PUSTAKA LIMBAH PEMANENAN DAN KERUSAKAN TEGAKAN TINGGAL DI HPH TAHUN 1970-1999
1. Thaib, J; Suhartana, S. (1991). Keadaan jalan sarad dan pohon ditebang pada tegakan tinggal di kawasan sebuah perusahaan hutan Riau (Skidding road and tree felled situation on residual stand at a forest company in Riau). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 9(4):144-149. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan.
Bogor.
ABSTRACT
An investigation of skidding performance was conducted at one forest company in Riau, in 1988. The result showed that stand density ranges from 126 to 190 trees with an average of 158 trees/ha, soft soil without any rock, land slope ranges from 6.8 to 20.0 and the trees felled from 2 to 8 with an average of 5 trees/ha. Also it was found that the length of productive skidding road ranges from 91.0 m to 329.8 m with an average of 210.4 m/ha while the length of unproductive skidding road varies from 2.5 m to 49.9 m with an average of 26.2 m/ha. The ration between the lengths of unproductive and productive skidding road is 12.5%. By considering tractor’s life time 20,000 hours, around 2,500 hours of them are unproductive. Relating this figure with owning and operation costs, those unproductive skidding road surely cause quite large loss. Besides, the unproductive tractor movements also cause land exposure to the amount of 122.5 m2/ha. All the above disadvantages can be minimized by planning skidding roads ahead and strictly controlling the operation.
Keywords: Skidding road, unproductive, felled trees, residual stand.
2. Suhartana, S. (1993). Kajian keberadaan tegakan tinggal dan keterbukaan lahan pada kegiatan penebangan dan penyaradan di suatu perusahaan hutan di kalimantan tengah. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 11(3):117-121. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
The damage of soil and vegetation caused by felling and yarding operation are unavoidable even though the operation are done very carefully. The conclusion of several previous studies related to the problem showed that residual stand damages and ground exposure are influenced by logging operation, because felling and yarding operation are carried out without proper planning. The aim of the study is to find the level of residual stand damage, total trees felled per unit area, and ground exposure caused by felling and yarding operations. The study was carried out in a forest concession of PT. kayu Tribuana Rama in Central Kalimantan in 1991. he gathered data were analyzed by simple linier regression analysis. The results are as follow: (1) The average of residual stand damage caused by felling and yarding operation is 11.1% for the average total trees felled of 5.9 trees/ha; (2) The effect of total trees felled per unit area on residual stand damage is highly significant. Logging operations in steeper slope could increase residual stand damage; (3) The average of ground exposure caused by logging operation is 19.7% for the average total trees felled 5.9 trees/ha; and (4) The effect of total trees felled per unit area on ground exposure is not significant. Logging operations in the company is not planned to comply with TPTI regulations.
Keywords: Residual stand, ground exposure, damage, felling, skidding.
3. Suhartana, S. (1993). Pengaruh pemanenan hasil hutan terhadap tingkat kerusakan tegakan tinggal pada dua HPH di Kalbar The effect of logging to residual stand damages in two forest concessions in West Kalimantan). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 11(4):153-156. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Disturbed soil and vegetation caused by logging operation is difficult to be avoided, even in good logging operation. Past studies related to this problem shows that forest concessions in Sumatera and Kalimantan used Indonesian Selective Cutting System (TPTI) as a basic activity in logging operation. However, because of the weakness of government control activity, most of the companies were looking for financial benefit only and neglect the sustainability of the forest. The aim of this study is to assess the number of commercial trees (diameter 20 cm and up) damaged during logging operation. The study was carried out in two forest concessions: PT. Batasan/A and PT. Tanjungpura Bhakti/B in West Kalimantan. The results show that: (1) The average percentage of commercial trees damaged of diameter 20 cm and up during logging operation are 4.6% in A concession and 5.6% in B concession; and (2) The average number of trees in concession A are 8.9 trees/ha while in concession B is 7.8 trees/ha.
Keywords: Forest product harvesting, residual stand, commercial trees.
4. Suhartana,S; Dulsalam. (1994). Peranan penebangan dan penyaradan terhadap keberadaan tegakan tinggal di suatu perusahaan hutan di Riau (The role of felling and skidding operation on residual stand condition at a forest concession in Riau). Jurnal Litbang Kehutanan 9(2):68-72. Badan Litbang Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper present study result of the role felling and skidding operations on residual stand condition. The study was carried out at a forest concession in Riau in 1993. The aims of the study are:
(1) to find the residual stand damages caused by felling and skidding; (2) to know the factors influencing the residual stand damages; and (3) to find the way of reducing the residual stand damage.
Data on residual stand damage, the number of trees with diameter 20 cm and up, the number of dragged trees and land slopes were collected. Then, the data was analyzed by using the multiple regression. The results of the study show that: (1) The residual stand damage caused by felling ranged between 3.5% and 17.9% with an average of 9.1%; (2) The residual stand damage caused by yarding varied from 4.9% to 22.5% with an average of 13.04%; and (3) the number of trees felled and the slopes affected significantly to the residual stand damages. The greater the number of trees felled and the steeper the slopes the greater the residual stand damaged caused by felling and skidding will be.
Keywords: Felling, skidding, residual stand, influencing factors.
5. Suhartana, S. (1994). Penetapan besarnya limbah penebangan serta upaya penekanannya (Determination of logging waste and ways of suppressing it). Jurnal Litbang Kehutanan 9(3):25-31.
Badan Litbang Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of logging waste study carried out at a forest concession in West Kalimantan in 1991. The aims of the study are: (1) to determine the wood waste caused by felling operation; (2) to find the factors influencing the wood waste; and (3) to find the way of reducing the wood waste. Data were analyzed by calculating waste volume in m3/ha and then the waste was categorized on tree part and condition. The results of this study show: (1) The average wood waste from trees felled is 37 m3/ha (36%) consisting of: stump 4 m3/ha (3.9%), clear bole 14.7 m3/ha (14.3%), trunk above the first branch 10 m3/ha (9.7%), and branches 8.3 m3/ha (8.1%); and (2) the average of actual wood production harvested is 65.7 m3/ha (64%).
Keywords: Waste, felling, actual production.
6. Suhartana,S; Dulsalam. (1994). Kerusakan tegakan tinggal akibat kegiatan penebangan dan penyaradan: Kasus di satu perusahaan hutan di Riau (Residual stand damages causes by felling and skidding activities: a case study in a logging company in Riau). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 12(1):25-29. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents study results of residual stand damages caused by felling and skidding activities. The case study was carried out at PT. Dwi Marta in Riau in 1993. The aims are: (1) to find the impact of felling and skidding on residual stand damages; (2) to know the factors influencing the residual stand damages; and (3) to find the way of reducing residual stand damage. Data on the number of trees with diameter 20 cm and up, trees damages were collected. The data was analyzed by using the multiple regression. The result of study shows: (1) the residual stand damage caused by felling ranged between 2.7-10.6% with an average of 6.6%; (2) the residual stand damage caused by skidding with crawler tractor varied from 2.7-22.3% with an average of 12.7%; and (3) Both the number of trees felled and slope in had highly significant effect to residual stand damages. The greater the number of trees felled and the slope, the greater the residual stand damages.
Keywords: residual stand damage, felling, skidding, felled trees.
7. Suhartana, S; Idris, MM. (1995). Pengaruh pembuangan banir dalam penebangan pohon terhadap efisiensi pemungutan kayu: studi kasus di suatu perusahaan htan di Kalbar (The effect of buttress cutting in tree felling on wood harvesting efficiency : A case study in a logging company in West Kalimantan). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 13(1):19-26. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of the study of the impact of buttress cutting in tree felling on harvesting efficiency. The case study was carried out in PT. Kurnia Kapuas Plywood in West Kalimantan in 1994. The aim of the study is to know the influence of buttress cutting on wood harvesting efficiency. The data were analyzed by using the t-test. The result of study shows that the
average of wood harvesting efficiency by cutting buttress is 68.1% and without cutting buttress is 66.7%.
Keywords: Buttress, felling, efficiency, harvesting.
8. Idris, MM; Suhartana, S. (1995). Produktivitas dan efisiensi pemanenan kayu dengan teknik penebangan pohon serendah mungkin di hutan produksi alam: Studi kasus di tiga perusahaan hutan di Kalteng (The productivity and efficiency of wood harvesting by practicing the lowest possible felling technique: a case study in three logging companies in Central Kalimantan). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 13(3):94-100. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of the study of wood harvesting productivity and efficiency when practicing the lowest possible felling technique (LPFT). The case study was selected in three logging companies in Central Kalimantan in 1994. Then, the results are compared to those obtained from conventional felling technique (CFT). The results of the study are as follow: (1) The average of wood harvesting productivity is 25.2 m3/hr for LPFT and 28.8 m3/hr for CFT. This difference is statistically significant; (2) The average of wood harvesting efficiency is 86.1% for LPFT and 82.1%
for CFT. This difference of 1.28 m3/tree is highly significant; and (3) The average of stump height when practicing the LPFT is 0.45 m, while for CFT is 1.21 m.
Keywords : Productivity, efficiency, harvesting, lowest possible felling technique..
9. Idris, MM; Suhartana, S. (1995). Faktor konversi produksi dolok pinus dari hutan alam: studi kasus di satu perusahaan hutan di Aceh (Conversion factor of log production of Pine from natural forest: A case study at a logging company in Aceh). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 13(4):162-166. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper is presenting the results of study on conversion factor of log production of Pine (Pinus merkusii) from natural forest. Study carried out at a logging company in Aceh in 1991. The aim of the study was to know the conversion factor of Pine log production from natural forest including volume and mass of measurement. The data were analyzed statistically by t-test. The result of this study showed that the conversion factor of Pine log production unit were: (1) for fresh cut, 1 month and 2 months duration was 0.985 m3/ton or 1.0152 ton/ m3; (2) for 3 and 4 months was 1.086 m3/ton or 0.9208 ton/ m3; and (3) for 1 year was 1.239 m3/ton or 0.8071 ton/ m3.
Keywords: Conversion factor, pine, natural production forest.
10. Idris, MM; Suhartana, S. (1996). Limbah kayu akibat pembuatan jalan hutan dan tebang bayang pada enam HPH di Kaltim (Wood waste caused by forest road construction and shadow cutting at six logging companies in East Kalimantan). Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan 14(1):7-15. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper present the results of the study on logging waste caused by forest road construction and shadow cutting. The study carried out at six logging companies in East Kalimantan in 1990. The aim of the study are: (1) to determine the wood waste caused by forest road construction and shadow cutting; (2) to find the factors influencing the wood waste; and (3) to find the way of reducing the wood waste. The results of this study shows that the average wood waste from trees felled caused by forest road construction and shadow cutting is 1.16 m3/ha for commercial wood species and 2.76 m3/ha for non-commercial wood species.
Keywords: Wood waste, forest road, shadow cutting.
11. Suhartana, S. (1996). Dampak penyaradan terhadap terjadinya keterbukaan lahan di kawasan dua perusahaan hutan di Riau (The impact of log skidding on ground exposure at two forest companies in Riau). Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan 14(2):52-59. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of the study on ground exposure caused by skidding. The case study was carried out at two forest companies in Riau in 1995. The aim of the study were: (1) to find the road skidding condition that shows by the ground exposure caused by skidding; (2) to know the factors influencing the ground exposure; and (3) to find the way of reducing ground exposure. Data collected were the number of trees felled/skidded, the number of trees with diameter 20 cm and up, length and area of skidding road. The data was analyzed by using the multiple regression. The study showed the following results: (1) The average of non-productive skidding road is 13.4% from the
number of productive skidding road; (2) The extravagant of tractor operation was 2,680 hours; (3) The forest damage was 154.4 m2/ha; (4) The ground exposure caused by skidding was 14.1%; and (5) The number of trees felled/skidded was highly significant to ground exposure.
Keywords: Skidding, skidding road, ground exposure.
12. Suhartana, S; Idris, MM. (1996). Kondisi tegakan tinggal di kawasan dua perusahaan hutan di Riau (Residual stand condition at two forest concession in Riau). Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan 14(4):129-137. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Log skidding activities using tractors usually caused high residual stand damages. To reduce the residual stand damages, the factors influencing them must be identified. A study was carried out at two forest concessions in Riau in 1995. The aims of the study are: (1) to find the level of residual stand damages caused by felling and skidding; (2) to identify the factors influencing the residual stand damages; and (3) to find the way of reducing residual stand damages. Data collected were the number of felled trees, trees with diameter 20 cm and up, and damaged trees. The data was analyzed by using the multiple regression. The results of the study show: (1) The average of residual stand damages caused by felling is 11.5%; (2) The average of residual stand damages caused by skidding is 15.4%;
and (3) The influence of the number of felled trees, stand density and the slope were highly significant to residual stand damages. Knowing the factors influencing the residual stand damages, ones should be easy to find the way of reducing that damages.
Keywords: felling, skidding, felled trees, residual stand damage.
13. Suhartana, S; Dulsalam. (1996). Penebangan serendah mungkin untuk meningkatkan produksi kayu: studi kasus di dua perusahaan hutan di Kaltim (The lowest possible felling technique for increasing wood production: case study in two forest companies in East Kalimantan). Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan 14(9):374-381. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan.
Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of the study of felling productivity and wood utilization level when practicing the lowest possible felling technique (LPFT). The case study was selected in two forest companies in East Kalimantan in 1996. The aim of the study is to find information of the effect of practicing the LPFT to the felling productivity and wood utilization level. Then, the results are compared to those obtained from conventional felling technique. The results of the study are as follow:
(1) The average of felling productivity is 42.16 m3/hr for the LPFT and 49.96 m3/hr for conventional felling (CFT). This difference of 7.8 m3/hr is significant; (2) the average of stump height when practicing the LPFT is 37.6 cm, while for CFT is 56.6 cm; (3) The average of waste stump volume is 0.21 m3/tree (3.34%) for the LPFT and 0.40 m3/tree (4.54%) for CFT. The average of wood utilization is 6.08 m3/tree (96.6% of the average volume of trees felled of 6.29 m3/tree) for the LPFT and 8.41 m3/tree (95.45% of the average volume of trees felled of 8.81 m3/tree) for CFT. There is 1.20%
increase; and (4) It is recommended that the LPFT be implemented because this technique can increase wood utilization.
Keywords: Felling productivity, lowest possible felling technique, stump height.
14. Suhartana, S. (1996). Minimasi keterbukaan lahan melalui penyaradan yg direncanakan:kasus di dua perusahaan hutan di Kaltim (Minimizing ground exposure by practicing planned skidding: A case study at two forest companies in East Kalimantan). Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan 14(10):444- 453. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of the study on ground exposure caused by planned skidding.
Log skidding by tractor can cause serious ground exposure. By practicing planned skidding, that ground exposure can be minimized. The case study was carried out at two forest companies in East Kalimantan in 1996. The aim of the study is to find the effect of planned skidding on ground exposure by minimizing non-productive skidding road. Data collected were the number of trees felled/skidded, number of trees with diameter 20 cm and up, slope and ground exposure. The data was analyzed by using the t-test and the multiple regression. The study showed the following results: (1) The average of non-productive skidding road caused by planned skidding is 4.4% from the number of productive skidding road and for conventional is 9.9%. This difference of 5.6% is highly significant; (2) The average of ground exposure caused by planned skidding is 11.2% and for conventional is 15.2%. This difference of 4.0% is significant; and (3) The factors that positively influenced the ground exposure and non-productive skidding road are the number of trees felled/skidded and stand density, and the
factor that negatively influenced them is slope for planned skidding. It is found that the ground exposure in conventional skidding is influenced the slope (highly significant).
Keywords: Minimizing, ground exposure, un-productive skidding road, planned skidding.
15. Suhartana, S. (1997). Penyaradan yg direncanakan utk minimasi keruasakan tegakan tinggal:kasus di dua perusahaan hutan di Kaltim (Planned skidding for minimizing residual stand damages:A case study at two forest companies in East Kalimantan). Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan 15(1):60-67.
Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of the study on residual stand damages caused by planned skidding. Log skidding by tractor carefully, will be the residual stand damages. By planned skidding will be minimized that damages. The case study was carry out at two forest companies in East Kalimantan. The aim of the study is to minimize the residual stand damages. Data collected were the number of trees felled/skidded, the number of trees with diameter 20 cm and up, slope and the number of trees damages. The data was analyzed by using the t-test and the multiple regression. The study showed the following results: The average of residual stand damages caused by planned skidding is 8.4% and for conventional is 13.47%. This difference of 5.07% is highly significant, whereas the factors that influencing the residual stand damages is the slope for the planned skidding (highly significant) even though stand density and slope for the conventional skidding (highly significant). The planned skidding could be minimized the residual stand damages (5.07%).
Keywords: Planning skidding, minimizing, residual stand damages.
16. Idris, MM; Suhartana, S. (1997). Pembalakan ramah lingkungan utk minimasi kerusakan tegakan tinggal: kasus di dua perusahaan hutan di Kaltim (Reduced impact logging to minimize residual stand damages:A case study in forest company in East Kalimantan). Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan 15(3):212-222. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
Reduced impact logging (RIL) is one of the main issue in the coming era of ecolabelling and free trade. The study was carried out at a forest company in East Kalimantan in 1997. The goal of the study is to minimize residual stand damage as an effort in ensuring sustainability of forest utilization.
Data collected were: (1) felled trees, trees with diameter 20 cm and up, damaged trees; and (2) the number and condition of poles, sapling and seedling. The results of the study show: the average of residual stand damages for trees, poles, sapling and seedling are: 11.2%; 4.9%; 4.5% and 5.7%
respectively for controlled and 13.1%, 11.97%, 12.9% and 14.42% for conventional logging. The decrease of residual stand damages for poles, sapling, and seedling are 7.07%, 8.4%, and 8.72%
respectively (highly significant). Base on the results, it is recommended that controlled logging should be practiced because it can minimize residual stand damages.
Keywords: Reduced impact logging, minimize impact, residual stand damage.
17. Idris, MM; Suhartana, S. (1997). Dilema penetapan sistem eksploitasi yg sesuai di hutan rawa.
Dalam Pasaribu, R., Purwanto, R.M.S. Harahap, W. Sipayung, S.Hidayat & Darwo (Penyunting).
Prosiding Diskusi Nasional Pengelolaan Hutan Rawa dan Ekspose Hasil Hasil Penelitian Kehutanan di Sumatera, tanggal 18-19 September 1997 di Medan. Hlm.89-99.Balai Litbang Kehutanan Pematang Siantar. Aek Nauli.
ABSTRACT
Sampai saat ini teknik eksploitasi yg digunakan di hutan rawa masih berkisar ttg cerita kesederhanaan dari system kuda2 dan lori, meskipun dlm juknis TPTI di hutan rawa tersurat adanya kemungkinan penggunaan sistem2 yg lain. Satu-dua perusahaan telah melakukan uji coba penggunaan flexible tracked skidder dan excavator, akan tetapi tampaknya masih belum bias dikembangkan lebih jauh karena adanya kendala operasi dan kerusakan tegakan tinggal yg cukup tinggi. Kemungkinan penerapan teknik eksploitasi lainnya yg sudah dilontarkan adalah system kanal dan atau penggunaan yarder. Namun gagasan inipun masih memerlukan kajian yg lebih mendalam ttg kelayakan pengoperasiannya di lapangan. Bertolak dari kenyataan di atas maka makalah ini mencoba lebih banyak menyajikan kembali ttg kinerja system kuda2 dan lori, serta permasalahan pengoperasiannya.
Beberapa permasalahan yg menonjol yg gayut diketengahkan, a.l. menyangkut aksesibilitas yg rendah pasca pembalakan (post logging), karena jalan rel biasanya dipindahkan ke lokasi penebangan yg lain.
Penyaradan kayu dg menggunakan tenaga manusia dan ongkak, juga tampaknya tidak sesuai lagi dg era yg lebih memprioritaskan hak asasi manusia ini. Demikian juga pembuatan bantalan rel yg menguras permudaan alam sebanyak ± 170,48 m3/km, merupakan ancaman bagi keberlanjutan hasil yg sewaktu-waktu dpt berubah menjadi isu lingkungan yg mengglobal. Dari hasil kegiatan permasalahan
yg ada, diperoleh gambaran bahwa alternative teknik eksploitasi yg lain masih perlu dicari dan dibuktikan kelayakan penerapannya, sebelum sumberdaya hutan rawa itu sendiri menjadi rusak dan tidak pulih kembali atau habis dikonversi ke penggunaan lain.
Kata kunci: Sistem eksploitasi, hutan rawa.
18. Suhartana, S; Idris, MM. (1998). Penyaradan terkontrol untuk minimasi kerusakan hutan: kasus di dua perusahaan hutan di Kalteng (Controlled skidding to minimize forest damages:Case study at two forest companies in Central Kalimantan). Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan 16(2):69-78. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of the case study on residual stand damages and ground exposure caused by controlled and conventional skidding. The case study was carried out at two forest companies in Central Kalimantan. The goal of the study is to minimize the residual stand damage and non-productive skidding road as an effort in ensuring sustainability of forest utilization. Data collected were : felled trees, trees with diameter of 20 cm and up, damaged trees, slope and ground exposure.
The data was analyzed by using the t-test. The study showed the following results: (1) the average of residual stand damages caused by controlled skidding is 8.5% and that for conventional is 13.5%. The difference of 5.0% is highly significant; (2) The average of non-productive skidding road caused by controlled skidding is 3.7% and for conventional is 10.0%. The difference of 6.3% is highly significant;
and (3) The average of ground exposure caused by controlled skidding is 11.3 and that for conventional is 15.3%. The difference of 4% is significant. Base on the results, it is recommended that controlled skidding should be practiced because it can minimize forest damages.
Keywords: Controlled skidding, residual stand damage, non-productive skidding road, minimize damages.
19. Dulsalam; Suhartana, S; Idris, MM. (1999). Kemungkinan pengeluaran kayu dengan sistem kanal di hutan rawa:Kasus di satu perusahaan hutan di Riau (The possibility of log extraction using canal system at swamp forest:A case study at a forest company in Riau). Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan 16(5):254-266. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan. Bogor.
ABSTRACT
The case study of log extraction at swamp forest was carried out at a forest company in Riau in 1995. The objective is to study canal construction productivity and cost of the construction as well as residual stand damages caused by the canal construction. The study showed the following results: (1) The average of productivity of manual canal construction of each working crew is 9.71 m3/working crew-hour or 4.86 m/working crew-hour. While, the average productivity of manual canal construction of each man is 1.62 m3/man-hour or 0.81 m/man-hour; (2) The average cost of manual canal construction is Rp 3,000/ m3 or Rp 6,006/m; (3) The average of residual stand damages caused by canal construction for seedling, pole, and tree regenerations are 95.8%, 83.8%, 47.8% , and 8.3%. In the long term, residual stand damages caused by manual canal construction are much less (8.3%) than the damages caused by rail road construction (27.33%); and (4) Based on various information above, it is clear that the possibility of using canal system in swamp forests is promising.
Keywords: Productivity, cost, residual stand damages, log extraction, canal system.
20. Sukanda., Manan, S., Elias., Sianturi, A. 1995. Penentuan Faktor Eksploitasi, Limbah Kayu dan Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal Akibat Pemanenan Kayu Dengan Sistem TPTI Studi Kasus di Areal Kerja HPH PT. Narkata Rimba Kalimantan Timur. Tesis.Program Pascasarjana. IPB. Bogor.http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/119753
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi bersifat kuantitatif untuk memberikan masukan dalam penentuan jatah produksi tahunan dan memperbaiki praktek pemanenan kayu sehingga kelestarian dan kesinambungan produksi dapat dipertahankan. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, maka data yang diamati adalah nilai angka faktor eksploitasi, tingkat keru- sakan tegakan tinggal, limbah kayu akibat pemanenan dan biaya pemanenan kayu. Penelitian dilakukan di (HPH) PT Narkata Rimba, areal kerja Hak Pengusahaan pada blok tebangan tahun Hutan 1993/1994 petak tebang 147 dan 148. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan cara membuat plot contoh dengan ukuran 200 m x 500 m yang terbagi dalam 10 plot (100 m x 100 m) pada kera- patan jarang (jumlah pohon berdiameter 10 cm ke atas <400 pohon per ha), 10 plot dengan ukuran yang sama pada kerapatan sedang (jumlah pohon berdiameter pohon/ha) dan 10 cm ke atas 400-500 10 plot pada kerapatan padat (jumlah pohon berdiameter 10 cm ke atas > 500 pohon/ha). Pada masing-masing petak ukur dilakukan inventarisasi pohon berdiameter 10 cm ke atas dengan intensitas 100%, kemudian
diamati besarnya angka faktor eksploitasi untuk masing-masing pohon yangn ditebang, tingkat kerusakan dan limbah kayu yang terjadi akibat pemanenan serta analisis biaya pemanenan kayu… dst
21. Siregar, L.A.M., Elias., Manan, S. 1996. Studi Pustaka Kerusakan Hutan Alam Tropika Indonesia Akibat Pemanenan Kayu Dengan Sistem Tebang Pilih. Skripsi. Fakultas Kehutanan IPB. Bogor.
http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/139837
Dalam 30 tahun terakhir ini banyak peneliti tertarik meneliti kerusakan hutan khususnya hutan tropika akibat pemanenan kayu dengan sistem tebang pilih. Hasil-hasil penelitian tersebut masih tersebar dimana- mana sehingga perlu dihimpun untuk memudahkan dalam menggunakan dan mencari sumber pustaka yang berkaitan dengan kerusakan hutan tropika akibat pemanenan kayu dengan sistem tebang pilih. PB Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengumpulkan informasi mengenai kerusakan tegakan tinggal, keterbukaan lahan dan kerusakan tanah akibat pemanenan kayu di hutan tropika, mengulasnya dan menghimpun hasil penelitian tersebut ke dalam bentuk penyajian yang terorganisir. Hasil-hasil penelitian diperoleh dengan mengumpulkan sumber pustaka dari beberapa perpustakaan yang berhubungan dengan kerusakan hutan tropika akibat pemanenan kayu dengan sistem tebang pilih. Data dan informasi yang diperoleh kemudian dikumpulkan dalam bentuk tabel yang berupa bentuk publikasi, judul buku, pengarang dan tahun penerbitan. …
22.
Elias. 1997. A case study on forest harvesting damages, structure and composition dynamic changes in the residual stand for dipterocarp forest in East Kalimantan Indonesia.Conference paper: Forest operations for sustainable forestry in the tropics. Proceedings of a Symposium organised by IUFRO Subject Group S3.05-00, "Forest Operations in the Tropics" at the XX IUFRO World Congress, 6-12 August 1995, Tampere, Finland., 1996, 13-27Conference title: Forest operations for sustainable forestry in the tropics. Proceedings of a Symposium organised by IUFRO Subject Group S3.05-00, "Forest Operations in the Tropics" at the XX IUFRO World Congress, 6-12 August 1995, Tampere, Finland.
This research was conducted in the forest concession areas of PT. Narkata Rimba (NR) and PT. Kiani Lestari (KL), East Kalimantan, Indonesia. There were 4 permanent 100×100 m plots at NR and 8 at KL. The research was started in 1992. Observations and analysis were made on the effects of forest harvesting with the Indonesian Selection Cutting and Planting (TPTI) system on the residual stand and in relation to damage, structure and compositional dynamic changes, mortality, natural regeneration, growth and the sustainability of the logged over forest. The levels of residual stand damage correlated positively with logging intensity, and most of the damaged trees were heavily injured. Harvesting caused loss of some species, but did not change the stand structure and composition of the species groups. The highest tree mortality occurred immediately after harvest, and decreased by the third year, suggesting that it would be possible to develop measures to control the level of damage inflicted.
23. Heinrich, R. 1995. Environmentally sound harvesting to sustain tropical forest. The Commonwealth Forestry Review. 74 (3):198-203.
SUMMARY
The paper underlines the need for sustainable forest development in the tropics and emphasises a broader concept of forest harvesting wood and non-wood forest products. Attention is drawn to the need for environmental impact assessment of harvesting in order to better monitor forest development and utilisation in the tropics.Reference is made to the need for comprehensive planning and control of operations to introduce environmentally friendly forest practices with the aim of reducing harvesting costs and the damage to the forest stand, soil and terrain. Examples of recently introduced innovative forest harvesting systems and techniques in tropical forests are highlighted. The FAO Programme on Environmentaly Sound Forest Harvesting and Engineering is reviewed.
Keywords: environmental assessment, forest engineering, harvesting, sustainable development, tropical forests
