DOI: 10.21776/ub.jiip.2023.033.02.15 290
Reproductive Profile of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens L.) on Different Rearing Substrates as Ruminant Feed
Aulia Puspita Anugra Yekti*1), Nurul Isnaini1), Sri Wahjuningsih1), Ardyah Ramadhina Irsanti Putri1) and Hanief Eko Sulistyo1)
1) Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veterans Malang 65145 East Java Indonesia
Submitted: 24 July 2023, Accepted: 28 August 2023
ABSTRACT: There is lack of evidence on the black soldier fly (Hermetia Illucens L.) and its use as a biological control and waste recycle agent. Unknown information related with mating and ovipositional activities. The aim of this research is to determine the reproductive profile and its manure of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens L.) through different rearing substrate as ruminant feed. A total of 4 treatments and 4 replicates were used in this experiment.
The treatment diet was formulated as follows: T0: dry fermented cow waste, T1: 21% of crude protein, T2: 22% of protein, T3: 23% of protein. The data was analyzed using ODA SAS on an academic general linear model (GLM). The result showed using different rearing substrates gave insignificant differences (p > 0.05) on the reproductive profile, nutritional content, and manure nutritional content. In summary, the use of different leves of protein can be used as the rearing substrate without any adverse effects.
Keywords: Bioconversion; Black soldier fly; Manure; Nutritional content; Reproductive
*Corresponding Author: [email protected]
DOI: 10.21776/ub.jiip.2023.033.02.15 291 INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is one of the developed countries with an increasing rate of increase in population per capita income, so that the community's need for food sources of animal protein will increase. As a result, the animal feed as one of the key elements in raising livestock is also rises. In the beef cattle industry, feed is required to maintain life, growth, and production. The cost of feed for the ruminant industry typically makes up between 40% and 60% of the cost of production, with the cost of protein source is more than 15% protein (Lawrence et al, 2008). Furthermore, the increase of protein food also accompanied by an increase in food and organic waste which cannot be managed properly (Köhler et al., 2020).
Based on data from the National Waste Management Information System, it is known that in 2022 the composition of food waste types in Indonesia will have the largest proportion, namely 40.26%. One effort to improve quality is to use bioconversion. Bioconversion is a process of changing, reshuffling, and destroying nutrients in waste to make a new type of protein by adding microorganisms and insect larvae (Leatemia et al., 2021).
Bioconversion is able to create nutrient cycles in addition to the resulting nutrient cycles.
One of the bioconversion agents currently used is Hermetia illucens L. or the Black Soldier Fly, which is an agent for bioconversion of organic waste (Hong et al., 2020). Apart from being a natural bioconversion, black soldier flies also produce larvae called maggots. Maggot is the larvae of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) which is a type of insect that is often found in almost every region.
After being harvested for a brief period on day fifteen, they may be utilised as a component of ruminant feed (Astuti and Wiryawan, 2022). The crude protein content of younger maggots is higher than that of old maggots, presumably because young maggots experience faster structural cell growth. However, the stability of
nutritional value in terms of both protein and fat is still inconsistent. Based on searches on the Scopus, Pubmed, and Google Scholar pages, there is minimal information regarding the procedure for studying the reproductive appearance of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) which was developed using different media. The aimed of this research is to determine the reproductive profile and its manure of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens L.) through different rearing substrate as an alternative of ruminant feed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental design
The research was conducted using the BSF collected from PT. Dioola Karya Indonesia. The BSF was reared on the Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya. Collected BSF eggiest was incubated and the one-day-old larva was harvested and fed using different level of protein until the end of the cycle. A total approximately 500 twenty-eight-day-old were weighed (pool of 20 larvae per single weight), then, randomly placed into each treatment of 31 bio pond (12 cm x 15 cm x 10 cm) (4 replicated per dietary treatments).
Each bio pond was filled with 100 g of media (0.1 g/larva) that underwent an acclimatization chamber in order to avoid a thermal shock. The bio pond was placed in the climatic room with controlled condition (Temperature: approximately 260C). Each day, the boxes were checked and substrate was individually mixed with artificial mixer. A total, 250 g of feed was added every three days in all the replicates until the prepupae appearance (18 days of age).
The treatment diet was formulated as follows: T0: dry fermented cow waste, T1: 21% of crude protein, T2: 22% of protein, T3: 23% of protein.
Reproductive evaluation
In the end of the trial, a total of five representative samples were collected (15 larvae/ replicated) at 7-day intervals were carried out. Then, a representative sample
DOI: 10.21776/ub.jiip.2023.033.02.15 292 were collected and identification using
biological microscope (Olympus CX33).
Nutritional evaluation
A representative sample of media that consisted 21%, 22%, and 23% of protein, respectively undertaken approximately 100 gr of dry samples. Then, samples were analysed by using AOAC, (2000) procedures at the Central Laboratory, University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
Afterward, the manure was immediately collected from each bio pond (12 cm x 15 cm x 10 cm) (4 replicated per dietary treatments) then analysed following AOAC, (2000) procedures at the Central Laboratory, University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
Statistical analysis
A statistical analysis was conducted using analysis of variance using Proc Mixed with general linear model (GLM) using SAS studio for academics Online
Edition (https://odamid-
apse1.oda.sas.com/SASStudio/). An error was expressed as standard error mean (SEM). At the end, probabilities values were subjected in the Duncan Multiple Range Test. The following model was used.
Yij = μ + Ti + eij
Where Yij was parameters observed, μ was the overall mean, Ti the effect different the effect level of different rearing substrate, and eij the amount of error number. The treatment diet was formulated as follows: T0: dry fermented cow waste, T1: 21% of crude protein, T2: 22% of protein, T3: 23% of protein.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
From table 1 it was noted that using different rearing substrates gave insignificant differences (p > 0.05) on the
overall dataset of reproductive profile of black soldier fly (Table 1, Figure 1, Figure 2). The following result of the length presented slightly tends to decrease even at the small number (1.62; 1.50; 1.44; 1.49, respectively). The width, weight, and segment remain similar and stable and whole treatments. The maggot Hermetia illucens has a slightly flattened, stout body and measures about 1.8 mm when it is newly hatched (Dossey et al., 2016) The surface of the skin is rough and hard with a yellowish color with a head that has a black color (Sabit et al., 2021). Larval development reaches 6 instars, the last being reddish brown. Adult larvae are about 18 mm long and 6 mm wide, some individuals can reach 27 mm long (EPPO, 2019; 2021).
The dried maggot presented an insignificant difference (p > 0.05) across the whole dataset. The dry matter approximately reached 100% but remained stable at the result of proximate (Table 2). It can be seen that the amount of crude protein presented began to rise at the third treatment.
However, both first and second media were beginning to plummet down (Table 2). In the end the crude fiber content presented remain stable and little differences at the moment (Table 2). BSF larvae grow very fast in organic waste such as poultry manure (Ojha et al., 2021).
When the maggot is ripe, it takes 3-4 days to be used as feed by drying and grinding (Gasco et al., 2018). BSF larvae can consume and degrade a number of organic matter contained in waste up to 70%. Mohan et al., (2020) also stated that BSF larvae were able to decompose up to 68% of urban waste, 50% for chicken manure, 39% for pig manure and 25% for a mixture of chicken and cow manure, meanwhile according to Van Huis (2013), BSF larvae are able to decompose up to 66.53% of plant waste.
DOI: 10.21776/ub.jiip.2023.033.02.15 293 Table 1. Reproductive profile of maggot larva
Parameters T0 T1 T2 T3 SEM R2
Length 1.62 1.50 1.44 1.49 0.08 0.05
Width 0.39 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.04 0.05
Weight 0.15 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.01 0.09
Segment 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 0.03 0.4
Figure 1. Response of length of black soldier flies after rearing on different media
Figure 2. Response of weight of black soldier flies after rearing on different media
Table 2. Nutritional content of Dried Maggot
Parameters T0 T1 T2 T3 SEM R2
Dry Matter 3.36 4.33 2.48 4.33 0.44 0.05
Moisture 96.64 95.67 97.52 95.67 0.34 0.76
Ash 10.23 11.23 9.75 11.21 0.23 0.12
Crude Protein 24.55 23.56 21.67 31.22 0.67 0.67
Fat 30.23 28.87 28.67 31.26 0.76 0.34
Crude Fibre 28.07 28.76 28.22 22.34 0.25 0.21
In the animal husbandry sector, ingredients containing crude protein of more than 19% are considered good sources of protein (Henry et al., 2015). Based on age, maggot has a different percentage of nutritional components. Maggot fat content tends to be positively correlated with increasing age, namely, by 13.37% at the
age of 5 days and increased to 27.50% at the age of 25 days (Chinarak et al., 2021).
However, this condition is different from the crude protein component which tends to decrease at an older age (Melgar‐Lalanne et al., 2019). The crude protein content of younger maggots is higher than that of old maggots, presumably because young
DOI: 10.21776/ub.jiip.2023.033.02.15 294 maggots experience faster structural cell
growth (Makkar et al., 2014). However, the stability of nutritional value in terms of both protein and fat is still inconsistent (Witt et al., 2020).
In the field of animal husbandry and agriculture, Maggot also has its own benefits. Maggot is used by the community as a source of odorless compost or organic fertilizer (Sindermann et al, 2021). The use of maggot for agriculture can also reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. There are two categories of factors that influence the composting process: firstly, that are related to the composition of the composting mix,
like pH, nutrient balance, particle size, porosity, and moisture; and secondly are related to process control, like temperature, water content, and O2 concentration (Bernal et al, 2009). C/N ratio is also the primary metric used to describe nutritional balance (El-Mrini et al, 2022). In this research, using different rearing substrates gave insignificant difference (p > 0.05) on the fertilizer content of maggot manure including Nitrogen (N), Carbon (C), Moisture, P, K and C/N ratio (Table 3). The C/N ratio content shown in suitable range to the composting process was between 27-31 (Table 3).
Table 3. The characteristic of Maggot Manure
Parameters T0 T1 T2 T3 SEM R2
Nitrogen (%) n.a. 1.611 1.333 1.45 0.23 0.34
Carbon (%) n.a. 43.55 61.34 63.00 0.18 0.76
Moisture (%) n.a. 63.01 62.95 63.00 0.44 0.42
P (ppm) n.a. 1900.00 1825.00 1634.00 0.74 0.58
K (ppm) n.a. 3633.00 3464.67 3555.00 0.34 0.43
C/N Ratio n.a. 27.04 31.56 29.50 0.43 0.12
n.a. – not available
Degradable organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are the energy sources that microorganisms need to grow and function.
For composting, a C/N ratio of 25 to 35 is considered sufficient, as microbes need 30 parts carbon to every unit of N (Bernal et al, 2009). The process is extremely slow at high C/N ratios because there is an abundance of degradable substrate for the microbes.
However, when the C/N ratio is low, there is more N than degradable C, which leads to the production of excess inorganic N, which can be lost through leaching from the composting material or ammonia volatilization (Paillat et al, 2005).
Furthermore, moisture content of the organic compost also the important factor for quality control of fertilizer (Wang et al, 2019).
Overall, the moisture content of maggot manure showed insignificant difference in all treatments (p>0.05). The ideal conditions for the composting process require a moisture level between 40% and 60%. In this study, a moisture content of
about 63% a slightly higher than optimum level. According to studies by Zhu et al.
(2015), adding maggots to manure pig can dramatically reduce the moisture content to less than 60%. This causes the manure to become rather granular, which facilitates composting without the need for bulking agents.
CONCLUSION
In summary, the used of different level of protein can be used as the rearing substrate without any adverse effects.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author would like to thanks to Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya through PNBP research scheme
with contract No.
1873.2/UN10.F05/PN/2023.
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