View of A REVIEW ON ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

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ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING

Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) ISSN No. 2456-1037 Vol.05, Issue 05, May 2020 Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

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A REVIEW ON ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

1Harshit Kumar Jain, ²Naveen Khare

1M. Tech Scholar, BTIRT, Sagar

2Assistant. Professor, BTIRT, Sagar

Abstract:- Many routing protocols on clustering structure have been proposed in recent years. In recent advances, achieving the energy efficiency, lifetime, deployment of nodes, fault tolerance, latency, in short higher liability and robustness have become the main research goals of wireless sensor network. Many routing protocols on clustering structure have been proposed in recent years based on heterogeneity. In this paper, we analyse various energy efficient routing protocols to improve the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. WSNs are composed of a large number of sensor nodes which have limited energy. Energy conservation is a very critical issue to design energy efficient routing techniques in wireless sensor networks. The paper reviews the traditional energy efficient protocols to improve cluster head selection approach. A sensor node either communicates among its peers to collect the sensed data or sends the data to the base station. A base station connects the sensor networks to another network, applied protocols for sensor networks has to be energy aware to increase the network lifetime.

Keywords: Cluster Head Selection, Energy Efficiency, LEACH, Network Lifetime, Wireless Sensor Networks.

1. INTRODUCTION

Wireless sensor network is the network consisting of hundreds of compact and tiny sensor nodes which senses the physical environment in terms of temperature, humidity, light, sound, vibration, etc. These sensor nodes gather the data from the sensing field and send this information to the end user. These sensor nodes can be deployed on many applications. Current wireless sensor network is working on the problems of low-power communication, sensing, energy storage, and computation.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), a distributed system consisting of a Base Station and large number of Sensor Nodes (SN) that integrate micro sensing, computing and wireless communication capabilities, which are capable of detecting various events related to its surrounding environment such as speed, temperature, pressure, difference in displacement, light, etc. These nodes operate in ad-hoc manner and have limited hardware and energy recourses due to its small size. The data sensed by the sensor node in the network gather data in form of electrical signals that are further converted to digital form and wirelessly transmitted to BS where the information can be accessed. As a new technology for information collecting and processing, there are wide range of applications of WSNs in military, health, commercial applications and soon.

2. ROUTING CHALLENGES IN WSNS The design task of routing protocols for WSN is quite challenging because of multiple characteristics, which differentiate them, from wireless infrastructure-less networks. Several types of routing challenges involved in wireless sensor networks. Some of important challenges are mentioned below:

• It is almost difficult to allocate a universal identifiers scheme for a big quantity of sensor nodes. So, wireless sensor motes are not proficient of using classical IP- based protocols.

• The flow of detected data is compulsory from a number of sources to a specific base station.

But this is not occurred in typical communication networks.

• The created data traffic has significant redundancy in most of cases. Because many sensing nodes can generate same data while sensing. So, it is essential to exploit such redundancy by the routing protocols and utilize the available bandwidth and energy as efficiently as possible.

• Moreover wireless motes are firmly restricted in relations of transmission energy, band-width, capacity and storage and on-board energy. Due to such dissimilarities, a number of new

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12 routing protocols have been projected in order to cope up with these routing challenges in wireless sensor networks.

3. DESIGN CHALLENGES IN WSNS There are some major design challenges in wireless sensor networks due to lack of resources such as energy, bandwidth and storage of processing. While designing new routing protocols, the following essentials should be fulfilled by a network engineer.

• Energy efficiency: Wireless sensor networks are mostly battery powered. Energy shortage is a major issue in these sensor networks especially in aggressive environments such as battlefield etc. The performance of sensor nodes is adversely affected when battery is fallen below a pre- defined battery threshold level.

Energy presents a main challenge for designers while designing sensor networks. In wireless sensor network, there are millions of motes. Each node in this network has restricted energy resources due to partial amount of power. So, the routing protocol should be energy efficient.

• Complexity: The complexity of a routing protocol may affect the performance of the entire wireless network. The reason behind is that we have inadequate hardware competences and we also face extreme energy limitations in wireless sensor networks.

• Scalability: As sensors are becoming cheaper day by day, hundreds or even thousands of sensors can be installed in wireless sensor network easily. So, the routing protocol must support scalability of network. If further nodes are to be added in the network any time, then routing protocol should not interrupt this.

• Delay: Some applications require instant reaction or response without any substantial delay such as temperature sensor or alarm monitoring etc. So, the routing protocol should offer minimum delay. The time needed to transmit the sensed data is

required to be as little as possible in above cited WSN applications.

• Robustness: Wireless sensor networks are deployed in very crucial and loss environments frequently. Occasionally, a sensor node might be expiring or leaving the wireless sensor network. Thus, the routing protocol should be capable to accept all sorts of environments including severe and loss environments.

• Data transmission and transmission models: There are four modes of data transmission depending on the applications in wireless sensor networks namely as query driven, event driven and continuous type and hybrid type. A node begins to transmit the data only when sink creates the query or an event occurs in query driven model and event driven model. The data is sent out periodically in continuous transmission mode.

The performance of the routing protocol is a function of network size and transmission media. So, transmission media of good quality enhances the network performance directly.

• Sensor location: Another major challenge that is faced by wireless sensor network designers is to correctly locate of the sensor nodes. Most routing protocols use some localization technique to obtain knowledge concerning their locations. Global positioning system (GPS) receivers are used in some scenario.

4. CATEGORIES OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS

In order to transmit data in sensor networks, there are two techniques being used. The one is referred to as Flooding and the other one is gossiping protocol.

There is no need to use any routing algorithm and maintenance of topology. In the flooding protocol, upon reception of a data packet by sensor nodes, this data packet is broadcast to all other neighbours. The process of broadcasting is continued till any one of two following conditions is satisfied; the packet has reached successfully to its destination.

And second condition is; maximum

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13 number of hops of a packet has reached [4]. The main advantages of flooding are ease of implementation and simplicity.

The drawbacks are blindness of resources and overlapping and implosion. The gossiping protocol is somewhat advanced version of flooding protocol. In gossiping protocol, the sensor node, which is getting a data packet, transmits it to the arbitrarily selected neighbour. At the next turn, the sensing nodes again randomly pick another nodes and sends data to it.

This process is continued again and again. The broadcasting is not used in gossiping protocol as it was used in flooding. In this way, implosion issue can be avoided easily.

5. CONCLUSION

From the comparative study of the existing research work, it has been concluded that there are various energy efficient techniques for WSNs which consists of fixed and mobile sensor nodes that improve the cluster head selection approach to extend the lifetime of WSNs.

Hence, the issue of energy consumption will be addressed and investigated further by using the proposed methodology, to increase the performance of the WSNs in terms of reducing energy consumption and also average latency, by improving lifetime of sensor nodes, and by reducing bandwidth consumption. Similarly based on this formulation, the optimum clustering technique can further be developed to extend the lifetime of WSNs that significantly reduce the number of rounds for selecting optimal CH. Routing protocols plays a very significant part to produce interruption less and efficient communication between source and destination nodes. The performance, service and reliability of a network mostly depend on the selection of good routing protocol. Protocols being used in Wireless sensor networks and ad hoc networks must be round-free. The routing protocols in WSN are classified in many different ways.

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