Ind. J. Anim. Agric. Sci., 6(1): 57-64, 2024 57
Reproductive Performance of Bali Cattle in Tinanggea Subdistrict, South Konawe District
Ummul Khairiyah*, Achmad Selamet Aku, Takdir Saili, Nur Santy Asminaya Faculty of Animal Science, Halu Oleo University
Jl. H. E.A. Mokodompit Campus Hijau Bumi Tridharma Andonohu, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, 93232, Indonesia
Correspondence email: [email protected] ABSTRACT
This research aims to evaluate the Reproductive Performance of Bali Cattle in Tinanggea District, South Konawe Regency. The method used in this research is the quantitative descriptive method which is defined as a method that aims to create a picture or description of a situation using numbers, starting from data collection, interpretation of the data as well as the appearance and results. The research variables observed were the mating system, service per conception (S/C), and calving interval (CI). Based on the research results, the reproductive performance of Bali cattle in Tinanggea District where the mating system used was 96% natural mating, while the number of matings carried out until the cattle become pregnant or the average Service per conception is 1.72 times and the Calving interval (CI) is 12.45 months. It is necessary to carry out further research regarding the reproductive performance of Bali cattle in Tinanggea District and provide education regarding artificial insemination (AI) and livestock breeding systems patterns so that breeders have a better understanding.
Keyword : Calving Interval, Reproduction, Bali Cattle, Service Per Conception.
INTRODUCTION
One of the subsectors poised for economic development and serving as a vital source of livelihood for communities is animal husbandry. The anticipation is that animal husbandry will play a crucial role in bolstering the economic activities of the community. The growing public demand for animal products is driven by factors such as population growth, increased purchasing power, and heightened awareness of the nutritional significance of animal protein for health. Bali beef, sourced from local Bali cattle, has particularly gained favor among consumers, standing alongside imported cattle due to the commendable genetic quality of Bali cattle.
The demand for Bali beef has shown a consistent rise, with BPS Southeast Sulawesi reporting production figures of 3,720 tons in 2020 and 3,787 tons in 2021 (BPS Sultra, 2022).
Bali cattle, known for their adaptability to challenging environments, high tolerance to poor feed quality, resilience to critical land conditions, efficient feed digestibility, and favorable carcass characteristics, contribute significantly to the increasing demand. Moreover, their high fertility, unaffected by feed quality, sets them apart from other cattle breeds (Aviani et al., 2018).
Situated in South Konawe Regency, Tinanggea District comprises 24 villages or sub- districts. According to BPS 2021 data, the Bali cattle population in Tinanggea District exhibited a 3.84% increase from 4,105 heads in 2021 to 4,489 heads in 2022 (BPS Konawe Selatan, 2022). However, there is a notable absence of data on the reproductive indicators of Bali cattle
Ind. J. Anim. Agric. Sci.
e-ISSN: 2715-1697
6(1): 57-64, January, 2024
Ind. J. Anim. Agric. Sci., 6(1): 57-64, 2024 58 in Tinanggea District. Therefore, it is imperative to undertake research focused on the Reproductive Performance of Bali Cattle in Tinanggea District, South Konawe Regency. The primary objective of this research is to analyze the reproductive performance of Bali cattle in the specified district.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Location and Time
This research was conducted from December 2022 to January 2023 in Tinanggea District, South Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province.
Tools and Materials
The determination of the research location was carried out based on the purposive sampling method and the determination of the location village was carried out using the stratified random sampling method, so that 12 villages from 24 villages in Tinanggea District.
While the determination of respondents was determined using the snowball sampling method.
Research Procedure
The data collection procedures in this study were pursued in the following ways or techniques:
1. Observation, namely making direct observations in the field regarding the condition of Bali cattle farms in Tinanggea District, South Konawe Regency.
2. Interview, namely conducting direct interviews with related parties who are considered to know and be able to provide information about the data needed.
3. Documentation, namely researchers collect data by looking at written documents that have something to do with the object under study.
Research Variable
The variables to be taken in this study are as follows:
1. Marriage System
The mating system is known by asking farmers how the mating system is in livestock.
The way to obtain the results of the study is by asking questions to respondents using a questionnaire, which is done with the question of how the mating system of the livestock that you raise.
2. Service per conception (S/C)
Service per conception (S/C) is the number of marriages performed until the animal becomes pregnant. To get the S/C value according to ( Feradis, 2010) can be calculated using the following formula:
S/C=Number of Marriage Service (Tail) Number of Pregnant Cows (Tail)
The method of obtaining the S/C value is by questioning the respondents using a questionnaire, which is done by asking your experience how many times cows mate to become pregnant.
3. Calving Interval (CI)
Calving interval (CI) is the time interval from lambing to the next lambing (days).
Calving interval value can be calculated using the following formula: Calving interval = gestation period + days open.
Ind. J. Anim. Agric. Sci., 6(1): 57-64, 2024 59 The way to obtain the calving interval value is by asking the respondent using a questionnaire, asking how long the calving interval is.
Data Analysis
The data obtained were tabulated and analyzed using quantitative descriptive methods.
Quantitative descriptive method is defined as a method that aims to make a picture or descriptive of a situation objectively using numbers, starting from data collection, interpretation of the data and the appearance and results.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Respondent Characteristics
Age
The distribution of respondents' ages reveals that individuals below the age of 20 constitute only one person. Those aged between 21 and 30 make up four respondents, while the age group of 31-40 consists of 23 individuals, and those above 40 amount to 72 people.
Analyzing the age demographic employed in this study, it is noteworthy that a majority of respondents are over 60 years old. This observation aligns with the findings of (Suwarta et al., 2012), suggesting that advancing age among farmers correlates with a decline in livestock business productivity. Moreover, older age may influence a farmer's decision-making process, resulting in a tendency towards smaller livestock business volumes. The age factor not only plays a role in business decisions but also significantly affects an individual's work participation and livelihood, as it is closely tied to one's strength and physical capabilities (Akmal, 2006).
Respondents Based on Farming Experience
Respondents or breeders in Tinanggea Sub-district, spanning 12 villages, exhibit variations in terms of family dependents. The majority of breeders, constituting the highest number of respondents, fall within the 1-5 years of breeding experience category, totaling 57 breeders. Those with 6-10 years of experience amount to 28 individuals, while those with 11- 15 years account for 7 people. Additionally, breeders with more than 20 years of experience total 8 individuals. These findings align with a study by Idris et al., (2009), which concluded that breeding interest is influenced by experience. Specifically, the longer farmers have been engaged in breeding Balinese cattle, the greater their interest in expanding their business.
Seasoned farmers tend to approach their activities with caution, drawing from past experiences to mitigate challenges, as emphasized by Iskandar et al., (2007).
Respondents Based on Family Dependents
Respondents or breeders in Tinanggea Sub-district, spanning 12 villages, exhibit diversity in terms of family dependents. The majority of breeders, totaling 81 individuals, have a family size ranging from 3 to 5 people. There are 4 breeders with less than 3 family dependents, while 15 breeders have 6 to 8 family dependents. Notably, breeders with more than 8 family dependents were not reported. The number of family dependents plays a crucial role in influencing breeders' business development, as highlighted by Sumbayak (2006). The greater the number of family dependents, the heavier the life burdens borne by breeders, impacting their decisions and strategies in developing their business.
Ind. J. Anim. Agric. Sci., 6(1): 57-64, 2024 60 Respondents Based on Last Education
Respondents or breeders in Tinanggea Sub-district, hailing from 12 villages, exhibit diversity in their highest level of education. Notably, the majority of breeders, numbering 48 individuals, have completed education up to the SD/MI level. Following this, there are 26 breeders with education up to the SMP/MTs level, 24 breeders with education up to the SMA/SMK/MA level, and 2 breeders with education up to the S1 level. The educational attainment of breeders serves as a significant indicator of population quality and plays a pivotal role in human resource development. In the context of the livestock business, education is expected to contribute to community efforts in enhancing the productivity of the livestock they raise, as emphasized by Murwanto (2008). Kurniadi (2009) further highlights that farmers with higher education are more likely to actively seek information on effective farming practices and engage in knowledge-sharing with more experienced farmers, leading to the optimization of their farm results.
Bali Cattle Mating System
Data on the mating system of Bali cattle in Tinanggea sub-district obtained during the study are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Mating System of Bali Cattle in Tinanggea Sub-district, South Konawe District
Village Number of
Respondents
Marriage System
Nature (%) IB (%)
Tatangge 8 8
Telutu Jaya 8 8
Asingi 8 6 2
Watumelewe 8 7 1
Tinanggea 8 8
Mooloindah 8 8
Roraya 8 8
Bombabomba 8 8
Lapoa 9 9
Wadonggo 9 8 1
Lapulu 9 9
Ngapaha 9 9
Average 100 96% 4%
Analyzing the data presented in Table 1 reveals that among farmers in Tinanggea Subdistrict across 12 villages, 96% prefer the natural mating system, while only 4% opt for the Insemination (IB) mating system. The IB mating system involves the manual insertion of sperm into the genital tract of female cows using human-made tools. The objectives of the IB program include enhancing livestock quality, accelerating the breeding process, and mitigating reproductive diseases that may arise during natural mating. Several common obstacles hinder the widespread implementation of the IB mating system, as identified by Ihsan (2000): (1) Farmers are often hesitant to report their cows in heat due to the considerable distance between the inseminator and the farmer's residence, (2) The cost associated with the IB mating process is relatively high and (3) Some farmers lack familiarity with the IB technique.
According to Udin (2012), artificial insemination (IB) represents a technology that offers the opportunity for a superior male to propagate its offspring extensively. This is particularly
Ind. J. Anim. Agric. Sci., 6(1): 57-64, 2024 61 beneficial as the use of males during natural mating is limited in its ability to efficiently increase the overall livestock population.
Service Per Conception (S/C) in Bali Cattle
Service per conception (S/C) is the number of matings performed until the animal becomes pregnant. Data on Service per conception (S/C) in Bali cattle in Tinanggea Subdistrict obtained during the research from 12 villages there were 100 respondents where only 41 respondents gave responses regarding Service per conception (S/C) in Bali cattle which were then averaged for each village are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Service per conception (S/C) in Bali cattle in Tinanggea Sub-district, South Konawe District
Village Number of Respondents S/C (Times)
Tatangge 4 1.25
Telutu Jaya 7 1.71
Asingi 8 1.50
Watumelewe 1 2.00
Tinanggea 8 1.00
Mooloindah 1 3.00
Roraya 4 1.75
Bombabomba 1 1.00
Lapoa 1 3.00
Wadonggo 1 1.50
Lapulu 4 2.00
Ngapaha 1 1.00
Total 41 20.71
Average 1.72imes
The Service per Conception (S/C) is a critical factor influencing reproductive efficiency in cattle. In the research location, the Service per Conception rate was observed to be 1.72 times, ranging from 1 to 4 times. According to the benchmark set by Toelihere (1985), the ideal S/C value for Bali cattle falls within the range of 1.6 to 2.0. A lower S/C value indicates higher fertility in the cow, while a higher S/C value suggests lower fertility (Diwiyanto, 2008). Several factors contribute to elevated S/C rates, as identified by Iswoyo et al. (2008): (1) Delay in farmers detecting signs of cows in heat or reporting to the inseminator when cows are in heat, (2) Reproductive organ abnormalities in mother cows, (3) Inadequate service facilities, (4) Transportation challenges leading to delays. Table 3 provides a comprehensive overview of the percentage distribution of each indicator related to the Service per Conception (S/C) parameter in Bali cattle in the Tinanggea Subdistrict, as obtained during the study.
Table 3. Percentage of Service per conception (S/C) in Bali cattle in Tinanggea Subdistrict, South Konawe District
Parameters Indicator Total Percentage
rS/C 1 25 61%
S/C 2 11 27%
S/C 3 5 12%
Million 41 100%
Referring to the provided table, the distribution of Service per Conception (S/C) percentages across the 12 villages in Tinanggea Subdistrict is as follows: Indicator 1 records 25 instances, constituting 61%; Indicator 2 reports 11 occurrences, representing 27%; and
Ind. J. Anim. Agric. Sci., 6(1): 57-64, 2024 62 Indicator 3 reflects 5 instances, accounting for 12%. Consequently, the total number of Service per Conception (S/C) values, as derived from the table, amounts to 41, with an overall percentage of 100%. The variability in S/C values can be attributed to multiple factors, encompassing the proficiency of inseminators, the timing of artificial insemination procedures, and the breeders' knowledge in detecting signs of estrus.
Interpreting the S/C values, if the number is below 2, it signifies that the cow can still achieve an annual birthing cycle. Conversely, an S/C number exceeding 2 indicates suboptimal lambing intervals, suggesting inefficient reproduction and prolonged lambing distances (Sulaksono et al., 2010).
Calving Interval (CI) in Bali Cattle
The Calving Interval (CI) represents the duration between lambings, measured in days.
The study conducted in Tinanggea Subdistrict gathered Calving Interval (CI) data from 100 respondents across 12 villages. However, responses regarding Calving Interval (CI) from only 90 respondents were obtained and subsequently averaged for each village, as illustrated in Table 4.
Table 4. Calving interval (CI) of Bali cattle in Tinanggea Sub-district, South Konawe District
Village Number of Respondents Calving Interval (month)
Tatangge 8 12,00
Telutu Jaya 7 13,14
Asingi 8 13,62
Watumelewe 2 12,00
Tinanggea 8 12,12
Mooloindah 6 12,17
Roraya 8 12,00
Bombabomba 8 12,25
Lapoa 9 12,55
Wadonggo 9 12,44
Lapulu 9 12,55
Ngapaha 9 12,55
Total 91 149,39
Average 12.45 months
The results of the Calving Interval (CI) for Bali cattle, as obtained in this study, are presented in Table 4. The data reveals that the average calving interval of Balinese cattle in Tinanggea District is 12.45 months or 577 days. The calving interval is notably influenced by the duration of pregnancy and the timing of the first pregnancy after giving birth, as highlighted by Yulyanto et al. (2014). Additionally, the maintenance system and feed conditions play a significant role in shaping the calving interval of livestock, as emphasized by Napolinato et al.
(2013).
Comparatively, the average calving interval of Bali cattle in this study was 12.718 days, surpassing the calving interval of PO cattle and Limousin breeds, which typically ranges from 430 to 451 days (Yulyanto et al., 2014). Calving interval stands out as a crucial factor in reproductive performance, serving as a key indicator in the success of cattle breeding efforts and influencing the mortality rates of both mothers and calves, as noted by Nuryadi et al.
(2011). For a comprehensive overview of the distribution of each indicator related to the
Ind. J. Anim. Agric. Sci., 6(1): 57-64, 2024 63 Calving Interval (CI) parameter in Bali cattle in Tinanggea District, the total percentages are provided in Table 5.
Table 5. Calving interval (CI) percentage of Bali cattle in Tinanggea sub-district, South Konawe district
Parameters Indicator Total Percentage
Calving interval 12 months 58 64%
Calving interval 13 months 27 30%
Calving interval 14 months 3 3%
Calving interval 15 months 1 1%
Calving interval 16 months 2 2%
Total 91 100%
Referring to the provided table, the distribution of calving interval percentages across the 12 villages in Tinanggea District is as follows: The indicator for a calving interval of 12 months records a total of 58 instances, constituting 64%. For a calving interval of 13 months, there are 27 occurrences, representing 30%. The indicator for a calving interval of 14 months reports a total of 3 instances, accounting for 3%. A calving interval of 15 months has 1 instance, constituting 1%, and a calving interval of 16 months has 2 instances, representing 2%. The total number of calving interval values, as derived from the table, amounts to 91, with an overall percentage of 100%. Calving intervals in Bali cattle exhibit variations over time, with the first birth generally showing a longer calving interval compared to subsequent births (second to fifth). This discrepancy is attributed to the prioritization of nutrients obtained from feed to meet the growth needs for achieving physical maturity, rather than focusing on reproductive functions.
CONCLUSION
The conclusion that can be obtained from the results of this study is the reproductive performance of Bali cattle in Tinanggea District where the mating system used is 96% natural mating while the number of marriages performed until the cattle become pregnant or Service per conception averages 1.72 times and Calving interval (CI) is 12.45 months.
REFERENCES
Akmal, Y. (2006). Analysis of Factors Affecting Labor Productivity of Sanjai Crackers Small Industry in Bukittinggi City. Bogor Agricultural University. Bogor.
Aviani and Endang. (2018). Bali Cattle (Bos Sondaicus) Business on People's Farms in Wanaraya District, Barito Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan.Uniska.
Central of Statistics. (2022). Southeast Sulawesi in Figures 2021. Southeast Sulawesi Central Bureau of Statistics.
Central Bureau of Statistics. (2022). South Konawe Regency in Figures 2021. Central Bureau of Statistics of South Konawe Regency.
Diwiyanto, K. (2008). Utilization of Local Resources and Technological Innovations in Support of Beef Cattle Development in Indonesia. Agricultural Innovation Development, 1(3), 173-188.
Ind. J. Anim. Agric. Sci., 6(1): 57-64, 2024 64 Feradis. (2010). Reproductive Biotechnology in Livestock. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Idris N. H. Afriani and Fatati. (2009). Interest of Farmers to Develop Cattle in Oil Palm Plantation Area. Jambi University Research Journal Humanities Series. 11(2):1-0.
Ihsan. M,. (2000). Improving Beef Cattle Productivity with Artificial Insemination in Banyuwangi Regency. Journal of Tropical Livestock. 1(1): 38-15.
Iskandar, I, and Arfa'i. (2007). Analysis of Beef Cattle Business Development Program in Lima Puluh Kota District, West Sumatra (case study of community assistance program0.
Thesis. Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Andalas University. Padang.
Iswoyo and Widyaningrum, P. (2008). Reproductive Performance of Artificially Inseminated Peranakan Simmental (Psm) Cattle in Sukoharjo District, Central Java. Scientific Journal of Animal Sciences. 11(3):125-133.
Kurniadi, R. (2009). Factors Affecting Service Per Conception in Lactating Dairy Cows at the Cooperative Farm of Bandung Pengalengan Bandung West Java. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. Bandar Lampung.
Murwanto A.G. (2008). Characteristics of Farmers and Level of Input of Beef Cattle Farming Technology in Prafi Valley, Manokowari District. Journal of Animal Science. 3(1):8-15.
Napolitano, F., C. Pacelli, F. Grasso, A. (2013). The Behavior and Welfare of Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in modern dairy enterprises. Animal 7(10):1704-1713.
Nuryadi and Wahjuningsih, S. (2011). Reproductive Performance of Ongole and Limousin Peranakan Cattle in Malang District. Journal of Tropical Livestock. 12(1):76-81.
Sulaksono, A., Suharyati, S, Santoso, E.p. (2010). Reproductive performance (service per conception, length of gestation and lambing interval) of Boerawa goats in Gisting District. Faculty of Agriculture. University of Lampung. Lampung.
Sumbayak J.B. (2006). Materials, Methods, and Media of extension Faculty of Agriculture.
Thesis. University of North Sumatra. Medan.
Suwarta, Irham, S. Hartono. (2012). Cost Structure and Income of Livestock Business in Sleman Regency. Agrika. 6(1):66-85.
Toelihere, M.R. (1985). Reproductive physiology in livestock. Angkasa, Bandung.
Udin. (2012). Artificial Insemination Technology and Embryo Transfer in Cattle. Publisher Sukabina Press, Padang.
Yulyanto, C.A., T. Susilawati, & M.N. Ihsan. (2014). Reproductive Performance of Ongole (Po) and Limousin Breeders in Sawoo District, Ponorogo Regency and Tugu District, Trenggalek Regency. Journal of Animal Sciences . 24(2):49-57.
