so that the system can send data from the node to run continuously.

This process is very important because it can see the success rate of sending data from the node via Bluetooth Low Energy communication. The data will be displayed using a monitoring system with Grafana as a dashboard which can be seen in Figures 4 and 5 for each temperature and carbon sensor.

Figure 5. Grafana CO Monitoring

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

TEMP (°C)

TIME

Temperature Monitoring

140 145 150 155 160 165

CO (PPM)

TIME

CO Monitoring

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4. CONCLUSION

Based on the results of the implementation of the wireless sensor network prototype development as a monitoring system, it can be concluded that the system was successfully implemented to monitor sensors that work in the building centrally. This system uses several sensors such as DHT 11 and MQ7. The ESP32 microcontroller is used as a gateway that collects data from sensor nodes by utilizing BLE communication media. Data from the gateway will be sent via wi-fi which will be displayed on a Grafana-based website which is used to display monitoring results

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